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Abstract: The compressive behavior of clay brick unreinforced masonry has been studied. As Masonry is normally provided for
resisting compressive forces, compressive strength is the basic and important property of masonry and it is always required for design,
repair or retrofitting of Masonry structures. Masonry constitutes of two different materials; bricks and mortar. The experimental results
of bricks, mortar and brick masonry prisms are presented here with brief description of testing procedure. The basic compressive stress
of unreinforced masonry prisms determined experimentally have been compared with the basic compressive stress of the same obtained
by using IS 1905-1987. The failure mechanism of prisms under uniaxial compressive load has been discussed.
The average experimental strength calculated experimentally 4.1 Compressive Strength of Masonry by Prism Test
is 5.328 MPa which goes in line with the compressive
strength stated by BIS in SP20 for Maharashtra state [5]. IS 1905-1987 [8] gives the procedure for testing of masonry
prism for determination of compressive strength of masonry.
The IS 3495 (Part 1 to 4): 1992 [6] gives the test procedure Also ASTM C 1388-97 [9] is for standard test method for
for determination of various properties of bricks such as compressive strength of Laboratory Constructed Masonry
compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence and Prisms and ASTM E447- ASTM standard test methods for
warpage respectively. Test procedure for determination of compressive strength of masonry assemblages [10]. Details
Modulus of Elasticity of brick is not provided in this Indian about specimen sizes, material properties, instrumentation for
Standard. the tests are discussed herewith.
Materials
Bricks and cement mortar of earlier mentioned properties
were used for casting the masonry prisms.
Instrumentation
Figure 2: Testing of Mortar The tests were conducted on Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) of 100T capacity. Figure 4 shows the brick masonry
The average compressive strength obtained from testing for prism in UTM.
1:8 mortar is 1.53 MPa.
6. Conclusions
Experimental investigations on compressive strength of clay
brick unreinforced masonry are carried out by prism test. The
Figure 4: Testing of Brick Masonry Prism bricks used, are from Maharashtra region and mortar of
proportion 1:8 (cement:sand). The average compressive
5. Results and Discussion strength of bricks obtained experimentally is 5.328 MPa
which matches with the BIS value of compressive strength of
Compressive Strength of Masonry bricks of Maharashtra region (5 MPa). The average
compressive strength of masonry obtained by prism test is
Experimental value of Compressive strength of masonry was 0.781 MPa. This value has been compared with the results
calculated as, maximum load taken by prism divided by the obtained by other researchers considering the strength of
cross sectional area. However a correction factor for different bricks and mortar. Further validation of these experimental
values of h/t ratio is to be applied; which is suggested by results have been done by calculating basic compressive
IS1905-1987 [8] (Table 12). The correction factor is 1 for h/t stress from experimental compressive strength by prism test
ration of 5 and it is less than one for other values of h/t for and comparing it with the basic compressive stress obtained
brick masonry. The correction factor in present study was from IS1905:1987 [8] based on crushing strength of bricks
0.76 as the prism height was 480 mm. The values of and grade of mortar. The average value of basic compressive
compressive strength of masonry, obtained experimentally stress of masonry obtained by prism test is 0.2 MPa and by
are provided in Table 1. IS1905:1987 [8] is 0.292MPa.
It has been observed for each specimen that vertical cracks References
initiated the failure of masonry. Vertical splitting cracks were
seen on all four sides of prism (Figure 5). In some of the [1] Hemant B. Kaushik, Durgesh Rai and Sudhir K. Jain,
cases the cracks caused breaking of strain gauges for the “Stress-Strain Characteristics of Clay Brick Masonry
higher loads. This failure pattern has been reported by other under Uniaxial Compression”, Journal of Materials in
researchers also. Civil Engineering,ASCE, 19(9), pp. 728-738, 2007.
[2] Theofanis, D. Krevaikas, Thanasis C. Triantafillou,
“Masonry Confinement with Fiber- Reinforced
Polymers,” Journal of Composites for Construction-
ASCE, 9(2), pp. 128-135, 2005.
[3] Cornelia Bieker, Werner Seim, Jochen Sturz, “Post-
Strengthening of Masonry Columns by Use of Fiber-
Reinforced Polymers (FRP)”, 3rd International
Conference of Composites in Infrastructure, San
Francisco, CA, USA, 2002.
Figure 5: Vertical Splitting Cracks [4] Antonio Borri, Giulio Castori and Marco Corradi,
“Masonry Columns Confined by Steel Fiber Composite
Basic Compressive Stress of Masonry Wraps”, Materials, 4, pp. 311-326, 2011.
[5] Handbook on Masonry Design and Construction, Bureau
Basic compressive stress of masonry has been calculated by of Indian Standards (First Revision).
using experimental value of compressive strength of masonry [6] IS 3495 : 1992 (Part 1 to 4), Methods of Tests on Burnt
and by refereeing IS 1905-1987 [8]. Clause B.2.1 [8] states Clay Building Bricks (Third Revision).
that to calculate basic compressive stress, the value obtained [7] IS 2250 : 1981 Code of Practice for Preparation and Use
from prism test should be multiplied by 0.25. The alternative of Masonry Mortars (First Rivision).
method is by using Table 5 of IS 1905-1987 [8]. The average
Author Profile
Deepa A. Joshi, BE (Civil), ME (Structural
Engineering), is pursuing PhD at the research center
Sinhgad College of Engineering, in the field of
Structural Engineering from Savitribai Phule Pune
University. She is working as Head of the Civil Engineering
Department at Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering
& Technology, Pimpri, Pune. She has got 13 years of teaching
experience. Her specialization is Structural Engineering. She is
member of various professional bodies such as ASCE, ASTR etc.