1.

0 INTRODUCTION
The design process
Reinforced concrete is one of the principal materials used in construction. By providing steel
bars, predominantly in those zones within a concrete member which will be subject to tensile
stresses, an economical structural material can be produced which is both strong in
compression and tension. In addition, concrete provides corrosion protection and fire resistant
to more vulnerable steel reinforcement.

The aim of structural design include:

 Perform satisfactorily during their intended life
 Sustain all loads and deformations of normal construction and use
 Have adequate durability
 Have adequate resistance to the effects of misuse and fire

The design process consists of three main stages:

Planning and overall structural design: the size and shape of the structure is decided, materials
for construction are selected, and an investigation is made into the load-carrying capacity of
the soil at the chosen site. At this stage it is necessary to establish s system of communication
between all the personnel responsible for the design and construction and to specify procedures
for inspection during construction.

Structural analysis: generally, an elastic method is used allowing for some redistribution of
moments due to the formation of plastic hinges in statically indeterminate structures. As an
alternative a plastic method such as the yield line method for the analysis of slabs can be used
where appropriate.

Design of members: with the forces and moments obtained from the structural analysis stage
each member is designed separately, using stress analysis to determine the required section
properties.

There are many inputs into the engineering design process as illustrated in figure 1.1. The
starting point for the designer is normally a conceptual brief from the client, followed by a site
investigation to determine the strength and other characteristics of the ground on which the
structure will be founded.

The fundamental objectives which must be incorporated in any design philosophy to provide a
structure which throughout its intended lifespan;

 will possess an acceptable margin of safety against collapse whilst in use

 is serviceable and perform its intended purpose whilst in use
 is sufficiently robust such that damage to an extent disproportionate to the original
cause will not occur
 is economical to construct

1
  is economical to maintain

Limit State Design

This design philosophy ensures that engineering structures under the worst loading case are
safe and during normal working conditions, the deformation of the members does not detract
from the appearance, durability or performance of the structure. The two principal types of
limit state are the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state.

Ultimate limit state

This requires that the structure must be able to withstand, with an adequate factor of safety
against collapse, the loads for which it is designed to ensure the safety of the building
occupants. The possibility of bulking or overturning must also be taken into account, as must
the possibility of accidental damage. Some of the ULSs that may have to be considered are;
ULS due to bending, ULS due to shear, ULS due to direct compression or tension and ULS
due to overturning.

Serviceability limit state

If a SLS is reached the appearance of the member or structure will be disrupted. Whilst this
will not cause collapse it may render the member unfit for its intended service use. Some of the
SLSs that may have to be considered are;

Deflection – deflections should not adversely affect the appearance of the structure or cause
damage to non-structural members such as partitions, finishes, etc. The recommended
maximum deflection in a beam is 1/250 of the span.

Cracking – it is necessary to limit the width of cracks, which occur normally in a concrete
structure, so that the appearance or durability of the structure is not adversely affected.
Excessive wide cracks allow ingress of eater, with subsequent corrosion or frost damage.

Durability – this must be considered in terms of the propose life of the structure and its
conditions of exposure

Excessive vibration – vibration should not be sufficient to cause alarm or discomfort to the
occupants, or structural damage.

Fatigue – must be considered if cyclic loading is likely

BS 8110 (1997)
The code gives recommendations for the design and construction of concrete structures
excluding bridges, eater-retaining structures and concrete containing high-alumina cement.
The standard is in three parts.

Part 1 covers the structural use of reinforced and pre-stressed concrete, both cast in-situ and
pre-cast. The serviceability requirements for deflection and cracking are deemed to be satisfied
if simple rules concerning the span/depth ratio of beams and the spacing of reinforcement are
observed.

2
Part 2 contained additional information and recommendations which enable more rigorous
analyses to be performed in situations where the methods in Part 1 are not directly applicable
or where a significant advantage could be achieved.

Part 3 contains design graphs for the ultimate limit state in reinforced concrete beams and
columns, based on the recommendations of Part 1.

Properties of Materials
Concrete
The mean strength of a material is unsuitable as the basis for design because 50% of all test
results would be expected to fall below it. The design strength is derived from the characteristic
strength, which is defined as the strength below which only 5% of all test results would be
expected to fall (cl 2.4.2.1, Pt 1), and is given by:

𝑓 = 𝑓 − 1.64𝑠 … … 1.1

Where fk = characteristic strength, fm = mean strength and s = standard deviation

In the design code concrete is graded according to the characteristic compressive strength as
indicated in Table 1. The grades recommended by the code are from 25 to 50 in steps of 5
N/mm2 for normal-weight aggregates; C15 is the lowest grade recommended for lightweight
aggregates. The lowest grade recommended for pre-stressed concrete are C30 for post-
tensioning and C40 for pre tensioning.

Steel
The characteristic strength of steel reinforcement is denoted by fy. For hot rolled steel it is the
yield stress; for cold-worked steel it is the 0.2% proof stress. The following values are
recommended by BS 8110-1 (Table 3.1).

Hot-rolled mild steel 250 N/mm2

High-yield steel 460 N/mm2

Table 1: Strength of concrete (Table 7.1 of BS110-2:1985)

3
Characteristic Material Strengths and Characteristic loads
Characteristic loads
These are the basic loads that may be applicable to a particular member or structure. They can
be defined as;

Characteristic dead load, Gk – the weight of the structure complete with finishes, fixtures and
partitions.

Characteristic imposed load, Qk – the live load produced by the occupants and usage of the
building

Characteristic wind load, Wk – the wind load acting on the structure.

Partial factors of safety

The use of partial safety factors, which are applied separately to individual parameters, enables
the degree of risk for each one to be varied, reflecting the different degrees of control which
are possible in the manufacturing process of building structural materials/units and
construction processes such as steel fabrication, in-situ/pre-cast concrete, or building in the
masonry. The values adopted are based on experience and simplified calculations.

Partial safety factors for load (γf)

In practice the applied loads may be greater than the characteristic load due to any of the
following reasons; calculation errors, construction inaccuracies, possible unusual increases in
the magnitude of the actions and/ or unforeseen stress redistributions. Values are obtained in
BS 8110-1:1997, Table 2.1. These cannot be ignored, and are taken into account by applying
a partial factor of safety (γf) on the characteristic actions, so that;

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝛾

Partial factors of safety for materials (γm)

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑓 )
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = … … … 1.2
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 (𝛾 )

The value mostly adopted for concrete is 1.50 while for steel is 1.05 or obtained from BS 8110-
1:1997, Table 2.2.

Ultimate design load

The ultimate design load acting on a member will be the summation of the relevant
characteristic load combinations multiplied by their respective partial safety factors. Thus, the
ultimate design load for the combination of dead and imposed loads would be expressed as;

𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐹 = 1.4𝐺 + 1.6𝑄 … … … 1.3

4
2.0 Design of Reinforced Concrete

Initial design of reinforced concrete

In the initial stages of the design of building structures it is necessary to produce alternative
schemes that can be assessed for architectural and functional suitability and which can be
compared for cost. They are usually based on vague and limited information on matters
affecting the structure such as imposed loads and nature of finishes.

Loads: they should be based on BS 6399 parts 1 and 3. Loading should be generous and not
less than the following in the initial stages:

Floor finishes (screed) 1.8 kN/m2

Ceiling and service loads 0.5 kN/m2
Allowance for block-work partitions 2.5 kN/m2

Structural form and framing: the following measures should be adopted:

 Provide stability against lateral forces and ensure braced construction by arranging
suitable shear walls deployed symmetrically wherever possible
 Adopt a simple arrangement of slabs, beams and columns so that loads are carried to
the foundations by the shortest and most direct routes
 Allow for movement joints
 Choose an arrangement that will limit the span of slabs to 5 to 6 m and beam spans to
8 – 10 m on a regular grid
 Adopt a minimum column size of 300 x 300 mm or equivalent area

5
 2.1 Reinforced concrete Beam Design

Beams in reinforced concrete structures can be defined according to; cross-section, position of
reinforcement and support conditions. Some common beam sections are shown in figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1: Beam sections: (a) singly reinforced; (b) doubly reinforced; (c) T-section; (d) L-
section

Figure 2.2 illustrates some of the notation used in beam design. Here b is the width of the beam,
h the overall depth of section, d the effective depth of tension reinforcement, d′ the depth of
compression reinforcement, As the area of tension reinforcement and As′ the area of
compression reinforcement.

Figure 2.2: Notation

Ultimate moment of resistance: it is the greatest bending moment that can be resisted by the
section, assuming the beam to be in pure flexure. It is defined as the moment of resistance when
the maximum compressive strain in the concrete reaches the limiting value of 0.0035, i.e. the
strain at which concrete starts to disintegrate in compression.

Longitudinal reinforcement: since the tensile strength of concrete is low, it is normally assumed
that on the tension side of the neutral axis the concrete is cracked, and makes no contribution
to the ultimate moment of resistance, all tensile forces in this zone being carried by steel
reinforcement. In some cases, it is also necessary to provide longitudinal reinforcement in
compression zone. Beams are thus said to be either singly or doubly reinforced. Reinforcement
is also required in the sides of beams with an overall depth of more than 750 mm to prevent
excessive cracking.
6
Shear reinforcement: a beam is required additionally to resist the effects of shear stresses
arising from the transverse loads and torsion. The combined effects of bending and shear may
cause premature failure, and in order to ensure that the ultimate moment of resistance is reached
shear reinforcement is provided in the form of bent-up bars or links at right angles to the
longitudinal reinforcement.

General principles

All beams may fail due to excessive bending or shear. In addition, excessive deflection of
beams must be avoided otherwise the efficiency or appearance of the structure may become
impaired. Generally, structural design of concrete beams primarily involves consideration of
the following aspects; bending, shear and deflection.

Bending

Consider the case of a simply supported, singly reinforced, rectangular beam subject to a
uniformly distributed load ω as shown in Figure 2.3 and 2.4.

Figure 2.3: Beam under bending

Figure 2.4: Stress and strain distributions at section A-A: (a) section; (b) strains; (c) triangular
(low strain); (d) rectangular parabolic (large strain); (e) equivalent rectangular

7
The load causes the beam to deflect downwards, putting the top portion of the beam into
compression and the bottom portion into tension. At some distance x below the compression
face, the section is neither in compression nor tension and therefore the strain at this level is
zero. Assuming that plane sections remain plane, the strain distribution will be triangular (Fig.
2.4b). The stress distribution in the concrete above the neutral axis is initially triangular (Fig.
2.4c), for low values of strain, because stress and strain are directly proportional. The stress in
the concrete below the neutral axis is zero; however, since it is assumed that the concrete is
cracked, being unable to resist any tensile stress. All the tensile stresses in the member are
assumed to be resisted by the steel reinforcement and this is reflected in a peak in the tensile
stress at the level of the reinforcement.

As the intensity of loading on the beam increases, the mid-span moment increases and the
distribution of stresses change from that shown in figure 2.4c to 2.4d. The stress in the
reinforcement increases linearly with strain up to the yield point. Thereafter it remains at a
constant value. However, as the strain in the concrete increases, the stress distribution is
assumed to follow the parabolic form of the stress–strain relationship for concrete under
compression. It is the rectangular stress distribution which is used to develop the design
formulae for rectangular beams given in clause 3.4.4.4 of BS 8110.

Singly reinforced beams

Ultimate moment of resistance, Mu

There are several factors that affect the ultimate strength of a beam subjected to bending. These
factors include:

 Yield strength of reinforcing steel

 Concrete compressive strength
 Beam depth
 Beam width
 Reinforcement ratio

Consider the singly reinforced beam shown in figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5: Ultimate moment of resistance for singly reinforced section

The loading on the beam gives rise to an ultimate design moment (M) at mid-span. The
resulting curvature of the beam produces a compression force in the concrete (Fcc) and a tensile
force in the reinforcement (Fst). Since there is no resultant axial force on the beam, the force in
the concrete must equal the force in the reinforcement. These two forces are separated by a

8
distance z, the moment of which forms a couple (Mu) which opposes the design moment. For
structural stability Mu ≥ M, where;

𝑀 = 𝐹 𝑧 = 𝐹 𝑧 … … … … . .2.1

Where z is the lever arm between the resultant forces Fcc and Fst

𝐹 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

0.67𝑓
= 0.9𝑥𝑏 … … … 2.2
𝛾

Putting γc = 1.5

𝐹 = 0.402𝑓 𝑏𝑥

𝐹 = 𝑓𝐴

Where fst is the stress in the steel and As is the cross-sectional area of steel.

The lever arm is given by

0.9𝑥
𝑧=𝑑− = 𝑑 − 0.45𝑥 … … … … … … … … 2.3
2
In order to ensure that the section is under-reinforced, BS 8110 limits the depth of the neutral
axis (x) to a maximum of 0.5d. Since fcu, b and d are constant for a particular section, the
ultimate moment of resistance may be represented in dimensionless form by

𝑀
𝑘= … … … … 2.4
𝑏𝑑 𝑓

This gives the lever arm to be

𝑘
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + √ 0.25 − ≤ 0.95𝑑 … … … 2.5
0.9
Therefore, it can be shown that the ultimate moment of resistance is given by;

𝑀 = 0.156𝑓 𝑏𝑑 … … … … … … 2.6

Note that Mu depends only on the properties of the concrete and not the steel reinforcement.
Provided that the design moment does not exceed Mu (i.e. M ≤ Mu), a beam whose section is
singly reinforced, will be sufficient to resist the design moment.

Area of tension reinforcement, As

At the limiting condition Mu = M,

𝑀=𝐹 𝑧

9
 𝑓𝐴
= 𝑧
𝛾

Rearranging and putting γs = 1.05, gives

𝑀
𝐴 = … … … … … … … 2.7
0.95𝑓 𝑧

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam Design

If the design moment is greater than the ultimate moment of resistance, i.e. M > Mu, or K > K′
where K = M/fcubd2 and K′ = Mu/fcubd2 (normally K’ = 0.156) the concrete will have insufficient
strength in compression to generate this moment and maintain an under-reinforced mode of
failure.

Figure 2.6: Section with compression reinforcement

The required compressive strength can be achieved by increasing the proportions of the beam,
particularly its overall depth. However, this may not always be possible due to limitations on
the headroom in the structure, and in such cases, it will be necessary to provide reinforcement
in the compression face. The compression reinforcement will be designed to resist the moment
in excess of Mu. This will ensure that the compressive stress in the concrete does not exceed
the permissible value and ensure an under-reinforced failure mode.

Compression and tensile steel areas (cl. 3.4.4.4, BS 8110)

Formulae for the amount of compression and tension reinforcement required in a doubly
reinforced section may be determined as;

The area of compression steel (As’) is calculated from

𝑀−𝑀
𝐴 = … … … … … … … … . .2.8
0.95𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑑 )

The area of tension reinforcement is calculated from

10
 𝑀
𝐴 = + 𝐴 𝑠 … … … … … … … … … … … 2.9
0.95𝑓 . 𝑧

Flanged Beams
Reinforced concrete buildings usually consist of beams and slabs that were cast monolithically
(figure 2.7). Thus, slabs and beams act together in resisting the applied loads. As a result, the
beam will have an extension concrete part at the top called flange and the beam is called a T-
beam. The portion of the beam below the slab is called the web. The stress distribution will
vary according to the ratio between the thickness of the slab and the overall thickness. The
design process for such beams is similar to that outlined for single span beams. However, the
main difference arises from the fact that with continuous beams the designer will need to
consider various loading arrangements in order to determine the moments and shear forces in
the beam. The analysis to calculate the bending moments and shear forces can be determined
out by moment distribution or provided the conditions in clause 3.4.3 of the code are satisfied,
by using the coefficients given in Table 3.5 of the code. According to clause 3.4.1.5 of BS
8110, the effective flange width should be taken as the lessen of;

16𝑡 + 𝑏

𝐿
𝐵≤ + 𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
5
16𝑡 + 𝑏

𝐿
𝐵≤ + 𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
10
Where

L2 = L simple beams
L2 = 0.8L one end continuous
L2 = 0.7L continuous beam

In which L is the effective span.

Figure 2.7: Definition of T and L-beams

When designing a T-section, the neutral axis could be located inside the flange of outside the
flange.

11
Figure: Position of neutral axis

The depth of the neutral axis in relation to the depth of flange will influence the design process
and must therefore be determined as

𝑑−𝑧
𝑥=
0.45
Where the neutral axis lies within the flange, which is normally be the case in practice, the
beam can be designed as being singly reinforced taking the breadth of the beam, b, equal to the
effective flange width. The required area of tension reinforcement is given by;

𝑀 + 0.1𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 0.45𝑑 − ℎ
𝐴 = … … 2.10
0.95𝑓 𝑑 − 0.5ℎ

Example 2.1
The cross-section of a simply supported rectangular beam is shown in figure below. Using the
data given, and assuming the section to be singly-reinforced, determine the area of tension
reinforcement required to resist an applied ultimate bending moment of 150 kNm.

fcu = 40 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
hagg = 20 mm
Diameter of main tension steel = assume 25 mm
Diameter of shear links = 10mm
Exposure condition = moderate
Min required fire resistance = 2 hrs

Solution

12
 BS 8110-1:1997 Calculation Output
Cl 3.3.1 Nominal cover to all steel
Cl 3.3.1.2 ≥ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 15 mm
𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = (25 − 10)
Table 3.3 Exposure condition: moderate Cover = 30 mm
With fcu = 40 N/mm2
Table 3.4 Min fire resistance: 2 hrs and beam is Cover = 40 mm,
simply supported Therefore, required cover is
40 mm
Figure 3.2 Min width for 2hrs fire resistance 200 mm, therefore
adequate
Effective depth, d 𝑑 =ℎ−𝑐−∅ −∅ 2 𝑑 = 387𝑚𝑚
= 450 − 40 − 10 − 13
Cl 3.4.4.4 𝑀 = 0.125 < 0.156
𝑘=
𝑏𝑑 𝑓
150 ∗ 10
=
200 ∗ 387 ∗ 40
𝑘 = 0.83𝑑 < 0.95𝑑
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + √ 0.25 − ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9
0.125
= 𝑑 0.5 + √ 0.25 −
0.9
𝑀 = 108 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 =
0.95𝑓 𝑧 Adopt 4Y20 (1260 mm2)
150 ∗ 10
=
0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 0.83 ∗ 387

Example 2.2
A simply supported rectangular beam of 7 m span carries characteristic dead (including self-
weight of the beam) and imposed loads of 12 kN/m and 8 kN/m respectively. The beam
dimensions are breadth, b, 275 mm and effective depth, d, 450 mm. Assuming the following
material strengths, calculate the area of reinforcement required; fcu = 30N/mm2 and fy = 460
N/mm2.

Solution

BS 8110-1:1997 Calculation Output

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑤) = 1.4𝑔 + 1.6𝑞 𝑤 = 29.6𝑘𝑁𝑚
= 1.4 ∗ 12 + 1.6 ∗ 8 = 29.6𝑘𝑁𝑚
Design moment 𝑤𝑙 29.6 ∗ 7 𝑀 = 181.3𝑘𝑁𝑚
(𝑀) = =
8 8
Cl 3.4.4.4 𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓 𝑏𝑑 𝑀 = 260.6𝑘𝑁𝑚
= 0.156 ∗ 30 ∗ 275 ∗ 450 ∗ 10 Since Mu > M, beam is
singly reinforced

13
 𝑀 181.3 ∗ 10 = 0.1085
𝑘= =
𝑏𝑑 𝑓 30 ∗ 275 ∗ 450
0.1085 = 0.86𝑑 < 0.95𝑑
= 𝑑 0.5 + √ 0.25 −
0.9
181.3 ∗ 10 = 1073 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 =
0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 386.8

Example 2.3
The rectangular beam shown in the figure below is required to resist an ultimate design bending
moment of 340 kNm. Using the data given, determine the required area of main reinforcing
steel.

fcu = 40 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2

Dia of main tension steel = assume 32 mm

Dia of main compression steel = assume 12 mm

Solution

BS 8110-1:1997 Calculation Output

Cl. 3.4.4.4 𝑀 340 ∗ 10 𝑘 = 0.193
𝑘= =
𝑏𝑑 𝑓 40 ∗ 250 ∗ 420 𝑘 > 𝑘 (= 0.156)
The section is doubly
reinforced
Compression 𝑘 𝑧 = 0.775𝑑
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + √ 0.25 −
reinforcement 0.9 = 0.775 ∗ 420
= 327.6𝑚𝑚
𝑑−𝑧 = 0.5𝑑
𝑥=
0.45 = 0.5 ∗ 420 = 210𝑚𝑚
𝑑 ⁄𝑥 = 50⁄210 = 0.24 < 0.37
(𝐾 − 𝐾)𝑓 𝑏𝑑 = 403𝑚𝑚
𝐴 =
0.95𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ) Adopt 4Y12 (450 mm2)
(0.193 − 0.156) ∗ 40 ∗ 250 ∗ 420
=
0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ (420 − 50)
Tension 𝐾 𝑓 𝑏𝑑 = 2410𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = +𝐴
reinforcement 0.95𝑓 𝑧 Adopt 3Y32 (2410 mm2)

14
 0.156 ∗ 40 ∗ 250 ∗ 420
= + 403
0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 327.6

Example 2.4
The reinforced concrete beam shown below has an effective span of 9 m and carries uniformly
distributed dead (including self-weight of beam) and imposed loads of 4 and 5 kN/m
respectively. Design the bending reinforcement assuming fcu = 30 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2 and
cover to main steel as 40 mm.

Solution

BS 8110-1:1997 Calculation Output

Ultimate load 𝑊 = (1.4𝑔 + 1.6𝑞 )𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑊 = 122.4 𝑘𝑁
= (1.4 ∗ 4 + 1.∗ 5)9
Design moment 𝑊𝑙 122.4 ∗ 9 𝑀 = 137.7 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀= =
8 8
Effective depth Assume dia of tension bars (ø) = 25 mm 𝑑 = 317 𝑚𝑚
∅
𝑑 = ℎ − − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
2
25
𝑑 = 370 − − 40
2
Moment of 𝑀 = 0.156𝑓 𝑏𝑑 = 108.2 𝑘𝑁𝑚
resistance = 0.156 ∗ 30 ∗ 230 ∗ 317 M > Mu, compression
reinforcement is required
Compression Assume dia. of compression bars (ø) = 16 𝑑 = 48 𝑚𝑚
reinforcement mm
∅ 16
𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + = 40 +
2 2
Cl. 3.4.4.4 𝑘 𝑧 = 256𝑚𝑚
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + √ 0.25 −
Compression 0.9
reinforcement 𝑧 = 317 0.5 + (0.25 − 0.156/0.9)
𝑑 − 𝑧 317 − 246 = 158𝑚𝑚
𝑥= =
0.45 0.45
𝑑 ⁄𝑥 = 48⁄158 = 0.3 < 0.37,
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑀−𝑀 = 215.67 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 =
0.95𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ) Adopt 2Y16 (As’ = 402 mm2)

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 (137.7 − 108.2)10
=
0.95 ∗ 460(317 − 48)

Tension 𝑀 = 1182.85 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = +𝐴 𝑠
reinforcement 0.95𝑓 . 𝑧 Adopt 4Y20 (As = 1260 mm2)
(108.2)10
= + 215.67
0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 256

Example 2.5
A reinforced concrete beam is required to transmit an ultimate bending moment of 140 kNm,
inclusive of its own weight under mild exposure. Determine the depth of the beam required
and the amount of steel needed in a 250 mm wide beam using concrete grade 30 and
characteristic strength of steel of fy = 250 N/mm2.

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