Final Book Word Document

STRUCTURAL THESIS
B.JEEVANA VIDYA 314106101002

NASREEN KHANAM 314106101024
V.SUMATEJA REDDY 314106101039
INTRODUCTION TO RCC
1. INTRODUCTION TO RCC:
RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) is a construction technology which evolved with
the evolution of different structural materials in the 18th century during the Industrial
Revolution.
Industrial Revolution brought in new technology which helped in the manufacture of
various materials. The Architect Le Corbusier used RCC for various constructions. He
believed rthat any shape and form was possible; if RCC is to be used.
1.1. What is RCC?

RCC means Reinforced Cement Concrete, i.e., cement concrete reinforced with steel
bars, steel plates, steel mesh etc., to increase the tension withstanding capacity of the structure.
Reinforced concrete is widely used for construction on a large scale due to its desirable
mechanical properties. Corrosion has an adverse effect on the embedded steel if structures are
not properly designed and constructed. Cement Concrete can take up immense compression
but weak in tension whereas steel is good in withstanding both tension and compression.
1.2. INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Structural design for framed R.C.C Structure may be designed by any of the following
methods:
1) WORKING STRESS METHOD

2) ULTIMATE STRENGTH METHOD
3) LIMIT STATE METHOD
1.2.1. WORKING STRESS METHOD

Concrete is strong in compression and crushing
strength is determined by test on standard cubes.
Large deformation is noticed at the failure load.
Deformation is permanent in nature. This suggests
for the adoption of a factor of safety. Permissible
bending & direct compression are as fraction of
crushing strength.
For example: M15 concrete, the value of σcbc = 5 = (15/3) and
σcc = 4 = (15/3.75)
It is probably the earliest codified method of design of

reinforces concrete structures, and it is based on a criterion
that the actual stresses developed in the material under the Fig 1: Yielding of Steel – Stress
action of working loads must be limited to a set allowable Strain Curve
values, i.e., the concept of working stress is used in providing
for the factor of safety.
“Factor of safety is the ratio of strength of material to the permissible stress”
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INTRODUCTION TO RCC
1.2.2. ULTIMATE STRENGTH METHOD

This is also known as load factor method or ultimate strength method. In this we make use of
the nonlinear region of stress strain curves of steel and concrete. The safety is ensured by
introducing load factor.
“Load factor is the ratio of ultimate strength to the service loads”
The ULM makes it possible to consider the effects of different loads acting simultaneously thus
solving the shortcomings of WSM. As the ultimate strength of the material is considered we
will get much slender sections for columns and beams compared to WSM method. But the
serviceability criteria is not met because of large deflections and cracks in the sections. The
fallback in the method was that even though the nonlinear stress strain behavior of was
considered sections but the nonlinear analysis of the structural was not carried out for the load
effects. Thus the stress distribution at ultimate load was just the magnification of service load
by load factor following the linear elastic theory.
1.2.3. LIMIT STATE METHOD
This philosophy is an advancement over the traditional design philosophies. It considers the
safety at the ultimate load and serviceability at the working load, sort of extension of the WSM
and ULM.
“Limit state is the state of impending failure, beyond which a structure ceases to perform its
intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either safety or serviceability.”
This method is more rational in approach and is replacing the working stress method and
the ultimate load method in the design of reinforced concrete structures. The limit
state method of design has originated from the ultimate design.
There are 2 types of limit states
1. Ultimate Limit State: It considers strength, overturning, fatigue, sliding etc.

2. Serviceability Limit State: It considers crack width, deflection, vibration etc.
It uses multiple safety factors for the required safety and serviceability at the ultimate load and
working load respectively by considering all limit states. These are called “partial safety
factors”.
Partial safety factor for materials:
The strength of concrete in actual structure is taken as (0.67 *characteristic strength), i.e. 0.67
fck. The partial safety factor (for ultimate limit state) for concrete is 1.5 and that for steel is 1.15.
The value is higher for concrete as it is expected to have more variability compared to steel. The
partial safety factor (for serviceability limit state) for concrete and that for steel is taken as 1.0.
This is taken as unity as we are interested in estimating the actual deflections are crack width
during service loads.
Partial safety factor for loads:
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INTRODUCTION TO RCC
Various load combinations is specified in IS 456 from table 18 are as follows:

For Ultimate limit states
 UL = 1.5(DL+LL)
 UL = 1.5(DL+QL) OR 0.9DL+1.5QL
 UL = 1.2(DL+LL+QL)
The load factor of 1.2 is considered for the combination of three because the probability of
the three loads reaching its peak together are less. For serviceability limit states (SL)
 SL = 1.0 (DL+LL)
 SL = 1.0 (DL+QL)
 SL = 1.0DL+ 0.8LL+ 0.8 QL
The load factor is taken as 0.8 in the third case as the probability of wind load or earthquake
load acting with the peak of live load is less. For all cases the safety factor is taken as 1.0 as
we are considering the serviceability of structure here.
Where DL is dead load, LL is live load and QL is earthquake/wind load.
1.2.3.1. SALIENT FEATURES OF LIMIT STATE METHOD:
Limit State Method of design is a future improvement of ultimate load of design. The
acceptable limit of safety & serviceability requirements before failure occur is called LIMIT
STATE.
1.3. DESIGN: The design is based on limit state method using SP16andIS 456-2000code.
The structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it through
out of its life.
1.4. AIM: The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not
become unfit for the use for which it is intended that it will not reach a LIMIT STATE.
This method is appeared to be satisfactory and acceptable and recommended by the codes
of practice of many countries.
1.5. DESIGN CONSTANTS
Type = 2 Storey Residential building

Floor to floor height = 3400mm
Depth of the foundation = 1200mm below G.L
Bearing capacity of soil = 200 KN/sqm
Assumed imposed loads on floors:

From book IS 875(Part – 2)
Live load - 2 KN/sqm
Floor finish - 1 KN/sqm
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INTRODUCTION TO RCC
Dead load - 3.75 KN/sqm

Total load - 6 KN/sqm
Unknown partition - 1 KN/sqm
1.6. DESIGN BASIS:

Limit state method is based on IS 456-2000 S.I. units.
1.7. SPECIFICATIONS OF MATERIALS:

Materials used are:
a) Cement
b) Sand
c) Gravel
d) Steel
e) Bricks
FOR SLABS M 20grade concrete is used
FOR BEAMS M 20grade concrete is used
FOR COLUMNS M 20grade concrete is used
FOR FOOTINGS M 20grade concrete is used
Fe415 steel is used as main reinforcement called as Tor steel
1.8. STEEL
Commonly used grades of steel are Fe 250- mild steel bars , Fe 415, Fe500 – cold twisted
or hot rolled High yields strength deformed bars.
Steel of grade Fe250iscommonlyused for:

a) One way slab up to 3mspan.
b) Two way slab up to 4m span.
c) Stirrups in beams and tiles in columns.
d) Main steel in columns.
1.9. DEAD LOADS

Dead loads are static forces that are relatively constant for an extended time. They can be
in tension or compression.
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INTRODUCTION TO RCC
It should comprise the weight of all walls, partitions, floors and roofs and shall include the
weights of all permanent constructions in the building.
1.10. MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD OF ANALYSIS:

In the moment distribution method, every joint of the structure to be analyzed is fixed so as to
develop the fixed-end moments. Then each fixed joint is sequentially released and the fixed-
end moments (which by the time of release are not in equilibrium) are distributed to adjacent
members until equilibrium is achieved. The moment distribution method in mathematical terms
can be demonstrated as the process of solving a set of simultaneous equations by means of
iteration.
1.10.1. FLEXURAL STIFFNESS:

The flexural stiffness (EI/L) of a member is represented as the product of the modulus of
elasticity (E) and the second moment of area (I) divided by the length (L) of the member. What
is needed in the moment distribution method is not the exact value but the ratio of flexural
stiffness of all members. For Prismatic members,
Stiffness ‘K’ is defined as ratio of moment of inertia to length of the members. i.e., K =I/L.
1.10.2. DISTRIBUTION FACTORS:

Distribution factors can be defined as the proportions of the unbalanced moments carried by
each of the members.
1.10.3. CARRYOVER FACTORS:

Unbalanced moments are carried over to
the other end of the member when the joint
is released. The ratio of the carried-over
moment at the other end to the fixed-end
Fig 2: Carryover Factors
moment of the initial end is the carryover factor.
A moment MA applied at A, without displacing A, will produce moment at B. Let it

be MB. The ratio of MB/MA is known as CARRY OVER FACTOR
SIGN CONVENTION:
For this method clock wise moments at ends are considered
positive and anticlockwise moments are considered as negative.
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INTRODUCTION TO RCC
𝑀𝐹 𝐴𝐷 + 2𝑀𝐴𝐷 + 𝑀′ 𝐷𝐴 + 𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐷 + 𝑀𝐹 𝐴𝐹 + 2𝑀′ 𝐴𝐸 + 𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐸 = 0

if at any joint A:
Σ𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 2Σ𝑀′ 𝐴𝐵 + Σ𝑀′ 𝐵𝐴 + Σ𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐵 = 0

2ΣM′ AB = −(ΣMFAB + ΣM′ BA + ΣM′ BA)
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −1/2 ( Σ 𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 + Σ𝑀^′ 𝐵𝐴 + Σ𝑀^′′ 𝐴𝐵)
AB IAC
if I and = KAC and so on, then
KAB LAC
𝑀′ 𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝐾𝐴𝐵
Also M ′ ABis proportional to KAB
𝑀′ 𝐴𝐵/𝑀"𝐴𝐵 = 𝐾 𝐴𝐵/𝐾 𝐴𝐵
1
M′ AB KAB
2
KAB(ΣMFAB + ΣM ′ BA + ΣM ′′ AB)
Σ
Equation (5) is the basic equation for analysis.
-1/2 KAB/ƩKAB is called Rotation Factor.
1.10.4. SIGN CONVENTION:

Any moment acting clockwise is considered to be positive. This differs from the usual
engineer’s sign convention, which employs a Cartesian coordinate system with positive x-axis
to the right and positive y-axis up, resulting in positive moment about the z-axis being counter
clockwise.
1.10.5. FRAMED STRUCTURES:

Framed structures with or without sides way can be analysed using the moment distribution
method.
1.10.6. ANALYSIS FOR VERTICAL LOADS:
In case there are only vertical loads acting, the total shear in each storey be
‘zero’. If the moment at top and bottoms of all the columns in the same storey is not zero
for same height of columns the moment is balanced in proportion of the stiffness of
columns.
THEORY FOR ANALYSIS OF KANIS METHOD (For non-sway condition)
Kanis method is a development over slope deflection method according to which
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INTRODUCTION TO RCC
MAB = MAFB +2 EK/L2(2θA+θB)+6EI x δ/L2……(1)

Where MAB = final near moments of member AB
MFAB= NEAD fixed end moment of member AB
θA= rotational angle at A.

θB= rotational angle at B.
δ= Relative lateral displacement of support A with respect to B
𝐴
Let 𝑀′ 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐸𝐼𝜃 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵
𝑀′ 𝐵𝐴 =
𝐿
6𝐸𝐼𝛿
𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐵 =
𝐿2
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 2𝑀′ 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑀"𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀′′𝐴𝐵 … … (2)
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 + 2𝑀′ 𝐵𝐴 + 2𝑀′ 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐵 … . (3)
If several members AB, AC, AD, AE etc. Are meeting at joint A
For equilibrium of joint A.
MAB+MAC+MAD+……= 0 ……… (4)
Substituting equation (2) in equation (4) that is extending the expression to all members
at the joint at A.
MFAB+2M’ AB+M’ BA+M’’ AB +……
MFAC+2M’AC+M’CA+M”” AC+ ……..
Let be the displacement of the frame in column AB, moment M’’ AB caused by this
displacement will be
6𝐸𝐼𝛿 𝐾𝐴𝐵
=𝐶𝑥
ℎ2 ℎ
Where C=6δ and KAB = stiffness.
H= height of the storey.
If his same for all columns
𝑐
𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐾𝐴𝐵 𝑤ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝐼 =
ℎ
If m’’ AB is moment due to displacement at A, total moment at A for column AB will be
𝑀𝐴𝐵 + 2𝑀′ 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑀′ 𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐵

𝑀𝐵𝐴 + 1𝑀′ 𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀′ 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐵
For vertical loads:

MAB = 0 MBA= 0 fpr columns.
Total moment for all columns should be zero.
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INTRODUCTION TO RCC
Σ(𝑀𝐴𝐵 + 𝑀𝐵𝐴) = 0
Σ(2M AB + M BA + M ′′ AB + 2M ′ BA + M ′ AB = M ′′ BA) = 0
′ ′
3Σ(𝑀𝐴𝐵 + 𝑀𝐵𝐴) = −2𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐵

3
𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐵 = − Σ(𝑀′ 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑀′ 𝐵𝐴)
2
3 𝐾𝐴𝐵
𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐵 = −
2 ΣKAB(ΣMAB + ΣMBA)
3 𝐾𝐴𝐵
𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.
2 Σ𝐾𝐴𝐵
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
2. SLABS
Slabs are the plate elements having the depth (D) much smaller than its span and width. They
usually carry a uniformly distributed load and form the floor or roof of the building. Like
beams, slabs, also may be simple support, cantilever or continuous. They are classified
according to the systems of support as under:
1) One way reinforced slabs.
2) Two way reinforced slabs
3) Flat slabs support directly on columns with beams.
4) Circular and other shapes
5) Grid slabs or waffle slabs.
If the slab is supported on all four edges
ly
And if >2; where ly is a longer span and lx is a shorter span, then
lx
the slab is said to be One way slab
ly
And if <2; where ly is a shorter span and lx is a longer span, then
lx
the slab is said to be Two way slab.
The reinforcement perpendicular to the main reinforcement is known as
2.1. DISTRIBUTION OF STEEL:

The reinforcement resists temperature stress, keeps the main reinforcement in position and
distributes the concentrated or non- uniform loads through the slab for a continuous resist
negative bending moment.
The spacing of slab bars is given by

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑥 1000
Spacing =𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
2.2. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SLABS:

2.2.1. EFFECTIVE SPAN: The effective span of a simply supported slab shall
be taken as clear span plus effective depth of the slab or centre to centre distance
between the supports whichever is less. The effective span of a cantilever slab
shall be taken as its length to the face of the support plus half the effective depth
except where it forms the end of a continuous slab where the length to the centre
of support shall be taken.
2.2.2. LIMITING STIFFNESS: The stiffness of slabs is governed by the span

to depth ratio. As per clause 23.2 of IS 456 for spans not exceeding 10 m, the
span to depth ratio (Basic values) should not exceed the limits given below:
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Cantilever -7
Simply supported - 20
Continuous - 26
Depending upon the type of steel and percentage of steel, the above values have to be
modified as per Fig.4 of IS-456.
For two way slabs, the shorter span should be used for calculating the span to effective depth
ratio.
2.2.3. MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT:

The reinforcement in either direction of span shall not be less than 0.15%
of gross cross sectional area if mild steel is used. However, this value is
reduced to 0.12% where high strength deformed bars or welded wire
fabrics are used (Clause 26.5.2.1 of IS-456)
2.2.4. MAXIMUM DIAMETER OF BARS: the diameter of the bars shall
not exceed one eighth of the total thickness of slab .(Clause 26.2.2 of IS-456)
2.2.5. SPACING OF MAIN REINFORCEMENT: The spacing of main

reinforcement in slabs shall not be more than three times the effective depth
of solid slab or 300mm whichever is less (Clause 26.3.3 of IS-456)
2.2.6. DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENT: The area of

distribution reinforcement shall not be less than 0.15% of gross cross
sectional area if plain bars used and 0.12% if high yield strength deformed
bars are used. The spacing of distribution reinforcement in slabs shall not be
more than five times the effective depth of slab or 450mm whichever is less.
2.2.7. COVER TO REINFORCEMENT: Reinforcement shall concrete

cover of thickness as follows :
(a) At each end of reinforcement bar not less than 25mm nor less than twice the diameter
of such bar.
The bottom cover for reinforcement shall not be less than 20mm nor less than the diameter of
such bar.
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Fig 3 GROUND FLOOR PLAN
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Fig 4 FIRST FLOOR PLAN
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Fig 5 CENTRE LINE
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Fig 6 BEAM LAYOUT
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Fig 7 GROUND FLOOR SLAB LAYOUT
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Fig 8 FIRST FLOOR SLAB LAYOUT
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Centre line & beam layout diagrams
No of slab panels – 8
No of frames – 9
If ly/lx>2.0 [One way Panel condition]
If ly/lx< 2.0 [Two way Panel condition]
2.3. CONCEPT OF SLAB LOAD TRANSMISSION BY YEILD LINE

THEORY
The yield line theory states that the slab fails in patterns as shown. (i.e.). It fails in a triangular
pattern in short span and in long span it fails in trapezoidal pattern. Hence the long span takes
trapezoidal loading and short span takes triangular loading. The equivalent uniformly
distributed loads are further calculated and used in the analysis of structure.
2.3.1.INTRODUCTION OF BENDING MOMENT CONSIDERATION

AND SHEAR FORCE CONSIDERATION FOR EQUIVALENT LOAD
ANALYSIS:
2.3.1.1. BENDING MOMENT CONSIDERATION
 Triangular portion = WLX /3
 Trapezium portion = WLX / 2[ 1-1/3 (Lx/Ly)2]
2.3.1.2. SHEAR FORCE CONSIDERATION

 Triangular portion = WLX /3
 Trapezium portion = WLX /2 [1-1/2(LX/Ly)]
2.3.2. PRELIMINARY DIMENSIONS:

Overall thickness of slab [Df] ~ 150mm
Unit weight of RCC – 25 KN/m3
Unit of masonry – 18 KN/m3
Cement mortar – 20.6 KN/m3
Unit wt. of marble – 26 KN /m3
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Overall length of T-beam [D] = 450mm
Depth of web [Dw] = 275mm
Width of web [bf] = 230mm
2.3.3. FLOOR LEVEL CALCULATIONS:

Unit weight of beam = 1 x Bw x Dw x Ɣrcc
= 1 x 0.230 x 0.45 x 25
= 2.58 KN/m
Wt. of Brick wall: L x B x D unit weight of masonry
= 1 x 0.230 x 3 x 20
= 13.8 KN/m
Weight of parapet wall
= 1 x 0.23 x 1 x 20
= 4.6 KN/m
Overall slab thickness = 0.150 m
 Dead load on slab = L x S x D x ƔRcc
= 1 x 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN/m2
 Floor finishes = 1 KN/m2
Live load on slab = 2KN/m2
Total load = [3.75 + 2 + 1]
= 6.75 KN/m2
Adopt a slab load of ~ 6.00 KN/m2
2.3.4. ROOF LEVEL CALUCLATIONS

 Thickness of slab = 0.150 M
 Floor Finish = 1 KN/m2
 Dead load = 3.75 KN/m2
 Live load = 2 KN/m2
 Total load = 6.75
 Self – weight of parapet = 4.6 KN/m
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
2.4. SLAB LOAD CALCULATIONS
(CHECK EXCEL SHEETS)
3. ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
3.1. FRAME LOAD CALCULATIONS
By Load dispersion concept:
We have for a two way slab
In SFC
Triangular portion = wlx/4
Trapezoidal portion = wlx/2 [(1-1/2(ly/lx)]
In BMC
Triangular portion = wlx/3wl
Trapezoidal portion = wlx/2[1-1/3(lx/ly)2]
FRAME LOADS [EXCEL TABLES]
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
FRAMES:
Fig 9 FRAME 1 Fig 10 FRAME 2
Fig 11 FRAME 3 Fig 12 FRAME 4
Fig 13 FRAME 5
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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Fig 14 FRAME 6
Fig 15 FRAME 7
Fig 16 FRAME8
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DESIGN OF SLABS
4. DESIGN OF SLABS:
4.1. INTRODUCTION:
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of a building and carrying distributed load
primarily by flexure. Inclined slabs ma y be used ad ramps for multistory car parks. A slab
may be supported by beams or walls and may be used as the flange of a T- beam or L- beam.
Slabs may be simply supported or continuous over one or more supports and classified
according to the manner of support.
1) One-way slabs spanning in one direction.

2) Two –way slabs spanning in both directions.
3) Circular slabs.
4) Flat slabs resting directly on columns with no beams, and
5) Grid floors and ribbed slabs.
The following methods of analysis are available for the design of slab:
1) Elastic analysis – idealization into strips or beams,
2) Semi- imperial coefficients as given in the code,
3) Yield line theory.
4.2. ONE –WAY SLABS:
One –way slabs are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth. A one way slab
can be either simply supported or continuous.
Continuous slabs should in principle be designed to withstand the most unfavorable
arrangement of loads. Because there greater opportunities of redistribution of slabs, analysis
nay however be simplified by the use of single load system. Bending moment coefficients
based on this simplified method area provided for slabs which span in one direction with
approximately equal spans and also for flat slabs.
4.3. TWO-WAY SLABS:

1) When a slab is supported on all four sides it effectively spans in both directions
and is sometimes more economical to design a slab on this basis
2) The directions and bending moments in a two-way slab are considerably
reduced to those in one-way slab.
3) The amount of bending in each direction will depend on the ratio of the two
spans and the conditions of restraint at each support.
4) If slab is square and the restraints are similar along the four sides then the load
will span equally in all directions.
5) If the slab is rectangular the more than one half of the load will be carried in
the stiffer, shorter direction and less in the longer direction.
6) If one span is longer than the other, larger portions of the load will be carried
out in the short direction and slab may be well designed in only one direction.
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DESIGN OF SLABS
Moments of each direction of span are generally calculated using coefficients which area
tabulated in the code. Areas of reinforcement to resist the moments are determined
independently for each direction of span. The slab is reinforced with bars in both
directions parallel to the spans with the steel for the shorter span placed farthest from the
neutral axis to give a greater effective depth. The span, effective depth ratios area based
on the shorter span and the percentage of reinforcement in that direction.
4.4. DESIGN RULES:

The rules for the design of a two-way restrained slabs in accordance with appendix C of
the code area as follows:
1. The maximum positive and negative moments apply only to the middle strips subject
to the requirements for minimum areas of reinforcement.The bars are uniformly spaced
in the middle strips.
2. Curtailment of bars should be carried out at a distance equal to 1/6th of shorter span.
3. Negative moments arise at discontinuous edges. Tension reinforcement equal to 50%

of that at the mid- span is provided
4. Minimum tension reinforcement should be provided in edge trips parallel to that edge.
5. Torsion or corner reinforcement must be provided at corners of the slabs.
4.4.1 DESIGN OF SLAB:
SLAB 1 (GROUND FLOOR) :
ly = 4.446 m
lx = 3.798 m
ly
= 4.446 /3.798 = 1.17 < 2
lx
It is a two way slab

Assume : M20 Grade & Fe415 Steel
fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Total Load = 6.75 KN/m2
Bending Moment Co-efficient:
From table 26 of IS 456: 2000
Negative Moments:
αx- = 0.045
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DESIGN OF SLABS
αy- = 0.035
Positive Moments:
αx+ = 0.06
αy+ = 0.047
Bending Moment Calculation
Mx- = αx- x w x lx2
= (0.045) (6.75) (3.798)2 = 4.381 KN/M2
Mux- = 1.5 x 4.381 = 6.572 KN/M2
From Table 40 of SP 16, bar dia = 8 mm ; spacing 27 cm
My- = αy- x w x lx2
= (0.035) (6.75) (3.798)2 = 3.407 KN/M2
Muy- = 1.5 x 3.407 = 5.111 KN/M2
From Table 40 of SP 16, bar dia = 8 mm; spacing 27 cm
Mx+ = αx+ x w x lx2
= (0.06) (6.75) (3.798)2 = 5.842 KN/M2
Mux+ = 1.5 x 5.842 = 8.763 KN/M2
My+ = αy+ x w x lx2
= (0.047) (6.75) (3.798)2 = 4.576 KN/M2
Muy+ = 1.5 x 4.576 = 6.864 KN/M2
SLAB 1 (FIRST FLOOR) :
ly = 4.446 m
lx = 3.798 m
ly
= 4.446 /3.798 = 1.17 < 2
lx

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Page | 39
DESIGN OF SLABS

Negative Moments:
αx- = 0.045
αy- = 0.035
Positive Moments:
αx+ = 0.06
αy+ = 0.047
= (0.045) (7.75) (3.798)2 = 5.030 KN/M2
Mux- = 1.5 x 5.030 = 7.545 KN/M2
= (0.035) (7.75) (3.798)2 = 3.912 KN/M2
Muy- = 1.5 x 3.912 = 5.869 KN/M2
= (0.06) (7.75) (3.798)2 = 6.707 KN/M2
Mux+ = 1.5 x 6.707 = 10.061 KN/M2
= (0.047) (7.75) (3.798)2 = 5.254 KN/M2
Muy+ = 1.5 x 5.254 = 7.881 KN/M2
ly = 6.056 m
lx = 3.798 m
Page | 40
DESIGN OF SLABS
ly
= 6.056 /3.798 = 1.594 < 2
lx

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Negative Moments:
αx- = 6.252
αy- = 3.907
Positive Moments:
αx+ = 8.373
αy+ = 5.247
= (6.252) (7.74) (3.798)2 = 6.252 KN/M2
Mux- = 1.5 x 6.252 = 9.378 KN/M2
= (3.907) (7.74) (3.798)2 = 3.907 KN/M2
Muy- = 1.5 x 3.907 = 5.861 KN/M2
= (8.373) (7.74) (3.798)2 = 8.373 KN/M2
Mux+ = 1.5 x 8.373 = 12.560 KN/M2
= (5.247) (7.74) (3.798)2 = 5.247 KN/M2
Page | 41
DESIGN OF SLABS
Muy+ = 1.5 x 5.247 = 7.871 KN/M2

ly = 6.056 m
lx = 3.798 m
ly
= 6.056 /3.798 = 1.594 < 2
lx

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Negative Moments:
αx- = 0.056
αy- = 0.035
Positive Moments:
αx+ = 0.075
αy+ = 0.047
= (0.056) (7.75) (3.798)2 = 6.260 KN/M2
Mux- = 1.5 x 6.260 = 9.390 KN/M2
= (0.035) (7.75) (3.798)2 = 3.912 KN/M2
Muy- = 1.5 x 3.912 = 5.869 KN/M2
Page | 42
DESIGN OF SLABS
= (0.075) (7.75) (3.798)2 = 8.384 KN/M2

Mux+ = 1.5 x 8.384 = 12.576 KN/M2
= (0.047) (7.75) (3.798)2 = 5.254 KN/M2
Muy+ = 1.5 x 5.254 = 7.881 KN/M2
ly = 6.071 m
lx = 4.446 m
ly
= 6.071 /4.446 = 1.36 < 2
lx

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Negative Moments:
αx- = 0.047
αy- = 0.028
Positive Moments:
αx+ = 0.063
αy+ = 0.037
= (0.047) (37.3) (4.446)2 = 34.65 KN/M2
Mux- = 1.5 x 46.45 = 51.98KN/M2
Page | 43
DESIGN OF SLABS
= (0.028) (37.3) (4.446)2 = 20.64 KN/M2

Muy- = 1.5 x 20.64 = 30.96 KN/M2
= (0.063) (37.3) (4.446)2 = 46.45 KN/M2
Mux+ = 1.5 x 46.45 = 69.67 KN/M2
= (0.037) (37.3) (4.446)2 = 27.28 KN/M2
Muy+ = 1.5 x 4.576 = 40.92 KN/M2
ly = 6.071 m
lx = 4.446 m
ly
= 6.071 /4.446 = 1.36 < 2
lx

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Negative Moments:
αx- = 0.047
αy- = 0.028
Positive Moments:
αx+ = 0.063
αy+ = 0.037
Page | 44
DESIGN OF SLABS

= (0.047) (7.75) (4.446)2 = 7.200 KN/M2
Mux- = 1.5 x 7.200 = 10.80 KN/M2
From Table 40 of SP 16, bar dia + 8 mm; spacing 16cm
= (0.028) (7.75) (6.071)2 = 4.28 KN/M2
Muy- = 1.5 x 4.28 = 6.43KN/M2
= (0.063) (7.75) (4.446)2 = 9.65KN/M2
Mux+ = 1.5 x 9.65 = 14.47 KN/M2
= (0.037) (7.75) (6.071)2 = 5.66KN/M2
Muy+ = 1.5 x 5.66 =8.50 KN/M2
ly = 6.056 m
lx = 6.017 m
ly
= 6.056 /6.017 = 1.00< 2
lx

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Negative Moments:
Page | 45
DESIGN OF SLABS
αx- = 0.028
αy- = 0.028
Positive Moments:
αx+ = 0.037
αy+ = 0.037
= (0.028) (6.75) (6.017)2 = 6.84 KN/M2
Mux- = 1.5 x 6.84 = 10.26 KN/M2
= (0.028) (6.75) (6.017)2 = 6.84 KN/M2
Muy- = 1.5 x 6.84= 10.26 KN/M2
= (0.037) (6.75) (6.017)2 = 9.04 KN/M2
Mux+ = 1.5 x 9.04 = 13.56 KN/M2
= (0.037) (6.75) (6.017)2 = 9.04 KN/M2
Muy+ = 1.5 x 9.04= 13.56 KN/M2
ly = 6.056 m
lx = 6.017 m
ly
= 6.056 /6.017 = 1.00< 2
lx
Page | 46
DESIGN OF SLABS

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Negative Moments:
αx- = 0.028
αy- = 0.028
Positive Moments:
αx+ = 0.037
αy+ = 0.037
= (0.028) (7.75) (6.017)2 = 7.85 KN/M2
Mux- = 1.5 x 7.85 = 11.78 KN/M2
= (0.028) (7.75) (6.017)2 = 7.85 KN/M2
Muy- = 1.5 x 7.85= 11.78 KN/M2
= (0.037) (7.75) (6.017)2 = 10.38 KN/M2
Mux+ = 1.5 x 10.38 = 15.57 KN/M2
= (0.037) (7.75) (6.017)2 = 10.38 KN/M2
Muy+ = 1.5 x 10.38= 15.57 KN/M2
Page | 47
DESIGN OF SLABS
lx = 4.37 m
ly = 4.446 m
ly
= 4.446 /4.37 = 1.017 < 2
lx

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Negative Moments:
αx- = 0.028
αy- = 0.028
Positive Moments:
αx+ = 0.037
αy+ = 0.037
= (0.028) (6.75) (4.37)2 = 3.609 KN/M2
Mux- = 1.5 x 3.609 = 5.41 KN/M2
= (0.028) (6.75) (4.37)2 = 3.609 KN/M2
Muy- = 1.5 x 3.609 = 5.41 KN/M2
= (0.037) (6.75) (4.37)2 = 4.769 KN/M2
Mux+ = 1.5 x 4.769 = 7.154 KN/M2
Page | 48
DESIGN OF SLABS

= (0.037) (6.75) (4.37)2 = 4.769 KN/M2
Muy+ = 1.5 x 4.769 = 7.154 KN/M2
lx = 4.37 m
ly = 4.446 m
ly
= 4.446 /4.37 = 1.017 < 2
lx

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Negative Moments:
αx- = 0.028
αy- = 0.028
Positive Moments:
αx+ = 0.037
αy+ = 0.037
= (0.028) (7.75) (4.37)2 = 4.14 KN/M2
Mux- = 1.5 x 4.14 = 6.21 KN/M2
= (0.028) (7.75) (4.37)2 = 4.14 KN/M2
Muy- = 1.5 x 4.14 = 6.21 KN/M2
Page | 49
DESIGN OF SLABS

= (0.037) (7.75) (4.37)2 = 5.47 KN/M2
Mux+ = 1.5 x 5.47 = 8.12 KN/M2
= (0.037) (7.75) (4.37)2 = 5.47 KN/M2
Muy+ = 1.5 x 5.47 = 8.12 KN/M2

lx = 4.37 m
ly = 6.056 m
ly
= 6.056 /4.37 = 1.38 < 2
lx

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Negative Moments:
αx- = 0.041
αy- = 0.028
Positive Moments:
αx+ = 0.055
αy+ = 0.037
= (0.041) (15.11) (4.37)2 = 11.8 KN/M2
Mux- = 1.5 x 11.8 = 23.805 KN/M2
Page | 50
DESIGN OF SLABS

= (0.028) (15.11) (4.37)2 = 8.079 KN/M2
Muy- = 1.5 x 3.609 = 12.119 KN/M2
= (0.055) (15.11) (4.37)2 = 15.87 KN/M2
Mux+ = 1.5 x 4.769 = 23.805 KN/M2
= (0.037) (15.11) (4.37)2 = 10.676 KN/M2
Muy+ = 1.5 x 10.676 = 16.014 KN/M2
lx = 4.37 m
ly = 6.056 m
ly
= 6.056 /4.37 = 1.38 < 2
lx

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Negative Moments:
αx- = 0.041
αy- = 0.028
Positive Moments:
αx+ = 0.055
αy+ = 0.037
Page | 51
DESIGN OF SLABS

= (0.041) (7.75) (4.37)2 = 6.06KN/M2
Mux- = 1.5 x 6.06 = 9.10 KN/M2
= (0.028) (7.75) (4.37)2 = 4.14 KN/M2
Muy- = 1.5 x 4.14 =6.21 KN/M2
= (0.055) (7.75) (4.37)2 = 8.14 KN/M2
Mux+ = 1.5 x 8.14 = 12.21 KN/M2
= (0.037) (7.75) (4.37)2 = 5.47 KN/M2
Muy+ = 1.5 x 5.47 = 8.21 KN/M2
SLAB 7 (GROUND FLOOR):
ly = 6.056 m
lx = 2.146 m
ly
= 6.056 /2.146 = 2.821 > 2
lx
It is a one way slab

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
M = wlx2/8
= 6.75 x 2.1462/8
Page | 52
DESIGN OF SLABS
= 3.885
Mu = 1.5 x 3.885 = 5.828
From Table 40 of SP 16, bar dia = 8 mm; spacing 27 cm.
SLAB 7 (FIRST FLOOR):
ly = 6.056 m
lx = 2.146 m
ly
= 6.056 /2.146 = 2.821 > 2
lx
It is a one way slab

fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
M = wlx2/8
= 7.75 x 2.1462/8
= 4.461
Mu = 1.5 x 4.461 = 6.692
Page | 53
DESIGN OF BEAMS
5. DESIGN OF BEAMS:
The following assumptions are made in design of beams.
1) The beam shall be designed as rectangular beam either at mid span or at Support
2) The beam may be designed as singly, double (or) balanced section.
3) The +ve steel provided for mid-span moment (it may or may not be maximum).
4) The –ve steel provided for maximum support moment at center of support and
not at the face of the support of the support.
5) If two adjacent spans have different support moments, the maximum support
moment considered in the design.
A doubly reinforced concrete beam is reinforced in both compression and tension

regions. The section of the beam may be a rectangle, T or L-section. The necessity of using
steel in the compression region arises due to two main reasons:
When depth of beam is restricted, the strength available from a singly reinforced beam
is in adequate.
At a support of a continuous beam where bending moment changes sign. Such a
situation may also arise in the design of a beam circular in plan.
The design of a doubly reinforced section involves:
1) The determination of a cross sectional dimensions and areas of tension and

compression reinforcements.
2) The first step is to determine whether compression steel is required. This may
be done by comparing the factored bending moment with the limiting moment
of resistance of a singly reinforced beam.
3) The amount of compression steel may be obtained by writing the equations of

equilibrium.
5.1. MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT:
The minimum and maximum amounts of tension reinforcement in a doubly reinforced

beam are the same as those in a singly reinforced beam.
The minimum compression reinforcement can be zero. In that case, it will be a single
reinforced beam. The maximum compression reinforcement cannot exceed 4% of the gross
cross sectional area of the beam.
Page | 55
DESIGN OF BEAMS
5.2. BALANCED SECTION:

 The stresses in concrete and steel reach to permissible values at the same time.
 Concrete and steel theoretically fail at the same time.
 Practically it is difficult to have a balanced section.
 Theoretically all the sections designed are balanced sections.
 The failure is by primary compression( In practise the ultimate failure is by crashing of
concrete in compression zone only, even though beam is balanced section is called
primary compression).
 Xu=Xumax
5.3 STRESS AND STRAIN DISTRIBUTION FOR BALANCED

SECTION:
where, Fig 17
Xumax is the maximum depth of neutral axis at failure condition at which concrete reaches to a
maximum strain of 0.0035, at this condition steel will be in plastic zone with continuous yielding
or deformation.
Xumax Equation: Xumax / 0.0035 = d-xumax / (0.87fy/Es + 0.002)
Table 19
GRADE OF STEEL Xumax Mu limit
Fe 250 0.53d 0.148* fck bd2
Fe 415 0.48d 0.138* fck bd2
Fe 500 0.46d 0.133* fck bd2
Page | 56
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Mu limit is Moment of resistance of balanced section.
Xu is the Neutral axis at general loading condition where concrete and steel might not have
reached their maximum strains, however at collapse Xu will be equal to Xumax
i.e. Compressive force = Tensile force. (0.36 x fck x b x Xu=0.87 x fy x Ast)
Xu Equation: Xu= (0.87 x fy x Ast) / (0.36 x fck x b)
5.4. UNDER REINFORCED SECTION:

The steel provided in the beam is such that steel reach the limiting values of strain prior to
concrete. This results in yielding of the steel and the steel could yield till it attains the ultimate
strain at which point it breaks. It is important to notice that it is the yielding stain that is
considered as failure strain in steel and not the ultimate fracture strain. The steel still has to
undergo strain hardening, softening and then fracture.
Fig 18
5.4.1. Over Reinforced Section:

The steel provided in the beam is such that concrete reach the limiting values of strain prior to
steel. This results in breaking of concrete and since now there is no concrete present to take the
compression the beam fails suddenly.
The additional margin that we get in under reinforced section helps in prevention of a sudden
failure and provide the necessary warning to the inhabitants of the building.
5.4.2 BEAM DESIGN
DESIGN OF BEAMS
FRAME - 1
Ground floor
BEAM - DE
Page | 57
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
BEAM - DE
B1:0.23x0.45m B2:0.23x0.45m B3:0.23x0.45m
l1 = RD/w = 15.00m
RD-(w x l)
=37.485-(15.00x4.446)
=-29.538KNm
M1=-RDxl1+MDE+w.l1.l1/2
=-58.81
Mu1=1.5xM1
=1.5 x58.81
=88.216 KNm
Assume 16mm diameter rods
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius = 8mm
d1=45-2.5-0.8
=41.7cms
Mulim=2.76x1000xbxd12
=110.38 KNm
Mu1 < Mulim
Page | 58
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Singly Reinforced beam

Mu/(b.d2) = 88.216 x 106 /230 x 4172
= 2.20571
From Table 45 in is.Sp.16.1980, pt=0717
Ast= (pt x b x d1)/100
=6.87cm2.
From Table 95 in is.Sp.16.1980, the beam requires 4 bars of 16 mm diameter.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 37.484
Factored Vu = 1.5 x Vu max = 56.226
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τv = factored Vu/ bd = 0.583N/ mm2
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Tension bar diameter: 16mm @ 4 no’s
Area of steel (Ast) = 0.08 mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.834
From table 19, IS 456 : τc =0.62
Therefore τv > τc
Vus = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / Sv
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
Vus = Vu – (τc x bd)
Shear capacity = τc x b x d
= 0.62 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.059
= 56.22– 0.069
= 56.166
Sv = 0.87fy x Asv x d / Vus

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 56.166
= 152.23 mm
Vus/d = 56.166/41.9 = 1.34
Page | 59
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Referring to Table 62, for steel Fe 415 N/mm2 ,provide 6 mm stirrups at 15 cm spacing.
BEAM - EF
l1=RF/w =2.279m
M = -(RF x l1) + wl12/2 + MFE
=107.231 KNm
Mu1=1.5xM
=1.5 x107.231
=160.846 KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius=8mm
d1=45-2.5-0.8
=41.7cms
=110.38 KN.m
Mu1> Mulim
Double Reinforced beam
Mu1/(b.d2) = 4.021N/mm2
From Table 45 in is.Sp.16.1980, pt=1.413, pc=0.229
As1= (pt x b x d1)/100
=13.55cm2
As2= (pc x b x d1)/100
=2.196 cm2.
From Table 95 in is.Sp.16.1980, the beam requires 6 bars of 16mm diameter in tension.
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, the beam requires 3 bars of 10 mm diameter in compression.
Page | 60
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR
Vu max = 82.95
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 1.98
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.79 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.076
= 124.42– 0.069
= 124.35

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 124.35
= 68.76 mm
Vus/d =124.35/41.9 = 2.96
BEAM - GH
Page | 61
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
l1=RG/w =2.339m
R1 = RG -(w x l)
=-14.17KNm
M = -(RG x l1) + wl1 x l1/2 + MGH
=22.740 KNm
Mu=1.5xM1
=1.5 x27.74
=34.11 KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius =5mm
d1=45-2.5-0.5
=42cms
=111.97 KN.m
Mu< Mulim
Singly Reinforced
Mu/(b.d2) = 0.840N/mm2
From Table95 in is.Sp.16.1980, pt=0.248
Page | 62
DESIGN OF BEAMS
As1= (pt x b x d1)/100

=2.39cm2
From Table 95 in is.Sp.16.1980, the beam requires 4 bars of 10 mm diameter in tension.
SHEAR
Vu max = 15.73
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.32
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.48 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.046
= 124.42– 0.069
= 23.55

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 23.55
= 362.95 mm
Vus/d =23.55/41.9 = 0.56
BEAM - HI
l1=RI/w =2.3m
M = -(RI x l1) + wl1 x l12/2 + MIH
Page | 63
DESIGN OF BEAMS
=65.63 KNm
Mu=1.5xM
=1.5 x 65.63
=98.45 KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius 8mm
d1=45-2.5-0.8
=41.7cms
=110.38 KN.m
Mu< Mulim
Singly Reinforced
Mu/(b.d2) = 2.46N/mm2
From Table95 in is.Sp.16.1980, pt=0.823
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
=7.89cm2
SHEAR
Vu max = 50.77
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Page | 64
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.83

Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.62 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.059
= 76.15– 0.069
= 76.09

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 23.55
= 112.35 mm
Vus/d =76.09/41.9 = 1.81
FRAME - 2
BEAM -DE
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

BEAM -DE
l1=RD/w =2.458m
Page | 65
DESIGN OF BEAMS
R1 =(RD -W x l)
=-49.705 KNm
M= -(RD x l1) +wxl12/2 +MDE
=92.863KNm
Mu=1.5xM
=1.5 x92.863
=139.294 KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius=8mm
d1=45-2.5-0.8
=41.7cms
=110.38 KN.m
Mu1> Mulim
Mu1/(b.d2) = 3.482N/mm2
From Table 45 in is.sp.16.1980, pt=1.171, pc=0.224
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
=11.23cm2
As2= (pcxbxd1)/100
=2.148 cm2.
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, the beam requires 6 bars of 16mm diameter in tension
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, the beam requires 3 bars of 10 mm diameter in compression.
Page | 66
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR
Vu max = 61.47
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 1.98
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.75 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.072
= 92.20– 0.069
= 92.13
= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 23.55
= 92.80 mm
Vus/d =92.13/41.9 = 2.19
BEAM - EF
l1=RF/w =2.217m
M= -(RF x l1) +wxl12/2 +MFE
=-207.07 KNm
Mu=1.5xM
Page | 67
DESIGN OF BEAMS
=1.5 x 207.07
=311.475 KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius=10mm
d1=45-2.5-1
=41.5cms
=109.324 KN.m
Mu1> Mulim
Mu1/(b.d2) = 7.863N/mm2
From Table 45 in is.sp.16.1980, pt=2.223, pc=1.318
As1= (pt x b xd1)/100
=21.21cm2
As2= (pc x b x d1)/100
=12.58 cm2.
From Table 95 in is.Sp.16.1980, the beam requires 6 bars of 20mm diameter in tension
From Table 95 in is.Sp .16.1980, the beam requires 4 bars of 20 mm diameter in
compression.
SHEAR
Vu max = 160.80
Page | 68
DESIGN OF BEAMS

b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 4.5
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 241.20– 0.069
= 241.12
= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 23.55
= 35.45mm
Vus/d =241.12/41.9 = 5.75
BEAM - GH
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

BEAM - GH
R1 = RG - (w x l)
R1 = 22.9
l1=RG/w =2.226m
Page | 69
DESIGN OF BEAMS
M= -(RG x l1) +wxl12/2 +MGH

=-31.070 KNm
Mu=1.5xM
=1.5 x 31.070
=46.605 KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius= 5mm
d1=45-2.5-0.5
=42cms
=111.978 KN.m
Mu1< Mulim
Mu1/(b.d2) = 1.1486N/mm2
From Table 45 in is.Sp.16.1980, pt=0.343
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
=3.313 cm2
From Table 95 in is.Sp.16.1980, the beam requires 4 bars of 10mm diameter
SHEAR
Vu max = 23.01
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
Page | 70
DESIGN OF BEAMS

τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.3
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.48x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.046
= 34.52– 0.069
= 34.48
= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 34.48
= 247.97mm
Vus/d =241.12/41.9 = 0.82
BEAM - HI
l1=RI/w =2.337m
M= -(RI x l1) +wxl12/2 +MIH
=-131.693 KNm
Mu=1.5xM
=1.5 x 131.693
=197.540KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius=8mm
d1=45-2.5-0.8
=41.7cms
=140.38 KN.m
Mu1> Mulim
Page | 71
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Mu1/(b.d2) = 74.939N/mm2
From Table 45 in is.sp.16.1980, pt=`1.580, pc=0.650
As1= (pt x b x d1)/100
=15.15cm2
As2= (pc x b x d1)/100
=6.234 cm2.
From Table 95 in is.Sp.16.1980, the beam requires 6 bars of 18mm diameter in tension
From Table 95 in is.Sp.16.1980, the beam requires 4 bars of 16 mm diameter in compression.
SHEAR
Vu max = 102.12
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 3.66
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82x 0.23 x 0.419
Page | 72
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= 0.079
= 153.19– 0.069
= 153.11
= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 153.11
= 55.84mm
Vus/d =241.12/41.9 = 3.6
FRAME - 3
GROUND FLOOR
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

BEAM -DE
l1=RD/w =2.619m
R1 = RD -(w x l)
=-105.76KNm
M= -(RD x l1) +wxl12/2 +MDE
=-256KNm
Mu=1.5xM
Page | 73
DESIGN OF BEAMS
=1.5 x 256
=384.46KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius= 10mm
d1=45-2.5-1
=41.5cms
=109.328kN.m
Mu1> Mulim
Mu1/(b.d2) = 8.330N/mm2
From Table 45 in is.Sp.16.1980, pt=`2.221, pc=1.318
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
=21.09cm2
As2= (pc x b x d1)/100
=12.58cm2.
From Table 95 in is.Sp.16.1980, the beam requires 7 bars of 20 mm diameter in tension.
SHEAR
Vu max = 151.64
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
Page | 74
DESIGN OF BEAMS

τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 4.88
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 227.48– 0.069
= 227.38
= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 227.38
= 37.60mm
Vus/d =227.38/41.9 = 5.4
BEAM EF
l1=RF/w =2.293
M= -(RF x l1) +wxl12/2 +MFE
=-240.92KNm
Mu=1.5xM
=1.5 x 240.92
=361.38KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius= 10mm
d1=45-2.5-1
=41.5cms
=109.328kN.m
Mu1> Mulim
Page | 75
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Mu1/(b.d2) = 8.330N/mm2
As1= (pt x b x d1)/100
=21.09cm2
As2= (pcxbxd1)/100
=12.58cm2.
From Table 95 in is.Sp.16.1980, the beam requires 7 bars of 20 mm diameter
SHEAR
Vu max = 184.98
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 4.88
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 277.40– 0.069
= 277.40
Page | 76
DESIGN OF BEAMS

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 227.38
= 30.82mm
Vus/d =227.40/41.9 = 6.6
Referring to Table 62, for steel Fe 415 N/mm2 ,provide 6 mm stirrups at 5 cm spacing
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
BEAM GH
l1=RG/w =2.524m
R1 = RG -(w x l)
=-85.449KNm
M= -(RF x l1) +wxl12/2 +MGH
=-171.79KNm
Mu=1.5xM
=1.5 x 171.79
=257.688KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius= 10mm
Page | 77
DESIGN OF BEAMS
d1=45-2.5-1
=41.5cms
=109.328kN.m
Mu1> Mulim
Mu1/(b.d2) = 6.505N/mm2
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
=19.80cm2
As2= (pcxbxd1)/100
=11.13cm2.
From Table 95 in is.Sp.16.1980, the beam requires 7 bars of 20 mm diameter in tension
Vu max = 108.68
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 4.88
Therefore τv > τc
Page | 78
DESIGN OF BEAMS

𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 163.02– 0.069
= 162.94
= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 227.38
= 52.47mm
Vus/d =162.94/41.9 = 3.8
BEAM HI
l1=RI/w =2.398m
=-164.88KNm
Mu=1.5xM
=1.5 x 171.79
=247.32KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius= 10mm
d1=45-2.5-1
=41.5cms
=109.328kN.m
Mu1> Mulim
Mu1/(b.d2) = 6.243N/mm2
As1= (pt x b x d1)/100
=19.80cm2
Page | 79
DESIGN OF BEAMS
As2= (pc x b x d1)/100

=11.13cm2.
From Table 95 in is.p.16.1980, the beam requires 4 bars of 20 mm diameter.
SHEAR
Vu max = 124.93
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 4.88
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 163.02– 0.069
= 187.32
= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 187.32
= 45.64mm
Vus/d =162.94/41.9 = 4.4
FRAME: 4
Page | 80
DESIGN OF BEAMS
GROUND FLOOR
B1:0.23x0.45m B2:0.23x0.45m
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
RD-(w x l)
= 114.5754- (51.548 x 4.446)
= -114.607
RE-(w x l)
= 238.2506 - (40.832 x 6.056)
= -123.635
l1 = RD/w =114.5754/51.548 = 2.222 m.

l2 = RF/w = 123.635/40.832 = 3.027m.
M1= - (RDxl1) + MDE + w.l1.l1/2

= - 63.238 kN.m
M2= (RFxl2) - MFE - w.l2.l2/2
= - 80.139 kN.m
Mu1 =1.5xM1
Page | 81
DESIGN OF BEAMS
=-94.857 kN.m
Mu2 =1.5xM2
= 120.208 kN.m
Assume Beam cover 25mm and Bar diameter 12mm.

d1 = 41.9 cms Mulim= 2.76 x 1000 x b x d1 ==111.44 kN.m
d1/ d1 = 0.073 cm
BEAM DE
Mu1 < Mulim

Mulim
Single Reinforced beam

Mu1/ (b.d2) = 2.349 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
From Table 45 in is.sp.16.1980;
pt = 0.717
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
= 6.909 cm2. From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, we required 16 mm – 4 bars for tension.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 114.607
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
Page | 82
DESIGN OF BEAMS
τv = factored Vu/ bd = 1.783 N/ mm2

τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 1.464
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.72 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.069
= 171.910– 0.069
= 171.841

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 171.841
= 49.757 mm
Vus/d = 171.841/41.9 = 4.101
BEAM EF
Mu2 > Mulim

Mulim
Mu2/ (b.d2) = 2.976 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 1.025 pc = 0.072
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100 As2= (pcxbxd1)/100
= 9.877 cm2. = 0.693 cm2.
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, we required 16 mm – 5bars for tension
8 mm – 2 bars for compression
Page | 83
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR :
Vu max = 123.643
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Tension bar diameter: 16 mm @ 5 no’s
Compression bar diameter: 8 mm @ 2 no’s
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 2.013
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.79
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.79 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.076
= 185.464– 0.076
= 185.388

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 185.464
= 46.121 mm
Vus/d = 185.464/41.9 = 4.424
FIRST FLOOR
Page | 84
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
RG-(w x l) RH-(w x l)
= 95.009- (42.749 x 4.446) = 97.004- (32.034 x 6.056)
= -95.052 = -96.993
l1 = RG/w =95.009/42.749 = 2.222 m.

l2 = RI/w = 96.993/32.034 = 3.027m.
M1= - (RGxl1) + MGH + w.l1.l1/2

= - 61.698 kN.m
M2= - (RIxl2) + MIH + w.l2.l2/2
= - 73.772 kN.m
Mu1 =1.5xM1
=-92.547 kN.m
Mu2 =1.5xM2
= -110.658kN.m
Page | 85
DESIGN OF BEAMS
d1 = 41.9 cms Mulim= 2.76 x 1000 x b x d1 d1/ d1 = 0.073 cm

=111.44 kN.m
BEAM GH
Mu1/ (b.d2) = 2.291 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 0.717
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
= 6.909 cm2.
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, we required 16 mm – 4 bars for tension.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 95.052
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 1.464
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.72
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.72 x 0.23 x 0.419
Page | 86
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= 0.069
= 142.578– 0.069
= 142.508

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 142.578
= 59.998 mm
Vus/d = 142.578/41.9 = 3.401
BEAM HI
Mu2 < Mulim

Mu2/ (b.d2) = 2.740 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 0.717
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
= 6.909 cm2.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 97.004
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
Page | 87
DESIGN OF BEAMS

τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 1.464
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.72
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.72 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.069
= 145.506– 0.069
= 145.436

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 145.506
= 50.790 mm
Vus/d = 145.506/41.9 = 3.471
FRAME - 5
GROUND FLOOR
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

BEAM DE
R1 = RD - (w x l)
R1 = -62.516KNm
Page | 88
DESIGN OF BEAMS
l1=RD/w =1.918m
M= -(RG x l1) +wxl12/2 +MGH
=66.88 KNm
Mu=1.5xM
=1.5 x 66.88
=100.3 KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius= 8mm
d1=45-2.5-0.8
=41.7cms
=110.38 KN.m
Mu1< Mulim
Mu1/(b.d2) = 2.50N/mm2
From Table 45 in is.Sp.16.1980, pt=0.840
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
=8.05cm2
SHEAR :
Vu max = 62.573
Page | 89
DESIGN OF BEAMS
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.83
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.62 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.0597
= 93.860 – 0.079
= 93.800

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 93.860
= 91.1544 mm
Vus/d = 93.8604/41.9 = 2.23
BEAM EF
l1=RF/w =3.787m
=162.974KNm
Mu=1.5xM
=1.5 x 162.974
=244.464KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius10mm
d1=45-2.5-1
=41.5cms
=109.328 KN.m
Page | 90
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Mu1> Mulim
Mu1/(b.d2) = 4.11N/mm2
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
=12.847cm2
As2= (pcxbxd1)/100
=3.884cm2.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 126.554
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Compression bar diameter: 20mm@2no’s
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 1.9
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419
Page | 91
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= 0.0790
= 189.75

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 126.55
= 45.060
Vus/d = 4.528
FIRST FLOOR
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

BEAM GH
l1=RG/w =2.323m
R1 = RG -(w x l)
=-34.853KNm
=78.91KNm
Mu=1.5xM
=1.5 x 78.91
=118.375KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Page | 92
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Bar radius= 8mm

d1=45-2.5-0.8
=41.7cms
=110.38kN.m
Mu1> Mulim
Mu1/(b.d2) = 2.959N/mm2
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
=9.83cm2
As2= (pcxbxd1)/100
=0.69cm2.
From Table 95 in is.Sp.16.1980, the beam requires 5 bars of 16 mm diameter in tension
From Table 95 in is.Sp.16.1980, the beam requires 2 bars of 8 mm diameter in compression
SHEAR :
Vu max = 48.339
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Page | 93
DESIGN OF BEAMS

Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 1.1
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.67 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.064
= 72.44

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 126.55
= 118.02
Vus/d = 1.72
BEAM HI
l1=RI/w =2.323m
R1 = RG -(w x l)
=-34.853KNm
=220.65KNm
Mu=1.5xM
=1.5 x 220.65
=330.976KNm
Bar cover = 25 mm
Bar radius= 10mm
d1=45-2.5-1
=41.5cms
=109.328kN.m
Page | 94
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Mu1> Mulim
Mu1/(b.d2) = 8.330N/mm2
As1= (pt x b x d1)/100
=21.09cm2
As2= (pc x b xd1)/100
=12.58cm2.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 92.651
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Tension bar diameter: 20mm @ 7no’s
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 3.5
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
Page | 95
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419

= 0.0790
= 138.89

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 92.65
= 61.55
Vus/d = 3.31
FRAME 6
GROUND FLOOR
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

RF-(w x l)
= 44.69 - (23.531 x 3.798)
= -44.68
RJ-(w x l)
= 16.008 - (15.007 x 2.146)
= -16.117
RH-(w x l)
= 81.229 - (31.568 x 4.37)
Page | 96
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= -56.72
RI-(w x l)
= 18.0306 - (19.836 x 2.146)
= -24.537
l1 = RF/w = 44.69/23.531 = 1.899m.
l2 = RJ/w = 16.008/15.007 = 1.07m.
l3 = RG/w = 122.17/35.571 =3.43m.
l4 = RI/w = 37.92/25.006 =1.513m.
M1= - (RFxl1) + MFG + w.l1.l1/2

=-48.598 kN.m
M2= - (RJxl2) + MJI + w.l2.l2/2
=-9.366 kN.m
M3= -RF x (3.798+3.43) - RG (4.67) + MFG + MGF + MGH +w1 (3.798) (3.798/2+3.4353) +
(35.57 x 3.43/2)
=-271.85 kN.m
M4= -RJ x (2.146+1.513) – RI (1.513) – MIH + MIJ – MJI +w4 (2.146) (2.146/2+1.513) + (w3
x1.513X 1.513/2)
=-19.68 kN.m
Mu1 =1.5xM1
=72.89 kN.m
Mu2 =1.5xM2
= 14.045 kN.m
Mu3 =1.5xM3
= 407.71 kN.m
Mu4 =1.5X M4
= 29.53 kN.m
d1 = 45-2.5-0.6 Mulim= 2.76 x 1000 x b x d1
Page | 97
DESIGN OF BEAMS
=41.9cm. =111.44 kN.m
d1/ d1 = 0.073 cm
Mu1 <Mulim

Mu1/(b.d2) = 1.805 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pc = 0.584
As2= (pcxbxd1)/100
= 5.6 cm2.
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, we required 12mm – 5 bars.
SHEAR
Vu max = 44.609
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.586
Therefore τv > τc
Page | 98
DESIGN OF BEAMS
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.28 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.026
= 66.88

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 44.609
= 127.833
Vus/d = 1.5

d1=45-2.5-0.5
=42cms
Mu2 < Mulim

Mu2/(b.d2) = 0.346 N/mm2
pt = 0.099
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
= 0.956 cm2.
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, we required 10mm – 2 bars
Assume Beam cover 25mm and Bar diameter 20 mm
d1=45-2.5-2
=41.5
Mu3 > Mulim

Mu3/(b.d2) = 10.2927 N/mm2
d1/d1 = 0.07
Page | 99
DESIGN OF BEAMS

pt = 12.075 pc = 0.67
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100 As2 = (pcxbxd1)/100
= 19.805 cm2. = 11.13cm2.
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, we required 12 mm – 6 bars for tension
SHEAR :
Vu max = 167.18
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 2.28
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.81 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.0780
= 250.702

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 167.18
= 34.105
Page | 100
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Vus/d = 5.598

d1=45-2.5-0.5
=42cms
Mu4 < Mulim

Mu4/(b.d2) = 0.727 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
From Table 45 in is.sp.16.1980, pt=0.218
As1 = (ptxbxd1)/100
= 2.105 cm2.
SHEAR : HI
Vu max = 54.641
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.244
Therefore τv > τc
Page | 101
DESIGN OF BEAMS
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.36 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.034
= 81.92

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 54.61
= 104.366
Vus/d = 1.95
SHEAR :IJ
Vu max = 16.11
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.162
Therefore τv < τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.75 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.0722
= 24.103

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 16.11
= 354.74
Vus/d = 0.57
Page | 102
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
First floor
RK-(w x l)
= 28.971 - (15.252x3.798)
= - 29.92
RL-(w x l)
= 142.27 - (29.92)
= 112.35
Ro-(w x l)
= 7.195 - (6.727x2.146)
= -6..266
RN - (w x l)
= 36.54- (6.22)
= 30.274
l1 = RK/w = 28.97/15.25 = 1.899 m.

l2 = RL/w = 112.15/47.291 = 2.37 m.
l3 = RO/w = 7.195/6.727 =1.069 m.
Page | 103
DESIGN OF BEAMS
l4 = RN/w = 30.274/16.726 = 1.809 m.
M1= - (RKxl1) + MKL + w.l1.l1/2

= -31.856 kN.m
M2= -RK (3.798+ 2.375) - RL(2.375 ) -MKL –MLK +MLM +w1 (3.798) (3.798/2+2.375) +
(2.37x2.37 x47.291/2)
= -140.58 kN.m
M3= - (ROxl4) + MON + w.l2.l2/2
= -4.533 kN.m
M4= -RO (1.8099) RI (1.8099) +MNM +MNO –MON +w4 (2.146) (2.146/2+ 1.8099) + w3
(1.8099x1.80992/2)
= -20.197 kN.m
Mu1 =1.5xM1
= 47.78 kN.m
Mu2 =1.5xM2
= -210.87 kN.m
Mu3 =1.5xM3
= 6.799 kN.m
Mu4 =1.5X M4
= -30.296 kN.m
d1 = 45-2.5-0.5
=42cm.
Mu1 < Mulim
Mu2/(b.d2) = 0.1667N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 0.565
Page | 104
DESIGN OF BEAMS
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
5.45cm2
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, we required 12mm – 6bars
SHEAR : KL
Vu max = 28.9711
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.7
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.56 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.053
= 43.402

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 28.11
= 197.700
Vus/d = 1.03
Referring to Table 62, for steel Fe 415 N/mm2 ,provide 6 mm stirrups at 18cm spacing.
Page | 105
DESIGN OF BEAMS

d1 = 45-2.5-0.8
=41.7cm.
Mulim= 2.76 x 1000 x b x d12
=110.3 kN.m
d1/ d1 = 0.073 cm
Mu2 > Mulim
Doubly Reinforced beam From Table 45 in is.sp.16.1980, pt= 0.392,

pc=0.772
Mu1/ (b.d2) = 5.272 N/mm2 As1 = (ptxbxd1)/100 Asc=(pc xbx d1)
d1/d1=0.07 = 16.21 cm2. =7.21cm2
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, we required 20mm – 6bars for tension
16mm – 4bars for compression
SHEAR : LM
Vu max = 142.277
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.21 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 2.78
Page | 106
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.0790
= 213.33

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 /142.227
= 40.079
Vus/d = 5.09

d1 = 45-2.5-0.4
=42.1cm
Mu3 < Mulim

Mu3/(b.d2) = 0.1667N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 0.085
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
= 0.82cm2.
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, we required 8 mm – 2 bars.
Page | 107
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR : MN
Vu max = 36.55
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Area of steel (Ast) = 0.01mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.104
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.026
= 54.790

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 /36.55
= 156.03
Vus/d = 1.30

d1 = 45-2.5-0.4
=42.1cm
Page | 108
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Mu4< Mulim

Mu4/(b.d2) = 0.846 N/mm2
d1/d1 = 0.07
pt = 0.218
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
= 2.11 cm2.
SHEAR : NO
Vu max = 7.24
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Area of steel (Ast) = 0.0200mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.208
Therefore τv < τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
Page | 109
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= 0.36 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.034
= 10.825

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 /7.24
= 789.847
Vus/d = 0.25
FRAME 7
Ground floor
B1:0.23x0.45m B2:0.23x0.45m B3:0.23x0.45m B4:0.23x0.45m
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

RF-(w x l)
= 62.432 - (31.447 x 3.798)
= -59.012
RG-(w x l)
= 237.67- (62.899 x 6.017)
= -140.793
Page | 110
DESIGN OF BEAMS
RH-(w x l)
= 86.65 - (35.190 x 4.37)
= -68.124
RI-(w x l)
= 10.81(13.629 x 2.146)
= -18.44
l1 = RF/w = 62.432 /31.447 = 1.921 m.
l2 = RG/w = 237.67/ 62.899 = 3.778m.
l3 = RI/w = 68.12/35.190 = 1.935 m.
l4 = RJ/w = 18.444/13.329 = 1.353m.
M1= - (RFxl1) + MFG + w.l1.l1/2

=- 46.917 kN.m
M2= -RF x (3.798+3.778) - RG (3.778) + MFG - MGF + MGH +w1 (3.798) (3.798/2+3.778) + (w2
x3.778 x 3.778/2)
=-285.57 kN.m
M3= -RJ x (2.146+1.935) – RI (1.935) – MIH + MIJ + MJI +w4 (2.146) (2.146/2+1.935) + (w3
x1.935 x 1.935/2)
=- 101.0386 kN.m
M4= - (RJxl4) + MJI + w.l2.l2/2
=- 11.820 kN.m
Mu1 =1.5xM1
= -70.375 kN.m
Mu2 =1.5xM2
= 428.35 kN.m
Mu3 =1.5xM3
= -151.557 kN.m
Mu4 =1.5X M4
= -17.73 kN.m
Page | 111
DESIGN OF BEAMS

d1 = 45-2.5-0.6 Mulim= 2.76 x 1000 x b x d1
=41.9cm. =111.44 kN.m
d1/ d1 = 0.073 cm
BEAM FG
Mu1 < Mulim

Mu1/ (b.d2) = 1.742 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
From Table 45 in is.sp.16.1980, pt = 0.547
As1 = (ptxbxd1)/100
= 5.271 cm2.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 60.423
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Page | 112
DESIGN OF BEAMS

Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 1.059
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.62
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.62 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.059
= 90.634 - 0.059
= 90.574

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 90.634
= 90.4 mm
Vus/d = 90.634 / 41.9 = 2.161
BEAM GH
Mu2 > Mulim
Doubly Reinforced beam

Mu2/ (b.d2) = 10.608 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 2.221 pc = 1.319
= 21.403 cm2. = 12.711 cm2.
Page | 113
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR :
Vu max = 237.67
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 6.32
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.82
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 356.505- 0.079
= 356.425

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 356.505
= 23.989 mm
Vus/d = 356.505/ 41.9 = 8.5
BEAM HI
Mu3 > Mulim
Page | 114
DESIGN OF BEAMS

Mu3/(b.d2) = 3.753 N/mm2
d1/d1 = 0.07
pt = 1.259 pc = 0.316

= 12.132 cm2. = 3.0452 cm2.
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, we require 20 mm – 4 bars for tension
SHEAR :
Vu max = 85.65
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 2.848
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.82
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
Page | 115
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419

= 0.079
= 128.475- 0.079
= 128.395

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 128.475
= 66.593 mm
Vus/d = 128.475/ 41.9 = 3.064
BEAM IJ
Mu4 < Mulim

Mu4/ (b.d2) = 0.439 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
From Table 45 in is.sp.16.1980, pt = 0.128
As1 = (ptxbxd1)/100
= 1.2335 cm2.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 18.44
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Page | 116
DESIGN OF BEAMS

Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.274
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.82
Therefore τc > τv
= 0.82x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 27.66– 0.079
= 27.581
Vus / d = 27.66 / 41.9
= 0.658
Referring to Table 62 from SP 16, for steel Fe 415 N/mm2 ,provide 6 mm stirrups at 30cm
spacing.
First floor
B1:0.23x0.45m B2:0.23x0.45m B3:0.23x0.45m B4:0.23x0.45m
RK-(w x l)
= 37.260 - (22.649 x 3.798)
= - 48.760
RL-(w x l)
Page | 117
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= 199.762 - (54.101 x 6.017)

= - 125.763
RM-(w x l)
= 58.209- (26.392 x 4.370)
= -57.1240
RN - (w x l)
= 12.954 - (13.301 x2.146)
= -15.589
l1 = RK/w = 37.26/22.649 = 1.645 m.

l2 = RL/w = 199.76/54.10 = 3.692 m.
l3 = RN/w = 57.124/26.392= 2.164 m.
l4 = RO/w = 15.58/13.301 = 1.172 m.
M1= - (RKxl1) + MKL + w.l1.l1/2

= - 28.556kN.m
M2= -RK (3.798+3.692) – RL (3.692) +MKL –MLK +MLM +w1 (3.798) (3.798/2+3.692) + (w2
x3.692 x 3.692/2)
= - 243.417kN.m
M3= -RO(2.146+2.164) – RN (2.164) -MNM +MNO –MON +w4 (2.146) (2.146/2+ 2.146) + w3
(2.146 x2.146/2)
= -134.658 kN.m
M4= - (ROxl4) + MON + w.l2.l2/2
= -8.7014 kN.m
Mu1 =1.5xM1
= -42.835 kN.m
Mu2 =1.5xM2
= -243.417 kN.m
Page | 118
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Mu3 =1.5xM3
= -201.98 kN.m
Mu4 =1.5X M4
= -13.0521kN.m

d1 = 45-2.5-0.6
=41.9cm.
Mulim= 2.76 x 1000 x b x d12
=111.44 kN.m
d1/ d1 = 0.073 cm
BEAM KL
Mu1 < Mulim

Mu1/ (b.d2) = 1.060 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 0.311
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
= 2.997 cm2.
Page | 119
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR :
Vu max = 48.76
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.617
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.82
Therefore τc > τv
= 0.82x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 73.14– 0.079
= 73.060
Vus / d = 73.14/ 41.9
= 1.743
spacing.
BEAM LM
Mu2 > Mulim

Mu2/(b.d2) = 6.028 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 1.900 pc = 0.985
= 18.3103 cm2. = 9.492 cm2.
Page | 120
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR :
Vu max = 199.762
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 5.148
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.82
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 299.643- 0.079
= 299.563

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 299.643
= 28.542 mm
Vus/d = 299.643/ 41.9 = 7.149
BEAM MN
Page | 121
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Mu3>Mulim

Mu2/ (b.d2) = 5.002 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 1.609 pc = 0.985
= 15.505 cm2. = 9.492cm2.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 58.209
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 4.576
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.82
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
Page | 122
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 87.313- 0.079
= 87.234

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 87.313
= 98.015 mm
Vus/d = 87.313 / 41.9 = 2.081
BEAM NO
Mu4 < Mulim

Mu4/(b.d2) = 0.323 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 0.099
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
= 0.954cm2.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 15.589
Page | 123
DESIGN OF BEAMS

b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.183
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.79
Therefore τc > τv
= 0.79x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.076
= 23.383– 0.076
= 23.307
Vus / d = 23.383 / 41.9
= 0.556
Referring to Table 62 from SP 16, for steel Fe 415 N/mm2 ,provide 6 mm stirrups at 5 cm
spacing.
FRAME 8
GROUND FLOOR
B1:0.23x0.45m B2:0.23x0.45m B3:0.23x0.45m B4:0.23x0.45m
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

RF-(w x l)
Page | 124
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= 62.0625 - (29.132 x 3.798)

= -48.580
RG-(w x l)
= 106.74 - (28.632 x 6.017)
= -65.538
RH-(w x l)
= 81.229 - (31.568 x 4.37)
= -56.72
RI-(w x l)
= 18.0306 - (19.836 x 2.146)
= -24.537
l1 = RF/w = 62.0625/29.132 = 2.13m.
l2 = RG/w = 106.74/28.632 = 3.727m.
l3 = RI/w = 56.717/31.568 =1.796m.
l4 = RJ/w = 24.537/19.836 =1.236m.
M1= - (RFxl1) + MFG + w.l1.l1/2

=-83.375 kN.m
M2= -RF x (3.798+3.727) - RG (3.727) + MFG + MGF + MGH +w1 (3.798) (3.798/2+3.727) +
(w2 x3.727 x 3.727/2)
=-136.371 kN.m
M3= -RJ x (2.146+1.796) – RI (1.796) – MIH + MIJ – MJI +w4 (2.146) (2.146/2+1.796) + (w3
x1.796 x 1.796/2)
=-81.99 kN.m
M4= - (RJxl4) + MJI + w.l2.l2/2
=-15.241 kN.m
Mu1 =1.5xM1
=-125.06 kN.m
Mu2 =1.5xM2
Page | 125
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= 204.55 kN.m
Mu3 =1.5xM3
= 122.98 kN.m
Mu4 =1.5X M4
= 22.861 kN.m
d1 = 45-2.5-0.6 Mulim= 2.76 x 1000 x b x d1
=41.9cm. =111.44 kN.m
d1/ d1 = 0.073 cm
BEAM FG
Mu1 > Mulim

Mu1/(b.d2) = 3.2346 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 1.113 pc = 0.164
= 10.725 cm2. = 1.580 cm2.
Page | 126
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR :
Vu max = 60.0625
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Compression bars diameter: 100mm @ 2 no’s
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 2.48
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 90.093 – 0.079
= 90.014

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 90.014
= 94.988 mm
Vus/d = 90.014/41.9 = 2.14
BEAM GH
Mu2 > Mulim

Mu2/(b.d2) = 5.065 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 1.638 pc = 0.711
= 15.78 cm2. = 6.581 cm2.
Page | 127
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR :
Vu max = 106.743
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Compression bars diameter: 20 mm @ 3 no’s
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 5.148
Therefore τv > τc
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 160.114 – 0.079
= 160.035

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 160.035
= 53.427 mm
Vus/d = 160.035/41.9 = 3.81
spacing.
BEAM HI
Page | 128
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Mu3 > Mulim

Mu3/(b.d2) = 3.045 N/mm2
d1/d1 = 0.07
pt = 1.025 pc = 0.072
= 9.877 cm2. = 0.722 cm2.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 81.229
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 2.116
Therefore τv > τc
Page | 129
DESIGN OF BEAMS
𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 121.843– 0.079
= 121.764
= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 121.764
= 70.22 mm
Vus/d = 121.764/41.9 = 2.90
spacing.
BEAM IJ
Mu4 < Mulim

Mu4/(b.d2) = 0.566 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
From Table 45 in is.sp.16.1980, pt=0.172
As1 = (ptxbxd1)/100
= 1.657 cm2. From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, we required 12 mm – 2 bars for tension.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 24.537
Page | 130
DESIGN OF BEAMS
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.411
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.48
Therefore τc > τv
= 0.48 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.046
= 36.805 – 0.046
= 36.759
Vus / d = 36.759 /41.9
= 0.087
spacing.
FIRST FLOOR
B1:0.23x0.45m B2:0.23x0.45m B3:0.23x0.45m B4:0.23x0.45m
RK-(w x l)
= 42.3354 - (20.852 x 3.798)
= - 36.860
RL-(w x l)
= 74.048 - (20.352 x 6.017)
Page | 131
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= - 49.508
RM-(w x l)
= 57.931 - (23.288 x 4.370)
= -43.837
RN - (w x l)
= 8.963 - (11.556 x2.146)
= -15.838
l1 = RK/w = 42.335/20.852 = 2.030 m.

l2 = RL/w = 74.048/20.352 = 3.638 m.
l3 = RN/w = 43.839/23.288 = 1.882 m.
l4 = RO/w = 15.838/11.556 =1.370 m.
M1= - (RKxl1) + MKL + w.l1.l1/2

= -52.364 kN.m
M2= -RK (3.798+3.638) - RG (3.638) +MKL –MLK +MLM +w1 (3.798) (3.798/2+3.638) + (w2
x3.638 x 3.638/2)
= -97.368 kN.m
M3= -RO (2.146+1.882) – RI (1.882) +MNM +MNO –MON +w4 (2.146) (2.146/2+ 1.882) + w3
(1.882 x1.882/2)
= -22.789 kN.m
M4= - (ROxl4) + MON + w.l2.l2/2
= -10.316 kN.m
Mu1 =1.5xM1
= -78.546 kN.m
Mu2 =1.5xM2
= -146.052 kN.m
Mu3 =1.5xM3
= -34.1835 kN.m
Page | 132
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Mu4 =1.5X M4
= -15.474 kN.m

d1 = 45-2.5-0.6
=41.9cm.
Mulim= 2.76 x 1000 x b x d12
=111.44 kN.m
d1/ d1 = 0.073 cm
BEAM KL
Mu1 < Mulim
Single Reinforced beam From Table 45 in is.sp.16.1980, pt= 0.392

Mu1/ (b.d2) = 1.269 N/mm2 As1 = (ptxbxd1)/100
d1/d1=0.07 = 3.777 cm2.
From Table 95 in is.sp.16.1980, we required 10mm – 5 bars for tension
SHEAR :
Vu max = 42.335
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
Page | 133
DESIGN OF BEAMS
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2

Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.715
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.56
Therefore τc > τv
= 0.56x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.053
= 63.503– 0.053
= 63.449
Vus / d = 63.449/41.9
= 1.514
spacing.
BEAM LM
Mu2 > Mulim

Mu2/(b.d2) = 3.614 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 1.200 pc = 0.255
= 11.564cm2. = 2.457 cm2.
Page | 134
DESIGN OF BEAMS
SHEAR :
Vu max = 70.048
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 2.768
Therefore τv > τc

𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x4 = 56.52 cm2
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 105.072– 0.079
= 104.992
= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 104.992
= 81.437 mm
Vus/d = 104.992/41.9 = 2.505
spacing.
BEAM MN
Mu3< Mulim
Page | 135
DESIGN OF BEAMS

Mu3/(b.d2) = 0.846 N/mm2
d1/d1 = 0.07
pt = 0.248
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
= 2.389 cm2.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 57.931
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2

Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 0.457
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.48
Therefore τv > τc

𝜋
Asv = 2 x 62 x
4
= 56.52 cm2

Page | 136
DESIGN OF BEAMS
= 0.48 x 0.23 x 0.419

= 0.046
= 86.896– 0.046
= 86.850

= 0.87 x 415 x 56.52 x 0.419 / 86.896
= 98.449 mm
Vus/d = 86.896/41.9 = 2.072
spacing.
BEAM NO
Mu4 < Mulim

Mu4/(b.d2) = 0.383 N/mm2
d1/d1=0.07
pt = 0.958
As1= (ptxbxd1)/100
= 9.232 cm2.
SHEAR :
Vu max = 15.8389
Page | 137
DESIGN OF BEAMS
b = 0.23m d = 0.419m
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2

Pt = 100 x Ast /bd = 1.681
From table 19, IS 456 : τc = 0.82
Therefore τc > τv
= 0.82 x 0.23 x 0.419
= 0.079
= 23.758– 0.079
= 23.679
Vus / d = 23.758 /41.9
= 0.565
spacing.
Page | 138
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
6. ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF COLUMN:
6.1. GENERAL:
1) A vertical member carrying compression load is called column.
2) It is very important part of the structural element as it supports beams which in
turn support the slabs
3) When the line of action of the resultant compressive force coincides with the centre
of the gravity of the cross section of the column it is called axially loaded column.
4) Generally column may be circular, square or rectangular in shape.
5) If the column is not designed properly it may lead to collapse of the whole
structure. So, care should be taken in designing columns.
6) In the present case columns are designed with Fe 415 and m20 mix, having
reinforcement on all four sides of column.
7) The longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% and not more than
6% of the cross sectional area of the column
8) The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in dia. There shall be minimum of four bars
in rectangular column shall not exceed
300mm.
9) Spacing of longitudinal bars along the periphery of column shall not exceed
300 mm. this is requirement of cracking.
10) If a column has a larger c/s area than that required to support the load, this
minimum area of bars shall based on the concrete are required to resist the direct
stress and the not upon the actual area.
6.2. MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY:

ALL columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to the unsupported length
of the column/500 plus trial dimension/30, subjected to minimum of 20mm.
6.3. COVER:
The longitudinal reinforcement bar in a column shall have concrete cover neither less than
40mm nor less than the diameter of such bar. In the case of columns the minimum
dimensions of 200mm or under whose reinforcement bars do not exceed 12mm a cover of
40mm may be used. Columns are classified on the basis slenderness ratio i.e. the ratio of
effective length of lateral dimension as:
6.4. SHORT AND LONG COLUMN:

A compression member may be considered as short when the ratio of
effective length to the least lateral dimension is less than 12. If the ratio exceeds
this value it should be considered as long or slender column.
65 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
6.5. UNSUPPORTED LENGTH:

The unsupported length 1, of a compression member shall be taken as clear
distance between and restrains.
6.6. EFFECTIVE LENGTH:

The effective length of a column is defined as the length between the points of
contra – flexure of the buckled column. The code has given certain values of the effect
length for normal usage assuming idealized end conditions. Shear forces from all sides
of the column, i.e. left right front and back are added to find the axial force on the
column.
6.7. SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT:

For the purpose of this clause, the diameter of a round bar shall be its normal
diameter and in the case of bars which are not round or in the case deformed bars
the diameter shall be taken as the diameter of a circle giving an equivalent effective
area. Where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are basedon bar
diameter, a group of bars bundled in contact shall be treated as a single bar of
diameter derived from the total equivalent area.
6.8. MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL BARS
The following shall apply for spacing bars.

The horizontal distance between two parallel main reinforcement bars shall
usually be not less than the greatest of the following
1) The diameter of the bar if the diameter are equal

2) The diameter of the larger bar if the diameter are unequal and
3) 5mm more than the normal maximum size of coarse aggregate.
NOTE: this does not preclude the use of larger size of aggregate beyond the congested
reinforcement in the same member; the size 5 of aggregate may be reduced around congested
reinforcement to comply with this provision.
Greater horizontal distance than the minimum specified in (a) should be provided
wherever possible. However when needle vibrators are used the horizontal distance
between bars of a group may be reduced to two thirds the normal maximum size of the
coarse aggregate, provide that sufficient space is left between groups of bars to enable the
vibrator to be immersed.
Where there two or more rows of bars the bars shall be vertically in line and
the minimum vertical distance between bars shall be 15mm two thirds the nominal
maximum size of aggregate or the maximum size of bar, whichever is the greatest.
66 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Maximum distance between bars in tension –unless the calculations of crack widths
shows that a greater spacing is acceptable, the following rules shall be applied to flexural
members in normal internal or external conditions of exposure.
Size of column = 30cm x 23cm

Concrete mix = M20
Characteristic strength of reinforcement 415 N/mm2
Reinforcement is distributed equally on 4 sides
As a first trial, assume the reinforcement percentage, p = 1.2
p/fck = 0.06
Calculation of Puz: (refer chart 63), corresponding to p = 1.2, fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12.5 N/mm2
12.5 x 23 x 30 x 100
Puz = 12.5 x Ag = = 862.5 kN
1000
Factored load (Pu) = (reaction + self-weight) x 1.5
L = 3.4m
b = 0.23 = 230mm
D = 0.30 = 300mm
d’ = 26
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about xx-axis:

d’/D about xx-axis = 0.0684 (refer chart 44)
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about yy-axis:
d’/D about yy-axis = 0.113 (refer chart 45)
Self-weight = 3 x 0.38 x 0.23 x 25 = 6.55
6.8.0. COLUMN 1:
COLUMN 1 (FIRST FLOOR):
Bi – axial column
Moment (Mux) = 4.336

(Moment along longer dimension)
Moment (Muy) = 0.682

(Moment along shorter dimension)
Loads (reactions) = Frame 1 + Frame 6

= 15.73 + 7.195
Factored load (Pu) = (15.73 + 7.195) x 1.5
= 34.3875
67 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Assume % of steel as 1.0 %

I.e. p = 1.0 %
Assuming “d” as 12mm dia bars
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D =31/230 = 0.13431
Pu / fckbD= (34.3875x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.01661
Mux1 / fckD2b= 0.085 (IS SP 16.1980 chart 31)

Mux1 = (0.085 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 40.4685 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckBd = (34.3875x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.01661
Muy1 / fckD2b = 0.06 (IS SP 16.1980 chart 31)
Muy1 = (0.06 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 55.89 KNm
Calculation of Puz: (refer chart 63), corresponding to
p = 1.0, fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 KN
1000
𝑃𝑢 34.3875
=
Puz 1242
= 0.0276
By doing linear interpolation
αn = 1
68 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
(Mux/Mux’)αn + (Muy/Muy’)αn = (0.10)1+ (0.012)1
=0.11 ≤ 1.0 (hence satisfied)
Hence the design is safe.
COLUMN 1 (GROUND FLOOR):
Bi – axial column
Moment (Mux ) = 12.33

Moment (Muy ) = 0.72


= 37.484 + 16.008
= 114.625 kN

i.e. p = 1.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckbD = (114.625 x103)/ (20x230x450)
= 0.0553
Mux1 / fckD2b = 0.08 (IS SP 16.1980 chart 31)

2 6
Mux1 = (0.08 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 10
= 38,008KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckBd = (114.6255 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.05537
69 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Muy1 = (0.08 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 74.52 KNm
p = 1.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 114.625
=
Puz 1242
= 0.0922
αn = 1
COLUMN 2 (FIRST FLOOR) :
Bi – axial column

(moment along longer dimension)

(moment along shorter dimension)
Loads (reactions) = 64.594 + 15.589

Factored load (Pu) = (64.59+15.589) x 1.5
= 120.274 k N

i.e. p = 6.0 %
70 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS

d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (120.274 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.058

Mux1 = (0.05 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 46.575 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (120.274 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.058
Muy1 = (0.05 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 23.805 KNm
p = 6.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢
= 120.274/1242
Puz
= 0.096
αn = 1
71 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Hence the design is safe
COLUMN 2 (GROUND FLOOR) :
Bi – axial column


Loads (reactions) = 64.594 + 15.589+112.16+18.443

Factored load (Pu) = (64.59+15.589+112.16+18.443) x 1.5
= 316.179k N

i.e. p = 6.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (316.179 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.152

Mux1 = (0.06 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 55.89 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (316.179 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.152
Muy1 = (0.06 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 28.566 KNm
72 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
p = 6.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢
= 316.179/1242
Puz
= 0.254
αn = 1
Bi – axial column



= 31.984 + 15.838
= 71.733 k N

I.e. p = 1.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
73 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (71.733 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.0346

Mux1 = (0.095 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 88.4925 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (71.733 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.0346
Muy1 = (0.08 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 38.088 KNm
p = 1.0, fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 71.733
=
Puz 1242
= 0.057
αn = 1
74 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Bi – axial column



= 81.944 + 40.375
= 183.479 k N

i.e. p = 1.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD = (183.479 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.0886

Mux1 = (0.095 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 93.15 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (183.479 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.0886
Muy1 = (0.08 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 42.849 KNm
75 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
p = 1.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 183.479
=
Puz 1242
= 0.147
αn = 1
Bi – axial column
Moment (Mux) = 5.44

Moment (Muy) = 4.69


= 23.0178 + 43.781
= 100.198 KN

I.e. p = 1.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
76 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
d’/D =31/230 = 0.13431
Pu / fckbD= (100.198x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.0484

Mux1 = (0.085 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 40.4685 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckBd = (34.3875x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.01661
Muy1 = (0.06 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 55.89 KNm
p = 1.0, fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 KN
1000
𝑃𝑢 100.198
=
Puz 1242
= 0.0806
αn = 1
77 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
COLUMN 4 (GROUND FLOOR):
Bi – axial column

Moment (Muy ) = 17.1514


= 61.47 + 70.751
= 298.529 kN

i.e. p = 1.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckbD = (298.529 x103)/ (20x230x450)
= 0.144

Mux1 = (0.1 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 47.61Nm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckBd = (298.529 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.0144
Muy1 = (0.095 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 88.492KNm
78 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
p = 1.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 298.529
=
Puz 1242
= 0.24
αn = 1
=0.47≤ 1.0 (hence satisfied)
Bi – axial column


Loads (reactions) = 64.954+70.078

= 202.548 k N

i.e. p = 4.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
79 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (202.548 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.09

Mux1 = (0.25x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 232.875 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (202.548 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.09
Muy1 = (0.22 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 104.742 KNm
p = 4.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢
= 202.548/1242
Puz
= 0.163
αn = 1
80 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
COLUMN 5(GROUND FLOOR) :
Bi – axial column


Loads (reactions) = 64.954+70.078+112.167+78.93)

= 489.1935k N

i.e. p = 4.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (489.19x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.23

Mux1 = (0.23x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 232.875 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (489.19 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.23
Muy1 = (0.22 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 104.742 KNm
p = 4.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
81 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢
= 489.193/1242
Puz
= 0.393
αn = 1
Bi – axial column



= 64.216 + 53.8
= 177.024 k N

i.e. p = 6.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
82 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Pu / fckbD= (177.024 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.0855 KNm

Mux1 = (0.65 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 605.475 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (177.024 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.0855

Muy1 = (0.31 x 20 x230 x 450) / 106
2
= 147.591 KNm
p = 6.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 21 N/mm2
21 x 230x450
Puz = 21 x Ag = = 2173.5 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 177.024
=
Puz 2173.5
= 0.081
αn = 1
83 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Bi – axial column
Moment (Mux ) = 988.429



=160.645 + 128.543
= 433.782 k N

i.e. p = 6.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (433.782 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.209 KNm

Mux1 = (0.85 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 791.775 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (433.782 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.209

Muy1 = (0.31 x 20 x230 x 450) / 106
2
= 147.591 KNm
p = 6.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
84 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Puz/Ag = 21 N/mm2
21 x 230x450
Puz = 21 x Ag = = 2173.5 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 433.782
=
Puz 2173.5
= 0.199
αn = 1
=1 ≤ 1.0 (hence satisfied)
Bi – axial column



= 178.82 + 108.6808
= 431.251 kN

I.e. p = 4.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
85 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Pu / fckbD= (431.25 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.2083

Mux1 = (0.25 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 232.875 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (431.25 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.2083
Muy1 = (0.2x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 95.22 KNm
p = 4.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 21 N/mm2
21 x 230x450
Puz = 21 x Ag = = 2173.5 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 431.25
=
Puz 2173.5
= 0.347
αn = 1
Bi – axial column
86 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Moment (Mux ) = 129.352



= 221.82 + 151.646
= 991.4502 KN

i.e. p = 4.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (991.45 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.478

Mux1 = (0.24 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 223.56 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (991.45 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.478

Muy1 = (0.19 x 20 x230 x 450) / 106
2
= 90.459 KNm
p = 4.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 21 N/mm2
87 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
21 x 230x450
Puz = 21 x Ag = = 2173.5 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 991.45
=
Puz 2173.5
= 0.79
αn = 2

Bi – axial column



= 587.534 kN

i.e. p = 6.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (587.534 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.238

Mux1 = (0.07 x 20 x 4502 x 230) / 106
88 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
= 65.205 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (587.535 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.283
Muy1 = (0.082 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 39.04 KNm
p = 1.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢
= 587.53/1242
Puz
= 0.47
αn = 1
Bi – axial column
Moment (Mux ) = 107.172
Moment (Muy ) = 144.899

89 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Loads (reactions) = 207.71+183.97+290.79+226.44

= 1363.40 kN

i.e. p = 6.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (1363.40x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.65

Mux1 = (0.08x 20 x 4502 x 230) / 106
= 74.52 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (1363.40 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.65
Muy1 = (0.082 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 39.04 KNm
p = 1.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢
= 1363.40/1242
Puz
= 1.0
90 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
αn = 1
Bi – axial column



= 106.34 + 81.924
= 282.396 kN

i.e. p = 4.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (282.396 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.136

Mux1 = (0.28 x 20 x 4502 x 230) / 106
= 260.82 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
91 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Pu / fckBd = (282.396 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.136
Muy1 = (0.25 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 119.025 KNm
p = 4.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 21 N/mm2
21 x 230x450
Puz = 21 x Ag = = 2173.5 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 282.396
=
Puz 2173.5
= 0.129
αn = 1
Bi – axial column

Moment (Muy ) = 111.536


= 253.104 + 194.693
92 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS

= 671.696 kN

i.e. p = 4.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (671.696 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.324

Mux1 = (0.27 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 251.505 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (671.696 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.324

Muy1 = (0.24 x 20 x230 x 450) / 106
2
= 114.264 KNm
p = 4.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 21 N/mm2
21 x 230x450
Puz = 21 x Ag = = 2173.5 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 671.696
=
Puz 2173.5
= 0.309
αn = 2
93 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Bi – axial column



= 171.233 + 95.009
= 399.363 kN

I.e. p = 4.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (399.363 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.192

Mux1 = (0.25 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 232.875 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
94 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Pu / fckBd = (399.363 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.192
Muy1 = (0.2x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 99.981 KNm
p = 4.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 21 N/mm2
21 x 230x450
Puz = 21 x Ag = = 2173.5 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 399.363
Puz
= 2173.5
= 0.321
αn = 1
Bi – axial column



= 211.867 + 114.57
= 889.018 KN
95 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS

i.e. p = 4.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (889.0185x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.429

Mux1 = (0.24 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 223.56 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (889.0185 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.429

Muy1 = (0.2 x 20 x230 x 450) / 106
2
= 95.22 KNm
p = 4.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 21 N/mm2
21 x 230x450
Puz = 21 x Ag = = 2173.5 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 889.0185
=
Puz 2173.5
= 0.0.71
αn = 2
96 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Bi – axial column

Moment (Muy ) = 106

Loads (reactions) =192.05+248.92

= 660.867 kN

i.e. p = 6.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (660.867 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.319

Mux1 = (0.07 x 20 x 4502 x 230) / 106
= 65.205 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (660.867 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.319
97 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Muy1 = (0.07 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 37.04 KNm
p = 1.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢
= 660.8/1242
Puz
= 0.5
αn = 1
Bi – axial column

Loads (reactions) = 192.05+248.92+296.68+238.25

Factored load (Pu) = ( 192.05+248.92+296.68+238.25) x 1.5
= 1463.27 kN

i.e. p = 6.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
98 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (1463.27x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.70

Mux1 = (0.05x 20 x 4502 x 230) / 106
= 74.52 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (1463.27 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.70
Muy1 = (0.082 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 39.04 KNm
p = 1.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢
= 1463.27/1242
Puz
= 1.0
αn = 1
99 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Bi – axial column



=110.908 + 96.993
= 311.852 kN

i.e. p = 4.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (311.852 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.150

Mux1 = (0.29 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 270.135 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (311.852 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.150

Muy1 = (0.25 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106
=119.025 KNm
p = 4.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
100 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Puz/Ag = 21 N/mm2
21 x 230x450
Puz = 21 x Ag = = 2173.5 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 311.852
=
Puz 2173.5
= 0.143
αn = 1
Bi – axial column



= 266.232 + 220.628
Factored load (Pu) = (266.232 + 220.628) x1.5
= 730.29 kN

i.e. p = 4.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (730.29 x103)/ (20x230x450)
101 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
= 0.352

Mux1 = (0.26 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 242.19 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (730.29 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.352

Muy1 = (0.23 x 20 x230 x 450) / 106
2
=109.503 KNm
p = 4.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 21 N/mm2
21 x 230x450
Puz = 21 x Ag = = 2173.5 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 730.29
=
Puz 2173.5
= 0.336
αn = 2
= 1.0 ≤ 1.0 (hence satisfied)
Bi – axial column
102 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS



= 28.9711 + 24.67
= 80.461 kN

I.e. p = 1.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (80.461 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.0388

Mux1 = (0.085 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 79.1775 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (80.461 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.0388
Muy1 = (0.07 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 33.327 KNm
p = 1.0, fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
103 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 80.461
=
Puz 1242
= 0.064
αn = 1
Bi – axial column
Moment (Mux ) = 6.5



= 44.690 + 47.255
= 218.379 k N

i.e. p = 1.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD = (218.379 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.105
104 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS

Mux1 = (0.01 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 93.15 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (218.379 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.105
Muy1 = (0.09 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 42.849 KNm
p = 1.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 218.379
=
Puz 1242
= 0.175
αn = 1
Bi – axial column
105 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS



= 217.78 k N

i.e. p = 1.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (217.78 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.105

Mux1 = (0.25 x 20 x 4502 x 230) / 106
= 232.875 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (217.78 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.105
Muy1 = (0.05 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 119.025 KNm
p = 1.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
106 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
𝑃𝑢
= 217.78/1242
Puz
= 0.175
αn = 1
Bi – axial column


Loads (reactions) = 107.92+37.26+138.40+60.42

= 516.03 k N

i.e. p = 1.0 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (516.03 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.24

Mux1 = (0.25 x 20 x 4502 x 230) / 106
107 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
= 232.875 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (217.78 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.105
Muy1 = (0.05 x 20 x2302 x 450) / 106

= 119.025 KNm
p = 1.0 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 12 N/mm2
12 x 230x450
Puz = 12 x Ag = = 1242 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢
= 516.03/1242
Puz
= 0.4
αn = 1
Bi – axial column

108 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS


= 31.984 + 42.335
= 111.479 kN

i.e. p = 0.8 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (111.479 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.053

Mux1 = (0.1 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
= 93.15 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (111.479 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.053

Muy1 = (0.075 x 20 x230 x 450) / 106
2
=35.707 KNm
p = 0.8 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 11.5 N/mm2

11.5x 230x450
Puz = 11.5 x Ag = = 1190.25 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 111.479
Puz
= 1190.25
109 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
= 0.093
αn = 1
Bi – axial column



= 81.944 + 104.397
= 279.512 kN

i.e. p = 0.8 %
d’=D+d/2
d’=25+12/2=31mm
X axis
d’/D = 31/450 = 0.068
Pu / fckbD= (279.512 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.135

Mux1 = (0.95 x 20 x 450 x 230) / 106
2
110 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
= 884.925 KNm
Y axis
d’/D = 31/230 = 0.134
Pu / fckBd = (279.512 x103)/ (20x230x450)

= 0.135

Muy1 = (0.09 x 20 x230 x 450) / 106
2
=42.849 KNm
p = 0.8 , fy = 415 & fck = 20
Puz/Ag = 11.5 N/mm2

11.5x 230x450
Puz = 11.5 x Ag = = 1190.25 kN
1000
𝑃𝑢 279.512
=
Puz 1190.25
= 0.234
αn = 1
7.ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
An isolated footing may be square, rectangular or circular in plan. Further it may be

axially loaded to eccentrically loaded. The design of square footing involves the determination
of size and depth of the footing and the amount of main reinforcement and dowels.
Rectangular footing may be used in locations where space is restricted and it is not
111 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
possible to provide a square footing. Rectangular footings are also provided for rectangular
columns of pedestals. The method of designing a rectangular footing is essentially identical to
that of a square footing except that each projection has to be designed separately.
In designing a circular footing which supports a circular column of pedestal, the circular
column or pedestal is replaced by an equivalent square column or pedestal which can be
inscribed within its parameter.
Then the design procedure of the footing is identical with that of the square footing.
Depth of foundation is governed by the following factors:

4) To secure safe bearing capacity.
5) To penetrate below the zone where seasonal weather changes area likely to
cause significant moment due to swelling and shrinkage of soils, and
6) To penetrate below the zone where seasonal weather changes are likely to cause
significant moment due to swelling and shrinkage of soils and
7) To penetrate below the zone this may be affected by frost.
IS-1080-1962 requires that in all soils, a minimum depth of 50 cms is necessary.
However if good rock is net at smaller depths, only removal of top soil may be sufficient.
7.1. BENDING MOMENT:
The critical section for computing maximum bending moment for design of an
isolated concrete footing supporting different types of structures is as follows:
1) At the face of the column, pedestal or wall for footings supporting a concrete
column pedestal or wall.
2) Half way between the centerline and the edge of the wall for footings under
masonry walls and
3) Half way between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the
gusseted base for footings under gusseted base.
FOOTING FOR COLUMN 2
Working load = = 316.179
Dead load = 10%x working load
= 31.61 KN
Total Load =31.61+316.179 = 347.789KN
112 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
Pu = 1.5x347.789 = 521.683KN
Assuming Soil Bearing Capacity = 210 KN/m2
Area Of Footing Required = Pu/ (SBC)
= 521.683/210 = 2.48m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.9
L= 1.9B
A = L x B = 1.9B x B = 2.48= 1.9B2= 2.48
B = 1.14m L = 2.16m
Provide A Footing Of Size 1.14mX 2.16m
Area provided = 1.14 x 2.16
= 2.46M2
Wet upward pressure = Total load/area provided
=521.68/2.46= 212.06K N/m2
lx= 1.14 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.45 m
ly= 2.16 - 0.45 / 2 = 0.85m
Mx = 212.06 x (0.45)2/2 (1.14) = 18.83Kn.m
My = 212.06x (0.85)2/2(2.16) = 35.46 Kn.m
Consider My
MUlim = 0.138xfckxbxd2
35.46x106 = 0.138x20 x1140x d2
d2 = 35460000/3146.4
d = 106.16mm
Overall depth = 500mm
effective depth = 500- 60 - 8 = 432mm
Ast
Mu = 0.87fyAstd {1-( fy Ast / fck Bd)}
113 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF COLUMNS
35.46x106 = 0.87x415xAst X432 {1-(415xAst)/20x1140x432}
6.57Ast2 – 155973.6Ast – 35460000 =0
Ast=23510mm2 and 229.56mm2
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
Assume 16mm dia bars
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm
S = 113/229.56x1000 = 493mm
Hence, provide 16mm of bars @ 500mm c/c
114 | P a g e
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
7. ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
An isolated footing may be square, rectangular or circular in plan. Further it may be

axially loaded to eccentrically loaded. The design of square footing involves the determination
of size and depth of the footing and the amount of main reinforcement and dowels.
Rectangular footing may be used in locations where space is restricted and it is not
possible to provide a square footing. Rectangular footings are also provided for rectangular
columns of pedestals. The method of designing a rectangular footing is essentially identical to
that of a square footing except that each projection has to be designed separately.
In designing a circular footing which supports a circular column of pedestal, the circular
column or pedestal is replaced by an equivalent square column or pedestal which can be
inscribed within its parameter.
Then the design procedure of the footing is identical with that of the square footing.
Depth of foundation is governed by the following factors:

8) To secure safe bearing capacity.
9) To penetrate below the zone where seasonal weather changes area likely to
cause significant moment due to swelling and shrinkage of soils, and
10) To penetrate below the zone where seasonal weather changes are likely to cause
significant moment due to swelling and shrinkage of soils and
11) To penetrate below the zone this may be affected by frost.
IS-1080-1962 requires that in all soils, a minimum depth of 50 cms is necessary.
However if good rock is net at smaller depths, only removal of top soil may be sufficient.
As estimate of depth of footing below ground level may be obtained by listing the rank formula
i.e.
P (1-sin¢) 2/ (1+sin¢)
Where h= Minimum depth of foundation
P = Cross bearing capacity = 25
Y = Density of soil = 1.8t.lcu.m³
¢ = Angle of repose of soil = 30 °
Approx. = 300/1.8(1-sin 302) = 1.85m
7.2. BENDING MOMENT:
The critical section for computing maximum bending moment for design of an
isolated concrete footing supporting different types of structures is as follows:
4) At the face of the column, pedestal or wall for footings supporting a concrete
70 | P a g e
column pedestal or wall.

5) Half way between the centerline and the edge of the wall for footings under
masonry walls and
6) Half way between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the
gusseted base for footings under gusseted base.
FOOTING DESIGN FOOTING FOR COLUMN 1
Working load = 114.625

= 11.46 KN
Total Load =114.625+11.46 = 126.085KN
Pu = 1.5x126.085 = 189.127KN
= 189.127/210 = 0.9006m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.9
L= 1.9B
A = L x B = 1.9B x B = 0.9006= 1.9B2= 0.9006
B = 0.688m L = 1.3m
Area provided = 1.3mX 0.688m
71 | P a g e
= 0.899 sqm
=189.127/0.899= 210.145K N/m2
lx= 0.688 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.57 m
ly= 1.3 - 0.45 / 2 = 1.075m
Mx = 210.145 x (0.45)2/2 (0.688) = 14.6387Kn.m
My = 210.145 x (0.23)2/2(1.3) = 7.225 Kn.m
Consider My
7.225x106 = 0.138x20 x688x d2
d2 = 7225835/1898.88
d = 61.687mm
Ast
7.225x106 = 0.87x415xAst X432 {1-(415xAst)/20x688x432}
-10.889Ast2 + 155973.6Ast – 7225835 =0
Ast=14277.42mm2 and 46.4782mm2
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/46.47x1000 = 243.1mm
72 | P a g e

= 31.61 KN
Total Load =31.61+316.179 = 347.789KN
Pu = 1.5x347.789 = 521.683KN
= 521.683/210 = 2.48m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.9
L= 1.9B
A = L x B = 1.9B x B = 2.48= 1.9B2= 2.48
B = 1.14m L = 2.16m
73 | P a g e

= 2.46M2
=521.68/2.46= 212.06K N/m2
lx= 1.14 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.45 m
ly= 2.16 - 0.45 / 2 = 0.85m
Mx = 212.06 x (0.45)2/2 (1.14) = 18.83Kn.m
My = 212.06x (0.85)2/2(2.16) = 35.46 Kn.m
Consider My
35.46x106 = 0.138x20 x1140x d2
d2 = 35460000/3146.4
d = 106.16mm
Ast
35.46x106 = 0.87x415xAst X432 {1-(415xAst)/20x1140x432}
6.57Ast2 – 155973.6Ast – 35460000 =0
Ast=23510mm2 and 229.56mm2
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/229.56x1000 = 493mm
74 | P a g e

= 18.347 KN
Total Load = 183.4785+18.347
= 201.8263 KN
Pu = 1.5x201.8263
= 302.739 KN
Area of Footing Required = Pu/ (SBC)
= 302.739/210 = 1.441m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.956
L= 1.9 B
A=LxB
=1.9 B x B = 1.9B2 = 1.44
B = 1.04m L = 1.992m
Provide A Footing of Size 1.0mX 1.99.m
75 | P a g e
Area provided = 1.04x1.99 = 2.069 M2

= 302.739 / 2.069 = 146.321K N/m2
lx= 1.04 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.405m
ly= 1.99 - 0.45 / 2 = 0.77m
Mx = 146.32 x (0.405)2/2 x 1.04 = 12.48 Kn.m
My = 146.32x (0.77)2/2 x 1.992 = 86.406 Kn.m
Consider My
86.406 x106 = 0.138 x20 x1992 xd2
d2 = 86406000/5497.92
d2 =157160125
d = 125.363 mm
Overall depth = 500 mm
Effective depth = = 500- 60- 8 = 432mm
Ast
86.406 x106 = 0.87x 415x Ast 432 {1-(415 x Ast) / 20 x 1040 x 432}
7.203Ast2 –155973.6Ast +86406000 =0
Ast=21085.05 mm2 and 568.926 mm2
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
Assume 16 mm dia bars
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/568.926 x1000 = 198.69 mm Hence, provide 16 mm of bars @ 200 mm c/c
76 | P a g e

= 29.85 KN
Total Load =298.5297+29.85 = 328.37KN
Pu = 1.5x328.37 = 492.56KN
= 492.56/210 = 2.345m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.9
L= 1.9B
A = L x B = 1.9B x B = 2.345= 1.9B2= 2.345
B = 1.11m L = 2.11m
Area provided = 2.11mX 1.11m
= 2.343 sqm
=492.56/2.343= 210.20K N/m2
lx= 1.11 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.995 m
77 | P a g e
ly= 2.11 - 0.45 / 2 = 1.885m

Mx = 210.20 x (0.45)2/2 (1.11) = 23.623Kn.m
My = 210.20 x (0.23)2/2(2.11) = 11.7311 Kn.m
Consider My
11.731x106 = 0.138x20 x1110x d2
d2 = 11731156/3063.6
d = 382.99mm
Ast
11.731x106 = 0.87x415xAst X432 {1-(415xAst)/20x1110x432}
-0.016Ast2 + 155973.6Ast – 11731000 =0
Ast=75.21
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/75.21x1000 = 150.2mm

Working load = = 489.19
= 48.91 KN
Total Load =48.91+489.19 = 538.10KN
78 | P a g e
Pu = 1.5x538.10 = 807.15KN
= 807.15/210 = 3.84m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.9
L= 1.9B
A = L x B = 1.9B x B = 3.48= 1.9B2= 3.84
B = 1.4m L = 2.6m
= 3.64M2
=807.15/3.64= 221.74K N/m2
lx= 1.4 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.5 m
ly= 2.6 - 0.45 / 2 = 1m
Mx = 221.74x (0.5)2/2 (1.4) =19.79 Kn.m
My = 221.74x (1)2/2(2.6) = 42.64 Kn.m
Consider My
42.64x106 = 0.138x20 x 1400x d2
d2 = 42640000/1400
d = 174.50mm
Ast
42.64x106 = 0.87x415xAst X432 {1-(415xAst)/20x1400x432}
5.35Ast2 – 155973.6Ast +42640000 =0
79 | P a g e
Ast=28877.95mm2 and 275.99mm2
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(12)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/275.99x1000 = 409.8mm

= 16.0645 KN
Total Load = 160.645+16.064
= 176.709 KN
Pu = 1.5x176.709
= 256.064 KN
80 | P a g e

= 256.064 /210 = 1.262 m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.956
L= 1.9 B
A=LxB
=1.9 B x B = 1.9B2 = 1.26
B = 0.814m L = 1.548 m
Provide a Footing of Size 0.81 m X 1.548 m
= 1.2474 M2
= 256.064 /1.2474 = 205.278 N/m2
lx= 0.81 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.29m
ly= 1.548 - 0.45 / 2 = 0.549m
Mx = 205.278 x (0.29)2/2 x 0.81 = 6.991 Kn.m
My = 205.278 x (0.549)2/2 x 1.548 = 47.888 Kn.m
Consider My
47.888 x106 = 0.138 x20 x 814 xd2
d2 = 47888149.73 / 2246.64
d2 =21315.45
d = 145.998 mm
Effective depth = 500- 60- 8 = 432 mm
Ast
47.888 x106= 0.87x 415x Ast 432 {1-(415 x Ast) / 20 x 814 x 432}
81 | P a g e
9.203Ast2 –155973.6Ast – 47888000 =0
Ast= 16635.32 mm2 and 312.799 mm2
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm
S = 113/312.799 x1000 = 361.25 mm Hence, provide 16 mm of bars @ 360 mm c/c.
82 | P a g e

= 99.145 KN
Total Load =991.4502+99.145 = 1090.59KN
Pu = 1.5x328.37 = 1635KN
= 1635/210 = 7.78m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.9
L= 1.9B
A = L x B = 1.9B x B = 7.78= 1.9B2= 7.78
83 | P a g e
B = 0.990 L = 1.21m
Provide A Footing Of Size 0.990X 1.21m
Area provided = 2.03 sqm
=1635/2.03= 210.388K N/m2
lx= 0.990 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.87 m
ly= 1.210 - 0.45 / 2 = 0.985m
Mx = 210.388 x (0.45)2/2 (0.87) = 43.026Kn.m
My = 210.388 x (0.23)2/2(0.985) = 21.407Kn.m
Consider My
21.407x106 = 0.138x20 x2020x d2
d2 = 21407000/5575.2
d = 383.9mm
Ast
21.407x106 = 0.87x415xAst X432 {1-(415xAst)/20x2020x432}
-0.008Ast2 + 155973.6Ast – 21407000 =0
Ast=137.24
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/137.24x1000 = 82.4mm
84 | P a g e

Working load = 1363
= 136.30 KN
Total Load =136.30+1363 = 1499.3KN
Pu = 1.5x1499.3 =2248.95KN
= 2248.95/210 = 10.70m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.9
L= 1.9B
A = L x B = 1.9B x B = 10.71= 1.9B2= 10.70
B = 2.3m L = 4.4m
Area provided = 10.34m2

=2248.95/10.34= 217.5K N/m2
lx= 2.3 - 0.23 / 2 = 1.0 m
ly= 4.4- 0.45 / 2 = 1.9m
Mx = 217.5 x (1)2/2 (1.44) = 75.5Kn.m
My = 217.5x (1.9)2/2(2.75) = 1090.52 Kn.m
Consider My
1090.52x106 = 0.138x20 x 2300x d2
d2 = 1090520000/6348
d = 414.47mm
85 | P a g e

Ast
1090.52x106 = 0.87x415xAst X432 {1-(415xAst)/20x2300x432}
3.25Ast2 – 155973.6Ast +1090520000 =0
Ast=39496mm2 and 849mm2
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/849x1000 = 149m

= 19.469 KN
Total Load = 194.693+19.469
86 | P a g e
= 214.162 KN
Pu = 1.5x214.162
= 321.243 KN
= 321.243 /210 = 1.529 m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.956
L= 1.9 B
A=LxB
=1.9 B x B = 1.9B2 = 1.529
B = 0.897 m L = 1.704 m
Provide a Footing of Size 0.89 mX 1.704 m
= 1.516 M2
= 321.243 /1.516 = 211.901 K N/m2
lx= 0.89 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.33m
ly= 1.704 - 0.45/ 2 = 0.627m
Mx = 211.901 x (0.405)2/2 x 0.89 =15.466 Kn.m
My = 211.901 x (0.627)2/2 x 1.704 = 70.975 Kn.m
Consider My
70.975 x106 = 0.138 x20 x 897 xd2
d2 = 70975000/2475.72
d2 =28668.427
d = 169.31mm
Effective depth = 500- 60- 8 = 432 mm
87 | P a g e
Ast
70.975 x106 = 0.87x 415x Ast 432 {1-(415 x Ast) / 20 x 897 x 432}
8.352Ast2 – 155973.6 Ast +70975000 =0
Ast= 18208.29 mm2 and 466.708 mm2
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm
S = 113/466.708 x1000 = 242.121 mm Hence, provide 16 mm of bars @ 240 mm c/c.
88 | P a g e

= 88.90 KN
Total Load =889.018+88.90 = 977.90KN
Pu = 1.5x977.90 = 1466KN
= 1466/210 = 6.985m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.9
L= 1.9B
A = L x B = 1.9B x B = 6.985= 1.9B2= 6.985
B = 1.51 L = 2.10m
Area provided = 3,171 sqm
=1466/3,171= 210.68K N/m2
lx= 1.51 - 0.23 / 2 = 1.39 m
89 | P a g e
ly= 2.10 - 0.45 / 2 = 1.87m

Mx = 210.68 x (0.45)2/2 (1.39) = 3.929Kn.m
My = 210.688 x (0.23)2/2(1.87) = 19.030Kn.m
Consider My
19.030x106 = 0.138x20 x1390x d2
d2 = 19030000/4940.4
d = 385.52mm
Ast
19.030x106 = 0.87x415xAst X432 {1-(415xAst)/20x1390x432}
-0.010Ast2 + 155973.6Ast – 19030000 =0
Ast=122.009
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/122.009x1000 = 92.6mm

Working load = =1463.26
= 146.32 KN
Total Load =136.3+1363.4 = 1499.74KN
Pu = 1.5x1499.74 =2249.55KN
90 | P a g e

= 2249.55/210 = 10.71m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.9
L= 1.9B
A = L x B = 1.9B x B = 10.71= 1.9B2= 10.71
B = 2.3m L = 4.3m

=2249.55/9.8= 229.54K N/m2
lx= 2.3 - 0.23 / 2 = 1.0 m
ly= 4.3 - 0.45 / 2 = 2.0m
Mx = 224.5 x (1)2/2 (2.3) = 48.8Kn.m
My = 229.54x (2)2/2(4.3) = 106.76 Kn.m
Consider My
106.76x106 = 0.138x20 x 2300x d2
d2 = 106760000/6348
d = 129.6mm
Ast
106.76x106 = 0.87x415xAst X432 {1-(415xAst)/20x2300x432}
3.25Ast2 – 155973.6Ast +106760000 =0
Ast=43615.29mm2 and 695.38mm2
91 | P a g e
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/695.38x1000 = 162.50mmHence, provide 16mm of bars @ 160c/c

= 22.0628 KN
Total Load = 220.628+22.0628
= 242.6908 KN
Pu = 1.5x 242.6908
= 364.0362 KN
92 | P a g e

= 364.0362 /210 = 1.733 m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.956
L= 1.9 B
A=LxB
=1.9 B x B = 1.9B2 = 1.733
B = 0.955 m L = 1.814 m
Area provided = 0.955m X 1.814m
= 1.732 M2
= 364.0362 /1.732 = 210.182 KN/m2
lx= 0.955 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.3625m
ly= 1.814 - 0.45/ 2 = 0.682m
Mx = 210.182 x (0.362)2/2 x 0.955 =13.151 Kn.m
My = 210.182 x (0.682)2/2 x 1.814 = 88.668 Kn.m
Consider My
88.668 x106 = 0.138 x20 x955 xd2
d2 = 88668000/2635.8
d2 =33639.88
d = 183.411mm
Effective depth = 500- 60- 8 = 432mm
Ast
88.668 x106 = 0.87x 415x Ast 432 {1-(415 x Ast) / 20 x 955 x 432}
93 | P a g e
7.844 Ast2 – 155973.6 Ast + 88668000 =0
Ast= 19298.71 mm2 and 585.73 mm2
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/585.73 x1000 = 192.98 mm
Hence, provide 16 mm of bars @ 200 mm c/c
94 | P a g e

= 21.83 KN
Total Load =218.379+21.83 = 240.209KN
Pu = 1.5x240.209 = 360.31KN
= 360.31/210 = 1.715m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.9
L= 1.9B
A = L x B = 1.9B x B = 1.715= 1.9B2= 1.715
B = 0.95 L = 1.80m
Area provided = 1.715 sqm
95 | P a g e
=360.31/1.715= 210.06K N/m2

lx= 0.95 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.835 m
ly= 1.80 - 0.45 / 2 = 1.57m
Mx = 210.06 x (0.45)2/2 (0.835) = 17.759Kn.m
My = 210.06 x (0.23)2/2(1.57) = 8.723Kn.m
Consider My
8.723x106 = 0.138x20 x835x d2
d2 = 8723000/2171
d = 401.7mm
Ast
8.723x106 = 0.87x415xAst X432 {1-(415xAst)/20x835x432}
-0.021Ast2 + 155973.6Ast – 8723000 =0
Ast=55.92
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/55.92x1000 = 202mm

Working load = =516.03
= 51.60 KN
96 | P a g e
Total Load =51.60+516.03 = 567.63KN

Pu = 1.5x567.63 =851.44KN
= 2249.55/210 = 4m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.9
L= 1.9B
A = L x B = 1.9B x B = 10.71= 1.9B2= 4
B = 1.44m L = 2.75m

=851.44/3.9= 218.31K N/m2
lx= 1.44 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.6 m
ly= 2.75 - 0.45 / 2 = 1.15m
Mx = 218.31 x (0.6)2/2 (1.44) = 27.28Kn.m
My = 218.31x (1.15)2/2(2.75) = 52.49 Kn.m
Consider My
52.49x106 = 0.138x20 x 1440x d2
d2 = 524960000/3974.4
d = 363.4mm
Ast
52.49x106 = 0.87x415xAst X432 {1-(415xAst)/20x1440x432}
97 | P a g e
5.20Ast2 – 155973.6Ast +52490000 =0
Ast=29654mm2 and 340.39mm2
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/340.39x1000 = 331.9mm

= 10.443 KN
Total Load = 104.397 + 10.443
= 114.840 KN
98 | P a g e
Pu = 1.5x 114.840
= 172.261 KN
=172.261 /210 = 0.820 m2
Rectangular footing
L/b = 0.45/0.23 = 1.956
L= 1.9 B
A=LxB
=1.9 B x B = 1.9B2 = 0.820
B = 0.656 m L = 1.248 m
Area provided = 0.656 mX 1.248m
= 0.818M2
= 172.261 / 0.818 = 210.411 KN/m2
lx= 0.656 - 0.23 / 2 = 0.213 m
ly= 1.248 - 0.45/ 2 = 0.399 m
Mx = 210.411 x (0.213)2/2 x 0.656 = 3.131 Kn.m
My = 210.411 x (0.399)2/2 x 1.248 = 20.902 Kn.m
Consider My
20.902 x106 = 0.138 x20 x 656 xd2
d2 = 20902528.37 /1810.56
d2 =11544.786
d = 107.446 mm
Effective depth = 500- 60- 8 = 432mm
Ast
99 | P a g e
20.902 x106 = 0.87x 415x Ast 432 {1-(415 x Ast) / 20 x 656 x 432}
114.341Ast2 –155973.6 Ast +20902000 =0
Ast= 1213.46 mm2 and 150.646 mm2
SPACING
S = ast/ Astx1000
ast =πd2/4 = 3.14(16)2/4=113.04mm

S = 113/150.646 x1000 = 750.368 mm
Hence, provide 16 mm of bars @ 750 mm c/c
100 | P a g e
101 | P a g e
STAIRCASE
8. STAIRCASE:
Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to different floors
of a building. Since a stair is often the only means of communication between the
various floors of a building, the location of the stair requires good and careful
consideration. In a residential house, the staircase may be provided near the main
entrance. In a public building, the stairs must be from the main entrance itself and
located centrally, to provide quick accessibility to the principal apartments. All stair
cases should be adequately lighted and properly ventilated.
8.1 TYPES OF STAIRS:
The different types of reinforced cement concrete stairs are as under:
(i) Straight stairs.
(ii) Dog-legged stair.
(iii) Open newel stair.
(iv) Geometrical stair.
(v) Quarter- turn stair
(vi) Circular stair.
(vii) Spiral stair.
(viii) Bifurcated stairs.
8.2. DESIGN OF STAIRS:
8.2.1. STAIRS SPANNING HORIZONTALLY:
These stairs are supported at each side by walls, stringer beams, or at one side by wall
and at the other side by a beam. When the span of the stair does not exceed 1.50 meters
79 | P a g e
STAIRCASE
one bar of 10 mm diameter per step will be found sufficient. A distribution steel of 6 mm
diameter bars at 300 mm centres may be provided.
Each step will be designed as spanning horizontally. For purposes of design each step
will be taken as equivalent to a rectangular beam of width b and effective depth D/2. For
specifications of b and D, see fig. 444. A waist of about 80 mm may be provided.
Staircase
Dog-legged
floor to floor level = 3
no of flights = 2
height of flight = 3/2 = 1.5m
assume,
150mm risers
no of risers = 1500/150 = 10 risers
hence, actual rise of each risers = 1500/10 = 150
no of treads = risers-1 = 9treads
tread dimensions = 900*270mm
effective horizontal span = 2.74+1.21+0.15/2 = 4.025mts
loads:
dead load of 200mm waist = 25*220 = 5500
ceiling finish = 24*12.5 = 300
total = 5800N/m2
corresponding load for Sq.m on plan = 6629N/m2
D.L of steps = (150mm average)
=75*25
=1875N/m2
Total finish = 12.5*24 = 300
live load = 35320
total = 35620N/m2
max bending moment for metre width M = 3832*4.025*4.025/8 = 72130.5
factored moment Mu = 1.5*72130 = 108195
Mu = Mulim
108195 = 0.138*20*914.4*d2
d=208.7
providing 10mm dia bars
effective cover = 15+5 =20mm
overall depth = 208.7+20 = 228.7mm
Mu/bd2 = 108195*103/900*2002 = 2.27
percentage of steel Pt=0.74percent
Ast = 0.74/100*900*230 = 1531.8mm2
80 | P a g e
STAIRCASE
14bars of 12mm dia

spacing of 12mm dia bars:
spacing = /4*12*12/1531.8*1000 = 73.79mm c/c
provide 12mm dia @73mm c/c
distribution steel = 0.12/100*900*230 = 248cm2
5nos @8mm dia
spacing @ 8mm dia bars = /4*8*8*1000/248.4 = 202.4 provide 8mm dia bars @ 200mm
c/c
81 | P a g e
STAIRCASE
REFERENCES:
1. REINFORCED CONCRETE (LIMIT STATE DESIGN) -A.K.JAIN
2. TREASURE OF R.C.C. DESIGNS -SUSHIL KIMAR
3. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION -DS.P.ARORA
-S.P.BINDRA
4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - D.S.PRAKASH RAO
5. THEORY OF STRUCTURES - S.RAMAMUTHAM
- R.NARAYAN
6. INDIAN STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR PLAN & REINFORCED CONCRETE

I.S:456 – 2000
7. NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
8. DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE IS: 456 1978
82 | P a g e

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STRUCTURAL THESIS

B.JEEVANA VIDYA 314106101002

1.1. What is RCC?

1.2. INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DESIGN

1) WORKING STRESS METHOD

1.2.1. WORKING STRESS METHOD

It is probably the earliest codified method of design of

“Factor of safety is the ratio of strength of material to the permissible stress”

1.2.2. ULTIMATE STRENGTH METHOD

“Load factor is the ratio of ultimate strength to the service loads”

1.2.3. LIMIT STATE METHOD

1. Ultimate Limit State: It considers strength, overturning, fatigue, sliding etc.

Partial safety factor for materials:

Various load combinations is specified in IS 456 from table 18 are as follows:

1.5. DESIGN CONSTANTS

Type = 2 Storey Residential building

Assumed imposed loads on floors:

Dead load - 3.75 KN/sqm

1.6. DESIGN BASIS:

1.7. SPECIFICATIONS OF MATERIALS:

Fe415 steel is used as main reinforcement called as Tor steel

Steel of grade Fe250iscommonlyused for:

1.9. DEAD LOADS

1.10. MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD OF ANALYSIS:

1.10.1. FLEXURAL STIFFNESS:

1.10.2. DISTRIBUTION FACTORS:

1.10.3. CARRYOVER FACTORS:

A moment MA applied at A, without displacing A, will produce moment at B. Let it

𝑀𝐹 𝐴𝐷 + 2𝑀𝐴𝐷 + 𝑀′ 𝐷𝐴 + 𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐷 + 𝑀𝐹 𝐴𝐹 + 2𝑀′ 𝐴𝐸 + 𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐸 = 0

Σ𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 2Σ𝑀′ 𝐴𝐵 + Σ𝑀′ 𝐵𝐴 + Σ𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐵 = 0

𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −1/2 ( Σ 𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 + Σ𝑀^′ 𝐵𝐴 + Σ𝑀^′′ 𝐴𝐵)

1.10.4. SIGN CONVENTION:

1.10.5. FRAMED STRUCTURES:

1.10.6. ANALYSIS FOR VERTICAL LOADS:

THEORY FOR ANALYSIS OF KANIS METHOD (For non-sway condition)

Kanis method is a development over slope deflection method according to which

MAB = MAFB +2 EK/L2(2θA+θB)+6EI x δ/L2……(1)

θA= rotational angle at A.

δ= Relative lateral displacement of support A with respect to B

If m’’ AB is moment due to displacement at A, total moment at A for column AB will be

𝑀𝐴𝐵 + 2𝑀′ 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑀′ 𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐵

For vertical loads:

3Σ(𝑀𝐴𝐵 + 𝑀𝐵𝐴) = −2𝑀′′ 𝐴𝐵

If the slab is supported on all four edges

The reinforcement perpendicular to the main reinforcement is known as

2.1. DISTRIBUTION OF STEEL:

The spacing of slab bars is given by

2.2. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SLABS:

2.2.2. LIMITING STIFFNESS: The stiffness of slabs is governed by the span

2.2.3. MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT:

2.2.5. SPACING OF MAIN REINFORCEMENT: The spacing of main

2.2.6. DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENT: The area of

2.2.7. COVER TO REINFORCEMENT: Reinforcement shall concrete

Fig 3 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Fig 4 FIRST FLOOR PLAN

Fig 5 CENTRE LINE

Fig 6 BEAM LAYOUT

Fig 7 GROUND FLOOR SLAB LAYOUT

Fig 8 FIRST FLOOR SLAB LAYOUT

Centre line & beam layout diagrams

If ly/lx>2.0 [One way Panel condition]

If ly/lx< 2.0 [Two way Panel condition]

2.3. CONCEPT OF SLAB LOAD TRANSMISSION BY YEILD LINE