RATING:

THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Saint Joseph College, Maasin
Mambajao Extension Campus, Mambajao, Maasin, Southern Leyte
S.Y. 2021-2022, 2nd Semester

Student Name RIAN T. BERNANTE Course, Yr. & Sec. BSCE 3-P

Student ID No 13001455 Date Submitted FEB. 08,2022

CE 20 – Principles of Reinforced/Prestressed Concrete

Plate No. 1
INTRODUCTION

I. Define/Describe the following:

1. Concrete 12. Split Cylinder Test
2. Reinforced Concrete 13. Cracking Moment
3. Steel reinforcement 14. Load Factors
4. Admixtures 15. Slump Test
5. Tensile Strength 16. Modulus of Elasticity
6. Yield Strength 17. Creep
7. Compressive Strength 18. Honeycomb
8. Structural loads and its categories. 19. Poisson’s ratio
9. Design Codes and Specifications 20. Service Loads
10. Shrinkage & Types of Shrinkage
11. Modulus of Rupture

II. Explain/Enumerate the following:

1. Why is reinforced concrete one of the most preferred building materials in engineered structures?
2. Structures are designed and constructed according to the provisions of codes and specifications.
What are the different standardizing agencies/organizations (local and international) that specify the
design requirements and constraints for structural safety? (Give at least 5)
3. Enumerate at least 5 Commonly Used Concrete Admixtures and explain each characteristics.
4. Explain the behavior of concrete when exposed to high and low temperatures.
5. What steps can be taken to minimize tensile cracking due to shrinkage?

Instructor: Engr. Dhan Vincent L. Entuna

 Date: February 08, 2022

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I. Define/Describe the following:

1. Concrete

Concrete is a composite material composed of water, aggregate (rock, sand, or gravel) and cement that hardens
(cures) over time.

2. Reinforced Concrete

Reinforced concrete, concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in
resisting forces or to mitigate the tensile stresses.

3. Steel reinforcement

Steel reinforcement, often known as "rebar," is a type of steel rod, bar, or mesh that is used as a tension device in
reinforced concrete and masonry constructions to help strengthen and improve the strength of the concrete.

4. Admixtures

Admixtures are artificial or natural chemicals or additives that are added to fresh or hardened concrete during the
mixing process to improve specific attributes like as workability, durability, or early and final strength.

5. Tensile Strength

Tensile strength is defined as the ability of a material to resist a force that tends to pull it apart.

6. Yield Strength

Yield strength it is the stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation.

7. Compressive Strength

Compressive strength refers to the ability of a certain material or structural element to withstand loads that reduce
the size of that material, or structural element, when applied. In simple term the concrete's ability to resist loads
which tend to compress it.

8. Structural loads and its categories.

Structural Load is a force, deformation, or acceleration applied to structural elements. Building and structure loads
can be divided into three categories: vertical, horizontal, and longitudinal. There are three types of vertical loads:
dead load, live load, and impact load. Wind load and earthquake load are the two types of horizontal loads that can
be applied. Tractive and braking forces are included in certain circumstances of design when considering
longitudinal loads.
 INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Dhan Vincent Entuna

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9. Design Codes and Specifications

Design Codes and Specifications served as a guidelines in doing proper methods and materials to used in a certain
product, building or process. The goal of this codes is to have a safe, economical and efficient work.

Example:
ACI 318-11: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary
AISC 303-05: Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges
CS EN 206-1:2000 Concrete Specification, performance, production and conformity

10. Shrinkage & Types of Shrinkage

Shrinkage, the decrease in either length or volume of a material resulting from changes in moisture content or
chemical changes. Types of shrinkage are Plastic Shrinkage, Drying Shrinkage, Autogenous Shrinkage, Carbonation
Shrinkage.

11. Modulus of Rupture

Modulus of rupture (MOR) is the strength of a material as determined by flexural or torsional test.

12. Split Cylinder Test

Split Cylinder Test is a method of determining the tensile strength of concrete using a cylinder which splits across
the vertical diameter. It is an indirect method of testing tensile strength of concrete.

13. Cracking Moment

Cracking Moment, also known as Mcr, is the moment corresponding tensile bending stress at which concrete will
start to crack.

14. Load Factors

Load factor is a ratio of the theoretical design strength to the maximum load expected in service. They are used in
structural analysis to determine the design strength and compare it with maximum loads.

15. Slump Test

Slump Test is a method of determining the consistency of concrete in a laboratory or on the job site. The consistency
of concrete in different batches is determined by the slump test. The shape of the concrete slumps reveals information
about the concrete's workability and quality.

16. Modulus of Elasticity

Modulus of Elasticity/Elastic modulus is the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding strain.
It is the measure of rigidity or stiffness of a material.
 INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Dhan Vincent L. Entuna

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17. Creep

Creep is the tendency of the material to move or undergo deformation permanently due to the application of the long
– term stress.

18. Honeycomb

Honeycomb is the rough pitted surface or voids in concrete formed due to improper compaction or incomplete filling
of the concrete. It is mostly seen in columns and beams after a formwork is removed and it’s appearance looks like a
honey bee nest.

19. Poisson’s ratio

Poisson’s ratio is the ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal extension strain in the direction of
stretching force. Deformation that is tensile is considered positive, while deformation that is compressive is considered
negative.

20. Service Loads

Service load is the best estimate of the actual load that a concrete member may be called on to support.

II.Explain/Enumerate the following:

1. Why is reinforced concrete one of the most preferred building materials in engineered structures?

The main reason reinforced concrete is the most preferred building materials in engineered structures because it
has a material (concrete) that resists compression and a material (iron or steel) that resists tension. In simple
manner, it has the ability to endure high-stress environments such as wind, earthquakes and vibrations. Aside from
that, it's fireproof, low-maintenance, has a wide range of shapes, requires less effort, and is a low-cost material.
Until now, reinforced concrete has been widely used for a long time due to its long-term durability and effectiveness.

2. Structures are designed and constructed according to the provisions of codes and specifications. What are the
different standardizing agencies/organizations (local and international) that specify the design requirements and
constraints for structural safety? (Give at least 5)

The following are the standardizing agencies/organizations (local and international) that specify the design
requirements and constraints for structural safety:

 Code (American Concrete Institute) American Concrete Institute’s Building

Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318). ACI commentary provides background material
rational for code provisions.
 INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Dhan Vincent L. Entuna

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 Highway Bridges are designed according to “AASHTO” which stands for American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials.
 AREA stands for American Railway Engineers Association; this is manual of railway engineering.
 ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards aid in the improvement of the
construction industry's effectiveness by developing internationally agreed-upon design and production
specifications and processes. They cover virtually every part and process of the construction project,
from the soil it stands on to the roof.
 Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) is the government's engineering and
construction team, which ensure the safety of all infrastructure facilities and the highest level of
construction efficiency and quality for all public works and highways.
 ICC (International Code Council) is to provide model rules and standards that will be utilized in the
design, construction, and inspection processes to ensure that buildings are created in a way that is
safe, long-lasting, affordable, and durable.
 NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines) is cited as a "referral code" of the National
Building Code as the primary basis for all buildings in the country's construction, design, use and
maintenance. Only vertical constructions, such as poles and billboards, are covered under the NSCP.

3. Enumerate at least 5 Commonly Used Concrete Admixtures and explain each characteristics.

Some of the most commonly used concrete admixtures, along with their distinctive properties, are as follows:

Air Entrainers, improve concrete's capacity to withstand freezing and thawing, as well as its resistance to
scale induced by deicing chemicals and its workability.

Water Reducers, generally used to increase the strength of concrete by lowering the water-cementitious
component. Reduce the amount of water required for a concrete mixture by roughly 5 to 10% in most cases.

Set Retarders, an admixture that can be used to extend the time it takes for concrete mixing components to set while
having no negative impact on the final strength of the concrete.

Set Accelerators, increase the rate of early strength development, reduce the time required for proper curing and
protection, and speed up the start of finishing operations. Accelerating admixtures are especially useful for
modifying the properties of concrete in cold weather.

Superplasticizers, also known as plasticizers or high-range water reducers (HRWR), a low-to-normal slump and a
high water-cement ratio, it can be used to generate high-slump, flowing concrete by reducing the water content by
12 to 30%.

Corrosion Inhibiting, an admixture that either reduces the rate of corrosion of reinforcement and other embedded
steel or extends the time it takes for corrosion to start.
 Shrinkage Reducing, use to lessen the shrinkage of concrete due to drying or self-desiccation, or to stimulate the
expansion of the concrete at about the same volume that natural drying shrinkage is contracting it.

INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Dhan Vincent L. Entuna

Sheet 6 of 7

4. Explain the behavior of concrete when exposed to high and low temperatures.

There are certain changes in behaviour when concrete is exposed to high and low temperatures. If a concrete is
exposed to high temperature then it is prone to cracks or spalling because of the evaporation that is happening on the
concrete which begins to dehydrate it. However, low temperatures can cause concrete to shrink, which can be
interrupted if water seeps into gaps. When concrete is poured at a low temperature, the curing process slows down,
causing the concrete's water to freeze and expand, splitting and weakening it.

5. What steps can be taken to minimize tensile cracking due to shrinkage?

The ff. are steps to minimize tensile cracking due to shrinkage:

1. Reduce Water Quantity

The amount of water used can have a significant impact on drying shrinkage, so be sure the cement and water are in
the right proportions and ratios.

2. Add Additives
Use shrinkage and water reducing admixture to help compensates for concrete shrinkage.

3. Aggregate
To keep drying shrinkage to a minimum, use the smallest amount of aggregate possible in the concrete mix. The more
rigid the aggregate is, the more successful it is at reducing the concrete’s shrinkage.

4. Protect Concrete Surface from Rapid Drying

Until the curing process begins, covering the concrete surface would decrease or eliminate the impact of ambient
influences on the concrete. Employ temporary windbreaks during windy days to decrease wind velocity.

5. Time of Concreting
Concrete shrinkage, particularly plastic shrinkage, can be reduced by choosing the right time for concreting. Pour
concrete at night during the summer, for example, to prevent the high temperatures that concrete may be subjected to
during the day.

6. Proper Concrete Compaction

To avoid concrete shrinkage, carefully compact it. Avoid re-tempering concrete on the work site since it increases
drying shrinkage due to the increased water content.

7. Proper Curing
Concrete shrinkage can be reduced by using correct curing methods. Concrete can hydrate properly and obtain the
required strength if it is properly cured.

8. Adequate Contraction Joints and Steel Detailing

 It’s possible to decrease the negative effects of concrete shrinkage by placing contraction joints in the right places and
detailing steel bars properly to prevent cracking.

INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Dhan Vincent L. Entuna

Sheet 7 of 7

References:

https://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/concrete_admixtures/types.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/tensile-strength#:~:text=Tensile%20strength%20is%20defined
%20as,usually%20operates%20at%20high%20pressure
https://omnexus.specialchem.com/polymer-properties/properties/strength-at-break-tensile#:~:text=Yield%20Strength
%20is%20the%20stress,pulled%20before%20failing%20or%20breaking
https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-of-loads-on-structure/1698/?amp=1
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/737/load-factor
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/modulus-of-rupture
https://cementconcrete.org/concrete/concrete-slump-test/2171
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/429/elastic-modulus
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/poissons-ratio
https://www.slideshare.net/selvaprakash549/split-tensile-strength-in-concrete
https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete/concrete-materials/chemical-admixtures
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/creep-8
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/shrinkage-reducing-concrete-admixture/7242/?amp=1
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081006931000138#:~:text=Shrinkage%2Dreducing
%20admixtures%20(SRAs),used%20in%20rather%20large%20amounts
https://limitlesspavingandconcrete.com/temperature-concrete/#:~:text=Higher%20temperatures%20can%20lead
%20to,additional%20stresses%20in%20the%20composition
https://www.giatecscientific.com/education/7-cold-weather-concreting-mistakes-concrete-temperature
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/reduce-concrete-shrinkage-construction-site/5935/?amp=1
https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/content/about-dpwh#:~:text=DPWH%20is%20currently%20responsible
%20for,accordance%20with%20national%20development%20objectives
https://www.thestructuralworld.com/2018/02/07/design-codes-standards/?amp
INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Dhan Vincent L. Entuna