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UNIT – 1
3. What are the advantages of RCC when compared with other building
materials?
Concrete is workable when fresh and strong when hardens.
𝐹𝑘 = 𝐹𝑚 + 𝐾 𝑆 𝑑
Where,
Fk = characteristic load
Fm = mean load
K = constant = 2.645 ≏ 2.65
Sd = standard deviation for the load
17. State the assumption made for design of RC members in working stress
method.
(Refer IS 456:2000 Page no: 80)
The method allows using different load factors for different types of
loads and the combination thereof.
The failure load computed by ULM matches with the experimental
results.
The method is based on the ultimate strain as the failure criteria.
The method utilizes the reserve of strength in the plastic region.
26. Write down the value of partial safety factor for concrete and steel.
Partial factor of safety for concrete 𝛾𝑐 = 1.5
Partial factor of safety for steel 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15
33. Write down the basic values of span to effective depth ratio for the
different types of beam.
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10m
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
35. Define the terms Gross section, Transformed section, cracked section.
(Refer IS 456:2000 Page no: 35)
36. Draw the stress-strain curve for concrete, mild steel bars and HYSD
bars.
UNIT – 2
6. Define torsion.
Equal and opposite moments applied at both ends of structural
element or its part about its longitudinal axis is called torsion. It is also
called as torsional moment or twist or torque.
13. Why is bond stress more in compression bars than in tension bars?
Deformed bars subjected to tension, 𝜏𝑏𝑑 values shall be increased by
60%.
Deformed bars subjected to compression, 𝜏𝑏𝑑 values shall be
increased by 25%.
14. What are the types of reinforcement used to resist shear and write down
the expressions for to shear resistance offered by the type?
Shear reinforcement is necessary if the nominal shear stress (𝜏𝑣)
exceeds the design shear stress(𝜏𝑐). In general, shear reinforcement is
provided in any one of the following three forms. (Refer IS 456:2000 Page
no: 72)
15. Write down the value of design bond stress for M30 grade of concrete.
Design bond stress in limit state methods for plain bars (mild steel) in
𝑁
tension is 𝜏𝑏𝑑 = 1.5
𝑚𝑚2
17. Reinforced concrete slabs are generally safe and do not require shear
reinforcement. Why?
Normally the thickness of slab is so chosen that the shear can be
resisted by concrete itself and the slab does not need extra shear
reinforcements.
22. Name the two types of two-way slabs. Explain their difference in the
design of slabs.
Slabs simply supported on the four edges, with corners not held down
and carrying UDL
Slabs simply supported on the four edges, with corners held down and
carrying UDL
Slabs with edges fixed or continuous and carrying UDL
0.15
(𝐴𝑠𝑡 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × 𝑏 × 𝐷 (For HYSD bars)
100
26. What type of slab usually used in practice, under reinforced or over
reinforced section?
The depth of slab chosen from deflection requirements will be usually
greater than the depth required for balanced design. Hence the area of steel
required will be less than the balanced amount. So, the slab is designed as
under reinforced section.
29. What are the important factors affecting the shear resistance of a
reinforced concrete member without shear reinforcement?
Characteristic strength of concrete
Percentage of longitudinal steel
Shear span to depth ratio
Axial compressive/tensile force
Effect of cross section
Effect of two way action
UNIT – 3
1. Define column.
A column, in general, may be defined as a member carrying direct
axial load which causes compressive stresses of such magnitude that these
stresses largely control its design.
Misalignment in construction
Slenderness effects not considered in design
Accidental lateral or eccentric loads
Where,
l = unsupported length of the column
D = lateral dimension of the column
UNIT – 4
the site.
13. Write down the formula for calculating maximum and minimum soil
pressures for a rectangular footing carries eccentric point load.
The structural design of the footing, which includes the design of the
depth and reinforcement, is done for factored loads using the relevant safety
factors applications for the limit state of collapse.
Flight
Going
Landing
Rise
Riser
Soffit
Step
Tread
Winders
16. What are the normal range of tread and rise values of steps of a
staircase in residential building?
As per IS 456:2000 the normal range of tread and rise values of steps
of a staircase in residential building are,
Rise: 150mm to 180mm
Tread: 200mm to 250mm
21. How the effectively span of a stair is decided when the landing slab
spans in the same direction as the stair.
When the landing slab spans in the same direction as the stairs, they
should be considered as acting together to form a single slab and the span
determined at the distance centre to centre of the supporting beams or walls,
the going being measured horizontally.
22. Give the guidelines of the size of rise and tread as per IS code norms.
The following guidelines may be followed while deciding the size of
rise and tread of a stair.
400mm < (rise + tread) < 450mm
580mm < (rise + tread) < 630mm
23. How the load is distributed in the case of an open well stairs?
In the case of stairs with open wells, where spans partly crossings at
right angles occur, the load on areas common to any two such spans may be
taken as one-half in each direction.
24. How the load is distributed when flights or landings are embedded into
walls?
Where flights or landings are embedded into walls for a length not
less than 110 mm and designed to span in the direction of the flight, a 150
mm strip may be deducted from the loaded area and effective breadth of the
section increased to 75 mm for the purpose of design.
LIVE LOADS:
IS 875 parts II specifies the load to be considered as UDL of intensity
5kN/m2 for public buildings and 3kN/m2 for residential building where the
specified floor do not exceed 2kN/m2 and the staircases are should not liable
for overcrowding.
UNIT – 5
1. What is masonry?
Masonry is a structure built of in individual blocks of materials such
as stone, brick, concrete, hollow blocks, etc bonded together with some form
of mortar such as lime mortar, cement mortar.
4. Define Mortar.
Mortar is a combined material formed with intimately mixing a
binding material like lime or cement, with a fine aggregate like sand in
certain proportion and with adequate quantity of water.
7. Define criteria.
Design criterion is that the actual stress produced due to loads in the
structure should be within permissible limits.
the slenderness of the structure. Further the lateral support reduces the
possibility of buckling of member due to vertical loads and to resist
horizontal forces.
13. List the factors which contribute for eccentricity on bricks walls.
Geometry of the support
Long floor edges
Magnitude of loads
Relative stiffness of slab or beam and the wall
Unequal spans
14. How do you determine the average effective thickness of wall with
opening?
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴) = (𝐿 − 𝑎) × 𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑡) = (𝐿 − 𝑎)
Where,
L = length between outer wall faces
a = width of spacing
t = thickness of wall
18. What are the assumptions for coulomb’s earth pressure theory?
The earth pressure theory proposed by coulomb is based on the following
assumptions:
The soil or the retained material is isotropic, homogeneous and
possesses both internal friction and cohesion.
The rupture surface is a plane surface.
The friction forces are uniformly distributed along the plane rupture
surface.
The failure used is a rigidly body.
There is a wall friction.
Failure is a Plane strain problem.
19. What is the structural action of the stem, heel and toe?
STEM:
The vertical arm or stem is subjected to lateral pressure and acts as a
cantilever. The lateral pressure causes maximum bending moment and shear
forces at junction of the stem.
Prepared by K. Gayathri, B.Tech (CIVIL), SMEC, Hyerabad
P a g e | 52
HEEL:
The heel is subjected to soil pressure from the bottom acting towards
and the downward loads due to self-weight and the earth above the heel.
The downward load is more hence the heel acts like a cantilever is more
hence the heel acts like a cantilever bending downwards. Maximum
bending moment and shear force occur at the junction of the heel with stem.
TOE:
The toe is subjected to upward pressure from the soil and the
downward pressure is due to self-weight. Hence the toe is designed as
cantilever. Maximum bending moment and shear force occur at the face of
the stem.
21. Why counter forts are provided in a counter fort retaining wall?
In a cantilever retaining wall with more height, the bending moment
development in the stem, heel slab and toe slab become very large and
require thickness. The bending very large and require moments and so the
thickness. The bending moments and so the thickness of stem and slab can
be considerably reduced by introducing transverse supports called counter
forts. They are spaced at regular intervals of about 0.3 to 0.6hl where ‘h’ is
the height of the retaining wall. The counter forts are concealed within the
backfill.
22. What are the factors governing the spacing of counter forts?
Spacing of counter forts depends on various factors such as height of
retaining wall, cost of steel and concrete, allowable soil pressure and cost of
form work. Keeping the spacing of counter forts closer reduces the
thickness of vertical slab and the heel slab and cost of formwork increases.
Thus the spacing is the one which makes the design economical. Spacing
generally varies from n0.3 to 0.6h where ‘h’ is the height of the wall.
material should satisfy two important requirements via, high long – term
strength and free drainage. Granular materials make the best types of
backfill.
26. List out the various forces subjected to a cantilever retaining wall.
The forces are,
Wc = weight of the cantilever wall
Wa = weight of soil above the back fill
Pa = lateral pressure from backfill
Pp = lateral pressure at the front of the wall
Pmax & Pmin = soil pressures beneath the retaining wall
29. What are the Effects of Active and Passive Earth Pressure?
Active Earth Pressure:
It is composed of the earth wedge being retained together with any
hydrostatic pressure caused by the presence of groundwater. This pressure
can be reduced by:
The use of subsoil drainage behind the wall.
Inserting drainage openings called weep holes through the thickness
of the stem to enable the water to drain away.
30. What are the factors to be considered while designing the Retaining
Walls?
Overturning doesn’t occur
Sliding doesn’t occur
The soil on which the wall rests mustn’t be overloaded
The materials used in construction are not overstressed.
31. What are the forces or pressure that has to be calculated while
designing the retaining walls?
Height of water table
Nature and type of soil
Subsoil water movements
Type of wall
32. What are the various loads considered in heel slab of Retaining Walls?
Weight of the backing
Dead load on heel slab
Vertical component of lateral
Upward soil reaction
35. What are the points to be noted in the design of Cantilever Retaining
Wall?
The thickness of the stem may be kept the same throughout the height
to provide adequate
Dead load
The base slab may be made about 100mm thicker than stem
The width of the base slab may be kept about 0.7 to 0.8 times the total
height of the wall
36. What are the loads acting on the heel slab of the Counter fort Retaining
Wall?
Dead load of the strip
Weight of the earth above the strip
Vertical components of the lateral pressure in the case of the earth
surcharged at an angle.
Base slab:
The width of the base slab may be taken as 0.6H to0.7H
Where,
H= overall height of the retaining wall.
Heel slab:
The Heel slab should be designed as a continuous horizontal slab with
counter fort as the supports.