Design of Steel Structures Based on BS5950

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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES BASED ON BS5950 Prepared by
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES BASED ON BS5950
Prepared by
Dr. LAKSHMI SRIKANTH
PREFACE
This course material is prepared for the undergraduate students of Civil Engineering, Higher
college of Technology, Sultanate of Oman for their Design of steel structures course. The entire
course material is based on BS 5950 Part 1: Structural use of steelwork in building: Part 1 Code
of Practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections. This handout
attempts to introduce and explain all aspects of structural steel design. There are 6 sections in
this handout. Section 1 begins with an introduction to steel design, types of steel sections,
advantages and disadvantages of steel as construction material, fire protection of steel
structures. Section 2 deals with design of tension members, section 3 elucidates welded and
bolted connections, section 4 explains the design procedure of compression members and
section 5 provides an insight to design of bending members and the last section elaborates
beam-column design. Each section is provided with ample of examples and exercise problems
for practise.
I extend my sincere thanks to my daughter Sneha Srikanth in helping me for the preparation
and organisation of the text.
1
Unit 1 : Introduction to steel design

1.1 Basic requirement of any structure
The structure must fulfill its function throughout its intended life with minimal maintenance cost.
The structure must be safe.
1.2 Design requirements
 Safety
 Serviceability - deflection, vibration.
 Economy-initial cost and maintenance cost
1.3 Chemical composition of structural steel
The Chemical composition of Structural Steel is extremely important and highly regulated. It is a
fundamental factor which defines the Mechanical properties of the steel material.
There are various grades of structural steel such as S195, S235, S275, S355, S420, S460 etc. In
S275, S denotes structural steel and 275 denotes minimum yield strength of the steel (tested at a
thickness of 16mm).Table 1.1 list the chemical composition of different grades of steel.
Table 1.1 Chemical composition of structural steel.
Grade C% Mn% P% S% Si%

S235 0.22 max 1.60 max 0.05 max 0.05 max 0.05 max
1.3 Mechanical properties of structural steel.
The important mechanical properties of steel are ductility, yield strength and tensile strength.
The yield strength of structural steel measures the minimum force required to create a permanent
deformation in the steel.
The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can be subjected
to before failure.
Table 1.2 gives the design strength of various steel grades.The design strength of structural
steel is assumed to be equal to the minimum yield stress.
Prepared by : Dr. Lakshmi Srikanth

Course code and name :CECE 3241/ Design of structures-II
Sem 2 2015-16
2
Think of a spring. You pull the spring some, let go, then it returns to normal. It hasn't reached its
yield strength yet. You pull it further. It deforms and will no longer return to its original shape.
You pulled it past its yield strength. Then you pull it even harder. It breaks at its tensile strength.
Also, yielding is not only in tension, but in bending and compression also.
Table 1.2 Design strength of various steel grades.
Clause 3.1.3 of BS 5950 Part-1 list other properties used in design:
• Modulus of Elasticity E=205000 N/mm2

• Shear modulus G = E/[2(1+v)]
• Poisson Ratio ΰ= 0.3
• Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion ά = 12x 10-6/0C
These properties are independent of steel grade.

3
1.4 .1 Advantages of steel
 Better quality control

 Lighter (self-weight is lighter)
 Faster to erect –no curing
 Reduced site time-Fast track construction
 Large column free space-steel being strong and ductile columns are less , more column
free space
 Less percentage of floor area occupied by structural elements –because of lesser section
required
 Has better ductility, superior lateral load behavior, better earth quake resistance.
1.4.2 Disadvantages of steel
 Skilled labor is required

 Higher cost of construction
 Maintenance cost is high (corrosion)
 Poor fire proofing at 1000ºF temperature, 65% of strength remains and at 1600º F 15%
strength remains.
1.5 Design methods
There are 2 different design methods.-Working stress method and limit state method.
Working stress method is an old method which is not in use anymore.
So, this course focuses on limit state design approach.

Steel has the unique property called ductility, so it is able to absorb large deformation beyond elastic
limit without fracture. Due to this ductile property, steel possesses reserve strength beyond yield
strength. This reserve strength is not used in elastic design (working stress method).
Figure 1.1 Application of Elastic and plastic theory

4
Figure 1.2 Stress-strain curve of steel
1. Limit state design (Refer page 10, section 2.1.3 –BS 5950-Part1:2000)
Limit states are the acceptable limits for the safety and serviceability requirements of the
structure before failure occurs. The design of structures by this method will thus ensure that they
will not reach limit states and will not become unfit for the use for which they are intended.
There are mainly 2 types of limit states namely
ULS-Ultimate limit state –concerned with strength of the structure.
SLS -Limit state of serviceability–concerned with
• local damage which reduces the durability of the structure .

• unacceptable deformations which affect the efficient use of structural elements .
• excessive vibration or noise which can cause discomfort to people or affect the proper
functioning of equipment;
• deformations and deflections which may spoil the aesthetic appearance of the structure.
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Ultimate limit state Serviceability limit state

strength deflection
stability Vibration
Crack due to fatigue durability
Brittle fracture
1.6 Loads
1. Dead loads due to the weight of the building materials. ( Refer BS 648:1964-Schedule of
weights of building materials)
2. Imposed loads due to people, furniture, materials stored, snow, erection and maintenance
loads. Refer to BS 6399.Part 1 and listed in Table 1.1 below.
3. Wind loads. These depend on the location, the building size and height, openings in walls etc.
Wind causes external andinternal pressures and suctions on building surfaces. Wind force cause
vibrationin structures. Wind loads are estimated from maximum wind speeds that can be
expected in a 50-year period. They are to be estimated in accordance BS 6399: Part 2.
Table 1.3 Live Load(Imposed load) on buildings as per BS 6399 Part-1
1.7 Characteristic load
A characteristic load is defined as the value which has a 95% probability of not being exceeded
during the life of the structure.
Design load = Characteristic load X partial safety factor
1.8 Characteristic strength
Characteristic strength is defined as the strength below which not more than five per cent of the
test results are expected to fall.
6
Factor of safety-: To allow for construction tolerance we use partial safety factors on
material and loading
 Partial safety factor on material [γm]:
Design strength= Characteristic Strength γk

` Partial factor of Safety γm
For structural steel γm= 1 (ref: page 10 of BS5950-Part1)
 Partial safety factor for loads (γf). As per BS 5950 Part -1, the partial safety factor for
different loads and load combinations are as given below.
Loads Partial safety

factor (γf)
Dead load 1.4
Live load 1.6
Wind load 1.4
1.9 Load combinations (Refer pg 12, Table 2-BS 5950-Part1:2000)
 Load combination 1: Dead load + imposed load
Design load =1.4 DL+1.6 IL
 Load combination 2: Dead load + wind load
Design load = 1.4 DL+1.4 DL
 Load combination 3: Dead load + imposed load plus wind load.
Design load = 1.2 DL+1.2 LL +1.2 WL

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1.10 Types of steel sections
Cold rolled sections- Thin steel plates which can be formed into a wide range of section by cold
rolling. The most important uses for cold- rolled sections in steel structures are for purlins and
sheeting rails. Three common sections are manufactured: Zed, C section (also called as lipped
channel) and Sigma section.
Cold rolled sections are light weighted, high strength and cost-effective.
Typical “sigma” section
Figure 1. 3 Cold rolled sections
Hot rolled section
Figure 1. 4 Hot rolled sections
1.11 Section Properties
The following are the section properties which you will learn while designing various members
in this course. Please check steel table to know in detail.
- Mass per Meter;

- The section dimensions [depth, breadth, web thickness, flange thickness];
- The location of the centroid if the section is asymmetrical about one or both axes;
- Area of the cross-section;
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- Moments of inertia about various axes;

- Radius of Gyration about various axes;
- Elastic and Plastic Modulus of the Section
However, for compound section and built-up sections, the properties must be calculated from
first principal.
1.12 Fire Protection of Structural Steel work
Although steel is an incombustible material its strength and stiffness may be reduced rapidly
when subjected to high temperature..
Therefore for most types of building the steelwork must be provided with some form of fire
protection .Sufficient protection must be provided for the main skeleton of the building to stand
up long enough for people inside to escape. Thus minimum periods ranging from 30 minutes for
a small residential building to 4 hours for store are specified.
The most widely used fire protections materials include:
 Sprayed:
 Fire resistant boards;
 In tumescent coating
 Block Filled Columns;
 Block work, brickwork or concrete encasement.
9
Figure 1.5 Common Types of steel sections (Courtesy: Steel Designer’s Manual)
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1.13 Types of design based on connection
Simple design - Pinned connection. Moments are not developed in these joints.
Figure 1.6 Pinned connection (simple design/ simple construction).
Semi rigid connection _Joints resists moments partially. This type of construction is not
recommended as the design concept is not matured enough for practical use.
Rigid connection (moment resisting connection)- These joints are designed to resist moments.
Figure 1.7 Semi rigid and Rigid connections
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: This course is based on simple connection. Semi continuous and rigid connections are out
of scope of this course.
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1.14 Structural members
Structural members are categorized based up on the internal forces in them. For example:
• Tension member –subjected to tensile axial force only
• Column or compression member –subjected to compressive axial force only
• Tension/Compression member –subjected to tensile/compressive axial forces
• Beam member –subjected to flexural loads, i.e., shear force and bending moment only.
The axial force in a beam member is negligible.
• Beam-column member – member subjected to combined axial force and flexural loads
(shear force, and bending moments)
We will learn about each member in detail in this course.
References:
1. DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES - 06CV72 Dr. M. C. Nataraja

2. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/IIT- MADRAS/ Design_Steel_Structures_I /6_beams
/2_concept_of_limit_state_design.pdf
3. https://civiltechnocrats.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/section4-1.pdf
4. Steel Designer Manual by Buick Davison &GrahmsW.Owens [Black well Publishing]
5. Design of Structural elements Steelwork by Chanakya Arya BS-5950 Part-I
6. Structural steel work- Design to limit state theory- Dennis Lam
7. http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studi
o_reference/elements/introduction_to_design_codes/fabrics_of_safety/
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Unit 2 : Design of tension members

2.1 Introduction
A tension member transmits a direct axial pull between two points in a structural frame.
Tension members are very efficient since the entire cross section carries uniform stress unlike
flexural members.
The tension members do not buckle even when stressed beyond the elastic limit. Hence the
design is not affected by the type of section used i.e., Plastic, Compact or Semi-compact.
The strength of these members is influenced by several factors such as
 the length of connection
 type of connection (by bolts or welds)
 connection eccentricity
 size and shape of fasteners
 net area of cross-section
 shear lag at the end connection.
Some of the common examples of tension members in structures are;
 Bottom chord of pin jointed roof trusses,

 Bridges
 Transmission line and communication towers,
 Wind bracing system in multi-storey buildings, etc
Figure 2.1 Roof Truss

Sem 2 2015-16
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Figure 2.2 Truss bridge
Figure 2.3 Transmission tower

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Figure 2. 4 Wind bracing system in multistory building
2.2 Types of sections used as tension members.
The main sections used for tension members are:
(1) Open sections such as

 angles
 channels
 tees
 universal beams
 Universal columns
Angle
Figure 2.5 Open sections

15
(2) Closed sections.They are hollow sections.

 Square hollow sections (S.H.S)
 Rectangular hollow sections (R.H.S)
 Circular hollow sections (C.H.S)
Figure 2.6 Closed sections
(3) Compound sections . Made of two or 4 sections as shown below. Double angles and
Double channels are commonly used in roof trusses.
Figure 2.7 Compound sections

16
(4) Built-up sections .
These are structural members made from individual plates welded or bolted together, based on
designer’s requirement.
Figure 2.8 Built-up sections
(5) Round bars, flats and cables can also be used for tension members where there is no reversal
of load.
2.3. Design of tension members

2.3.1 Axially loaded tension members
The tension capacity is given in Section 4.6.1 of BS 5950: Part 1, page 79.
Pt = Aepy
Where Ae is the sum of effective net area of the section defined in Sections 3.4.3 pg 29 of code.
From Section 3.4.3, the effective area of each element of a cross section is given by:
ae = Ke× an ; ae ≤ ag
Ke = 1.2 for S275
1.1 for S355
1.0 for S460
[Net area (an) = gross area less holes.]
2.3 Simple tension members
Usually angles are connected to gusset plates by bolting or welding only one of the two legs .
This leads to eccentric tension in the member, causing non-uniform distribution of stress over
the cross section.
17
(1) Single angles, channels or T-section members connected through one leg (Section
4.6.3.1:BS 5950-1,pg 79 )
For bolted connection: Pt= py (Ae− 0.5a2)

For welded connection: Pt= py (Ag− 0.3a2)
Where a2 equals (Ag− a1), where Ag is the gross cross-sectional area
a1is the gross sectional area of the connected leg.
Single unequal angle connected by longer leg with

gusset plate
T section connected by flange with gusset plate
Channel section connected by web with gusset
(2) Double angles, channels or T-section members connected through both side of a gusset
(Section 4.6.3.2:BS 5950-1,pg 80 )
For bolted connection: Pt= py(Ae− 0.25a2),

For welded connection: Pt= py(Ag− 0.15a2).
18
Channel section connected on both side of gusset plate
(3) Double angles, channels connected to same side of gusset plates

or not interconnected as explained in (2) – Use formula given in (1) as they are treated as
separate members.
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(4) Other simple ties
A single angle connected through both legs by lug angles, a single channel connected by both
flanges or a T section connected only through stem or both flange and stem should be designed
as axially loaded. The tension capacity is based on effective net area from 3.4.3, pg 29 of BS
5950-1.
Design example 1:
A 200x200x16 mm angle section in grade S275 is to be used as a tie. Firstly the connection will
be made by a welded gusset plate and secondly by two M24 bolts in a line across the width of the
member. Determine the tension capacity in each case.
Give py= 275 N/mm2
Tmax is ≤ 16 mm; Therefore py= 275 N/mm2
Determine a1 and a2
For connected leg a1 = 200x16 =3200 mm2
From steel table , area of the section = Ag= 61.8 cm2
For unconnected leg a2 = 6180 -3200 = 2980 mm2
Using welded connection
Tension capacity: Pt = py (Ag− 0.3a2) = 275(6180 − 0.3 × 2980/103 = 1454 kN.
Using bolted connection
For connected leg, the net area = an1 = a1-2 x Dh x t=3200-2 x26 x 16 = 2368 mm2
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Diameter of the hole = Dh = 26 mm (Refer Table 33, pg 139, BS 5950- Part 1)

t= thickness of the section = 16 mm.
Effective area = Ke an1 but ≤ ag = 1.2 x 2368 = 2842 mm2 ≤ 3200 mm2
Ae = ae1 + a2 = 2842 + 2980 = 5822 mm2
Tension capacity = Pt = py (Ae-0.5 a2) ref: cl. 4.6.3.1
= 275 (5822-0.5x2980) 10-3
= 1191 kN.
Example 2. Design a single angle for tension to carry a dead load of 70 kN and an imposed load
of 35 kN. Use S275 grade steel.Use 16 mm dia bolts.
(1) Bolted connection
Factored load = (1.4 × 70) + (1.6 × 35) = 154 kN.

Increase the load by 20% to find a trial section.
Approximate area required A= 1. 2 x Factored load
Design strength of material
= 1.2 x 154 x 1000 = 672 mm2

275
Try 70×70×6 angle connected through one leg.

Dh= 18mm. (for 16 mm diameter bolt) (Refer Table 33, pg 139, BS 5950-Part 1)
Design strength py= 275 N/mm2 (Table 6: BS 5950-Part-1)
2
Ag = 813 mm
a1= gross area of connected element = 70x6=420 mm2
an1 = net area of connected leg = 70 x6-18x 6 = 312 mm2,
ae1 = Ke an1
= 1.2 x 312 = 374.4 mm2 ˂ 420 mm2 ( cl 3.4.3, BS 5950 –Part1, 2000)
2
a2 = area of unconnected leg = Ag –a1 = 813-420 =393 mm ,
Ae=ae1+a2 = 374.4+393=767.4 mm2
Tension capacity: Pt = py (Ae− 0.5a2) = 275(767.4 − 0.5 × 393)/103
= 157 kN. > 154 kN (safe) Hence Provide L 70x70x6
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(2) Welded connection

Try 70 × 70 × 6 L connected through one leg
a1= 70 × 6 = 420 mm2,
a2= Ag – a1= 813- 420 = 393 mm2,
Tension capacity:
Pt= py (Ag − 0.3a2) = 275(813 − 0.3 × 393)/103= 191.2 kN. Greater than 154 kN. Safe
Example 3 : A 610 x 229 UB 125 tension member of S355 steel is connected through both
flanges by 20mm bolts in four lines, two in each flange as shown in Fig below. Check the
member for a factored tensile force of 4000 kN.
T= 19.6 mm py=345 N/mm2 (Table 9)

2
Ag= 15900 mm
An=15900 -4x22x19.6 = 14175 mm2 (cl. 3.4.4.2)
For S355 steel, Ke =1.1 (cl. 3.4.3)

Ae= Ke An = 1.1 x 14175 = 15593 mm2 ˂ Ag= 15900 mm2 cl. 4.6.1
Pt= 345 x 15593 / 103 = 5380 kN > 4000 kN. (safe)
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Exercises:
2.1 A tie member in a roof truss is subjected to a factored tensile force of 1000 kN. Design this
member using Grade S275 steel and an equal angle section.Use welded connection.
2.2 A tension member in Grade S275 steel consists of 2 No. 150×90×10 mm unequal angles
placed back to back. They are connected on both side of the gusset plate. At the connection,
two rows of 2 No. 22mm diameter holes are drilled through the longer legs of the angles.
Determine the tensile capacity of the member.
2.3 Design a T section to carry a tensile force of 1000 KN. The flange of the section is connected
with the gusset plate of 8 mm thick. Use 2 rows of 20 mm dia bolt. Use S275 grade steel.
2.4 Determine the design tensile strength of the plate 120 mm x 8 mm connected
to a 12mm thick gusset plate with bolt holes as shown in figure below. Use S275 steel. The
diameter of the bolts used is 16 mm.
2.5 A single unequal angle 100 x 75 x 8 mm is connected to a 12 mm thick gusset plate at the
ends with 6 numbers of 20 mm diameter bolts to transfer tension as shown in Fig below.
Determine the design tensile strength of the angle if the gusset is connected to the 100 mm leg.
Use S355 steel. The diameter of the bolts used is 20 mm.
23
2.6 A tension member of a roof truss carries a factored axial tension of 430 KN. Design the
section using welded connection. Use S275 grade steel. (Note: Try channel section. gusset
plate is connected with the web)
2.7 A tie member in a bracing system consists of two angles 75 x 75 x 6 mm bolted to a 10 mm

thick gusset plate one on each side using a single row of bolts and tack bolted. Determine the
tensile capacity of the member. Use S355 grade steel and M 16 bolts.
2.8. Design a suitable channel section to carry a factored tensile force of 210 kN assuming two
rows of 20 dia bolts connected with web .The gusset plate is connected with the web of the
section. Use S275 grade steel.
2.9. A single unequal angle 100 X 75 X 8 mm is connected to a 12 mm thick gusset plate at the
ends with 6 nos. 20 mm diameter bolts to transfer tension. Determine the design tensile strength
of the angle. Use S275 grade steel.
(a) if the gusset is connected to the 100 mm leg,
(b) if the gusset is connected to the 75 mm leg.
24
References:
1. Behaviour and Design of Steel Structures to BS 5950; Mark A Bradford, David Nethercot,
Nick Trahair
2. Structural Steel Design to BS5950 Part 1 : Frixos Joannides ; Alan Weller

3. Red Book : Hand book of structural steel work : Steel construction Institute.
4. BS 5950:Part1:2000- Structural use of steelwork in building –Part1:Code of practice for
design of rolled and welded sections.
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Unit 3: Connections.
3A. Bolted connection.
3.1A Introductory concepts
There are different types of bolted connections.
1) Classification based on the type of resultant force transferred:
 concentric connections (force transfer in tension and compression member),
 Eccentric connections (in reaction transferring brackets) or moment resisting connections (in
beam to column connections in frames).
Ideal concentric connections should have only one bolt passing through all the members meeting at a
joint [Fig. 3.1A(a)]. However, in practice, this is not usually possible and so it is only ensured that
the centroidal axes of the members meet at one point [See Fig. 3.1A(b)].
Fig 3.1A Concentric connection
Figure 3.2A Eccentric connection
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Figure 3.3A Column beam connection- moment connection.
2) Classification based on type of loading

 shear connections –in lap joints and butt joints (Fig3.4A) .Since the load acts in the plane of
the plates, the load transmission at the joint will be through shearing forces in the bolts.
.
Fig. 3.4A Shear connection
 tension connections –hanger connection. In this connection, load transmission is by pure
tension in the bolts.
Fig 3. 5A Tension connection.
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 combined shear and tension connection
Fig 3.6A Tension and shear connection
3.2A Type of bolts
The types of bolt commonly used in UK construction are:

• Non-preloaded bolts (Grade 4.6 and Grade 8.8)-also known as black bolts.
• Preloaded High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) bolts.
To reduce errors on site, the mixing of different grades of bolts of the same diameter on any one
project should be avoided.
1.0 Non preloaded bolts (ordinary bolts)
They are also known as black bolts
The preferred size of bolts are 12,16,20,22,24 mm diameter.
There are 3 grades of ordinary bolts-M4.6, M8.8, M10.9
M stands for metric.
The number before the point indicates the ultimate tensile strength of bolt divided by 100.
The number after the point indicates 10 times the ratio of tensile yield strength to tensile ultimate
strength.
For example, grade 8.8 bolt has a nominal ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 800N/mm2 and tensile
yield strength of 640N/mm2 .
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The nominal diameter of holes for ordinary bolts Dh is as follows
Dh =db+1 for db=12mm db=diameter of bolt (Table 33:BS 5950)
Dh=db+2 mm for 16≤ db≤24 mm
Dh = db+3 mm for db≥ 27 mm.
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First let us learn bolted shear connection.

3.3A Bolted shear connection
We have to design the bolted shear connection in such a way that the factored design strength should
be more than the factored load.
Hence we have to examine the various possible failure modes in the connection and calculate the
corresponding design strength.
Possible failure modes are
a) Shear failure of the bolts
b) Block shear failure
c) Bearing failure of bolt
d) Bearing failure of connected part.
Let us learn each in detail.
a) Shear capacity of a bolt Ps= psAs (6.3.2.1 BS 5950-1, pg 136)
Ps=shear strength (Table 30-BS5950-1,pg 137)
As=shear area (Refer Table 3.5A). Shear area is also known as tensile stress area At; Refer 6.3.1
of BS 5950-1, pg 136)
Table 3.1A Shear strength of bolt (Taken from Table 30-pg137, BS 5950)
Bolt can be in single shear or double shear as shown below.

when bolt is in double shear, two cross sections are effective in resisting the load.
The bolt in double shear will have twice the strength of bolt in single shear.
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Fig. 3.7A Single shear failure and double shear failure in bolts
Fig 3.8A (a) Bolt failure in single shear Fig.3.8A (b) Bolt failure in double shear
b) Block shear failure

Block shear failure in the connection is caused by block of material within the bolted area
breaking away from the remainder of the section.In this failure the main part of the member
tears away from the connection. See the picture below (Fig 3.9A)
Fig 3.9A. Block shear failure in a beam

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Block shear capacity = 0.6py t[Le+Ke(Lt-kDt)] (cl. 6.2.4 of BS 5950-1; pg 135)

Where Dt is the hole diameter
k is a coefficient ; k=0.5 for single row of bolts
k=2.5 for double row of bolts
Lt is length of the tension face see figure below
Lv is length of the shear face
t is the thickness
Fig 3.10A Block shear –Effective shear area

C) Bearing failure
Bearing failure happens when the hole is slightly larger than the bolt and the bolt is loosely placed in
hole.
Bearing failure of bolt : If the connected plates are made of high strength steel then failure of bolt
can take place by bearing of the plates on the bolts.
Figure 3.11A Bearing failure of bolts
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Bearing failure of connected part :

If the plate material is weaker than the bolt material, then failure will occur on the plate and the hole
will elongate.(see fig 3.12A )
Fig 3.12A Bearing failure of plate
The bearing capacity of bolt Pbb= dtppbb

pbb is the bearing strength of the bolt obtained from Table 31.
d is the nominal diameter of the bolt
tp is the thickness of the connected part
Bearing capacity of connected part (cl. 6.3.3.3)
Pbs = kbs db tp pbs ≤ 0.5kbs e tp pbs
where
ps -shear strength of the bolts given in Table 30-BS 5950,pg 137
pbb- bearing strength of the bolts given in Table 31-BS 5950,pg 138
pbs -bearing strength of the connected part given in Table 32-BS 5950,pg 138
e - end distance
As - effective area of bolts in shear, normally taken as the tensile stress area
tp -thickness of connected part
kbs = 1.0 for bolts in standard clearance holes.
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Table 3.2A. Bearing strength of bolts (based on Table 33, BS 5950-1)
Table 3.3A. Bearing strength of connected parts (based on Table 32 of BS 5950-1)
3.4A Bolted connection subjected to tension (cl 6.3.4.2 pg 139-BS 5950)

So far we have learnt about shear connection. Now let us see how to design the bolts which are
subjected to tension.(Recollect the figure 3.5A)
P nom = 0.8pt At
P nom is the nominal tension capacity of the bolt
pt is the tension strength of the bolt obtained from Table 34 , BS 5950-1
At is the tensile stress area as specified in the appropriate bolt standard (given in Table 3.5A).
Table 3.4A. Tensile strength of bolts (based on Table 34, BS 5950-1)
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Table 3.5A. Tensile stress area of bolts (Taken from Chankya and Arya book)
Example 1:
A Lap joint between plates 65 mmx 8 mm is shown below. It transmits a factored load of 45 kN
using black bolts of 16mm diameter and grade 4.6. The plates are made of steel of grade S275.
Check the shear capacity and bearing capacity and calculate the number of bolts required to make
the connection. Also find the pitch and edge distance.
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Solution:
1) Strength Calculations:
Nominal diameter of bolt d= 16 mm,
hole diameter D = 16 +2 = 18 mm
Shear Area of one bolt As =Tensile stress area=At = 157 mm2
Shear capacity of each bolt = ps As = 160 N/mm2 x 157 mm2 = 25.12 kN
Bearing capacity of bolt=db tp pbb =16x8x460 =58.9 KN
Bearing capcity of plate = Pbs= kbspbs db tp = 1x 460x16x 8 = 58.9 kN
Pbs ≤ 0.5 kbs e tp pbs =0.5x1x35x8x460 = 64.4 kN
Therefore, bolt value = 25.12 kN (min of all the three)
No. of bolts required = 45/25.12 = 1.79 say 2 bolts
2) Detailing:
Minimum pitch = 2.5 d = 40 mm ;
Maximum pitch= 14t =14x8=112 mm; so provide pitch =50 mm
Minimum edge distance = 1.25 D = 1.25x18=22.5 mm
Max. Edge distance = 11t€ =11x8x1 =88 mm ;so provide edge distance=35mm.
Example 2: A686x254x125 UB is connected to a column by web cleats with a single row of bolts. If
the reaction is 350kN and there are four 20mm diameter bolts through the web as in figure belw,
check if the section is adequate for block shear failure.
Block shear capacity = 0.6py t[Le+Ke(Lt-kDt)] (cl. 6.2.4 of BS 5950-1; pg 135)
Where Dt is the hole diameter =22mm
k is a coefficient ; k=0.5 for single row of bolts
py=265 N/mm2 (T=16.5 mm)
t=web thickness =11.7 mm
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Lv is the length of the shear face= 225 mm

Lt is length of the tension face = 60 mm
Ke =effective net area coefficient = 1.2 (S275 grade)
Block shear capacity = 0.6x265x11.7[225+1.2x(60-0.5x22)]

=527.95 kN This is greater than the applied load. So section is safe.
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Ex 3: A single angle tension member, L 100 x 100 x 10 made from S275 steel is connected to a
gusset plate of 8 mm thick with 20 mm diameter bolts, as shown in Figure below. The factored axial
tension due to dead load and live load are 150 kN and 65 kN respectively.
Calculate the following :
1) Tensile capacity of the section and check if it is safe for the load given.
2) Check if bolts are adequate in shear, bearing and block shear. (Note: Find suitable pitch and edge
distance. Please note that number of bolts shown in the figure is indicative only. It should be
found.)
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3 B. Welded connections
3.1B Introductory concepts: Welding is defined as a process where two or more pieces of metal are
joined together by use of heat and pressure, with supplementary molten metal at the joint.
Fig.3.1B Fillet weld
Some of the common Welding processes are

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) –manual welding , used in field
Submerged arc welding (SAW)-semi automatic or automatic welding, used in shop.
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1. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) also known as Manual metal arc welding
An electric current, from a welding power supply, is used to form an electric arc between the
electrode and the metals to be joined.
The workpiece and the electrode melts forming the weld pool that cools to form a joint.
As the weld is laid, the flux coating of the electrode disintegrates, giving off vapors that serve
as a shielding gas and providing a layer of slag, both of which protect the weld area from
atmospheric contamination.
This gas prevents the molten weld from oxidizing before it solidifies.
− As the weld cools, impurities rise to the surface, forming a coating called slag that must be
removed before the member is painted .
− Shielded metal arc welding is usually done manually and is the process universally used for
field welds.
2 Submerged Arc welding
For shop welding, an automatic or semi automatic process is usually used. Foremost among
these is the submerged arc welding (SAW).
• In this process, the end of the electrode and the arc are submerged in a granular flux that
melts and forms a gaseous shield. There is more penetration into the base metal than with shielded
metal arc welding, and higher strength results.
• Other commonly used processes for shop welding are gas shielded metal arc, flux cored arc,
and electro-slag welding.
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Quality control of welded connections is particularly difficult, because defects below the
surface, or even minor flaws at the surface, will escape visual detection.
Welders must be properly certified, and for critical work, special inspection techniques such
as radiography or ultrasonic testing must be used.
3.2B Advantages and disadvantages of welded connection.

 Advantages of welded connection.
1. Less fabrication cost compared to other methods as there is no drilling or punching.
2. Welding offers air tight and water tight joining and hence is ideal for oil storage tanks,
ships etc.
3. Welded structures also have a neat appearance .
4. Welded structures are more rigid compared to structures with riveted and bolted
connections.
 Disadvantages
1. Requires skilled manpower for welding as well as inspection.
2. Welding in the field may be difficult due to the location or environment.
3. Welded joints are highly prone to cracking under fatigue loading.
4. Large residual stresses and distortion are developed in welded connections
3.3B Types of weld
There are two types of weld which are commonly used.
 Fillet weld - examples: lap joint – fillet welds placed in the corner formed by two
plates ; Tee joint – fillet welds placed at the intersection of two plates.
Fig. 3.2(B) (a) Fillet weld lap joint (b) Fillet weld T joint
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 Butt weld : different shapes ; partial and full penetration.
Fig 3.3B. Butt weld with full penetration
Fig 3.4B. Butt weld with partial penetration
Fig 3.5B. Butt weld shapes
3.4B Design of fillet weld

 Fillet welds are most common and used in all structures.
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 fillet weld can be loaded in any direction in shear, compression, or tension. However, it
always fails in shear.
 The shear failure occurs along a plane through the throat of the weld (Figure 3.7B)
 Shear stress in fillet weld of length L subjected to load P= fv= P/0.707s L
Where s is size of fillet weld
a is effective throat size
fv should not exceed design strength of fillet weld pw (Table 37-BS 5950-1, pg 151)
Fig. 3.6B. Size (s) and effective throat size (a) of fillet weld
Failure Plane
Fig.3.7B. Plane of shear failure in fillet weld
There are two methods given in BS 5950 for deign of fillet weld.
• Simple method - The direction of force acting on the weld is not considered in this method.
Cl. 6.8.7.2
• In this method, the vector sum of the design stresses due to all the forces acting on the weld
should not exceed its design strength, pw.
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• The directional method - out of scope of this handout. Cl. 6.8.7.3
Table 1B. Design strength of fillet weld (Taken from Table 37-BS 5950-1, pg 151)
3.5B Code provisions
Important provisions regarding fillet welds are set out in Clause 6.7.2 of BS5950: Part 1. Some of
these are listed below:
a) End returns for fillet welds around corners should be at least twice the leg length.
b) In end connections the length of weld should not be less than the transverse spacing between
the welds.(see the figure below)
(c) In lap joints the lap length should not be less than four times the thickness of the thinner plate.
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(d) Intermittent welds should not be used under fatigue conditions. The spacing between
intermittent welds should not exceed 300mm or 16t for parts in compression or 24t for parts in
tension, where t is the thickness of the thinner plate.
3.6B Welding symbols
 Welding symbols provide a system for placing welding information on drawings and work
sites for the purpose of relaying information to welders, fabricators, inspectors, etc.
 These symbols quickly indicate the type of weld joint needed to satisfy the requirements for
the intended service conditions.
 The weld symbol identifies the specific type of weld (e.g., fillet, butt weld etc.).
 The welding symbol is the weld symbol with all the additional element information (e.g.,
size, pitch, length, etc.) applied to it.
 Note: The figures shown below illustrate how to draw the symbol correctly representing the
size, length and pitch of fillet weld. Unit used is inches.
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Example 1:
Example 1: Determine the size and length of the weld required to develop the full strength of the
smaller plate in the joint shown in Figure below. Use S275 grade steel.
Solution
Cross sectional area of smaller plate = 75 X 12 = 900 mm2

Permissible tension in plate = 275 N/mm2
Strength of the smaller plate = 900 X 275 = 247500 N
Maximum size of fillet weld = Thickness of plate – 1.5 mm = 12.0 – 1.5 = 10.5 mm
Design strength in fillet weld = 220 N/mm2 (Table 37, pg 151-BS 5950)
Strength of 10.5 mm fillet weld per mm length = 10.5 X 0.7 X 220 = 1617 N/mm
Total length of fillet weld = 247.5/ 1.617= 153 mm.
This weld is distributed on either side of the plate. so, each side 153/2=77 mm say 80 mm.
Also provide weld on edges , 2s=1x10.5=21mm. ( Clause 6.7.2 of BS5950: Part 1).
Note : There is no code provision in BS 5950-1 regarding minimum and maximum weld size.
However, based on Indian standard IS 800,
Minimum size of fillet weld= 4.0 mm

Maximum size is 1.5 mm less than thickness of thinner plate
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Example 2: Design the fillet weld for the direct shear connection for the angle loaded as shown in
Figure below, where the load acts through the centroidal axis of the angle. The steel is Grade S275:
Factored load = (1.4 × 50) + (1.6 × 60) = 166 kN,
Min size of weld= 4mm
Max size of weld =5-1.5= 3.5 mm ;
So provide 4 mm size fillet weld.
Use 4-mm fillet weld, strength =0.7x4mm x 220 N/mm2= 616 N/mm, (Design strength of weld=
220N/mm2 , for electrode strength 35 N/mm2, Table 37,BS 5950)
Length required = 166/0.616 = 269.5 mm, say 270 mm
Balance the weld on each side as shown in Figure below.
Side X, length = 270 × 45.1/65 = 188 mm,
Side Y, length = 270 − 188 = 82 mm ; Provide on sides 2s=2x4=8 mm say 10 mm.
References:
1) http://www.steel-insdag.org/TeachingMaterial/chapter33.pdf
2) Structural Steel Design to BS 5950, Part 1 By Frixos Joannides, Alan Weller, Thomas
Telford
3) http://www.egr.msu.edu/
4) BS5950-1:2000 Code of Practice for design: Rolled and welded sections.
5) https://app.aws.org/itrends/2009/07/it200907/it0709-14.pdf
6) http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105103094/12
7) Structural steel work- Design to limit state theory- Dennis Lam
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Unit 4 –Compression members
4.1 Introduction
Compression members carry axial compressive load. They are called as column or stanchion.
Compression members, in roof truss and bracing are called as strut (Figure 4.1).
Figure 4.1 Types of compression members
4.2 Compression member sections

 Rolled, compound and built-up sections are used for columns.
 Universal columns are used in buildings where axial load predominates
 Universal beams are often used to resist heavy moments that occur in columns in industrial
buildings.
 Single angles, double angles, tees, channels and structural hollow sections are the common
sections used for struts in trusses, lattice girders and bracing. Compression member sections are
shown in Figure 4.2 and 4.3.
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Prepared by: Dr. Lakshmi Srikanth
Course code and name: CECE 3241/ Design of structures-II
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Figure 4.2 Sections used as compression members
Figure 4.3 Compound sections
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Figure 4.4 Loads and moments on compression members
4.3 Loads on compression members

 Axial loading on columns in buildings is due to loads from roofs, floors and walls transmitted
to the column through beams and to self weight (see Figure 4.4(a)).
 Bending moment in columns can be due to the eccentricity of the floor beam reactions from
the column axis.
 Wind loads on multi-storey buildings designed to the simple design method are resisted by the
bracings at floor levels, and so do not cause moments.
 In industrial buildings, loads from cranes and wind cause moments in columns, as shown in
Figure 4.4(b). In this case, the wind is applied as a distributed load to the column through the
sheeting rails.
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 In rigid frame construction, moments are transmitted through the joints from beams to
column, as shown in Figure 4.4(c). Rigid frame design is outside the scope of this handout.
4.4 Mode of failure of column
Column may fail due to

 Crushing
 Buckling
 Both crushing and buckling.
1. Crushing failure:
A short column, post or pedestal fails by crushing or squashing, as shown in Figure 4.5(a). The
squash load Py= pyA, Where A is the area of cross-section.
2. Buckling failure
A long or slender column fails by buckling, as shown in Figure 4.5(b). Such member has a critical
load which causes elastic instability due to which the member fails.
The above two failures occur at extreme cases.
3. Crushing and buckling : This is the common type of failure. For all intermediate slenderness
ratios , the column fails due to combined effect of crushing and buckling.
Figure 4.5 Behavior of member in axial compression
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4.5 Local buckling The cross section of most of the structural members may be considered to be
an assemble of flat plate elements.as these plates are relatively thin,they may buckle locally when
subjected to compression . This pheonmenon is independent of the length of the member and hence it
is termed as local buckling.
Fig. 4.6 Local buckling of column
 Local buckling has the effect of reducing the load carrying capacity of columns and beams
due to the reduction in stiffness and strength of the locally buckled plate elements.
 Most of the hot rolled steel sections have enough wall thickness to eliminate local buckling
before yielding.
 However, fabricated sections and thin-walled cold-formed steel members usually experience
local buckling of plate elements before the yield stress is reached.
Local buckling is dependent on number of parameters. They are
1. Width to thickness of the element.

2. Support conditions –internal or outstand elements.
3. Yield strength of the material-higher the yield strength greater is the likelihood of buckling
before the yield is reached. (Reason: High yield strength means the member is subject to large
deformation before it develops full plastic capacity).
4. Stress distribution across the width of the element
5. Residual stresses- The presence of weld with in the cross section can produce residual stresses
which adversely affect the behaviour with respect to local buckling.
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Figure 4.7 Internal or outstand elements
4.6 Section classification
Column cross-sections are classified as follows in accordance with their behavior under load:
Class 1 - Plastic : Cross sections with plastic hinge rotation capacity. Elements subject to
compression that meet the limits for class 1 given in table 11 or table 12 (of BS 5950-Part1 :2000)
should be classified as class 1 plastic.
Class 2 - Compact : cross sections with plastic moment capacity. Elements subject to
compression that meet the limits for class 2 given in Table 11or Table 12 (of BS 5950-Part1 :2000)
should be classified as class 2 compact.
Class 3 - Semi-compact :cross sections in which the stress at the extreme compression fibre can
reach the design strength, but the plastic moment capacity can not be developed. Elements that meet
the limits for class 3 given in Table 11 or Table 12 (of BS 5950-Part1 :2000) should be classified as
class 3 semi compact.
Class 4 – Slender: cross sections in which it is necessary to make explicit allowance for the
effects of local buckling. Elements subject to compression that do not meet the limits for class 3 semi
compact in Table 11 or 12 (of BS 5950-Part1 :2000) are classified as slender.
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Fig 4. 8 Moment rotation behaviour of cross sections
The class into which particular section falls depends upon
a} Slenderness of each elements { defined by a width–to--thickness ratio}
b} The compressive stress distribution
Flat elements in a cross section are classified as:

- Internal elements supported on both longitudinal edges;
- Outside elements attached on one edge with the other free. (Refer Figure 4.6)
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4.7 Buckling
When a structural member is subjected to compressive stresses, it deflects outward

(similar to bending). This is called “buckling”. The load at which a compression
member buckles is called the “critical load” (P c r ) or the Euler Buckling Load (P E )
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after Leonhard E uler, the Swiss mathematician, who computed it about three
hundred years ago:
In this equation, π = 3.14, E is the modulus of elasticity (N/mm 2 ), Ι is the moment

of inertia(cm 4 ) about which the column buckles, kl is the effective length of the
column against buckling (m), and P E (or P c r ) is the Euler Buckling Load (in N)
Fig 4.9 column under a concentric axial load exhibit buckling
4.8 Effective length. (cl. 4.7.3, page81 of BS 5950-1)
The effective length is defined as the distance between points of zero moments. The effective length
of the member depends on its segment length (L) and the ‘k’ factor. The k factor depends on the end
conditions of the member.
Effective length LE = k L ( Table 22 of BS 5950 Part-1. Pg 81)
Note: Table 22 is not applicable for angles, channels and T sections. They should be designed in
accordance with section 4.7.10 of BS 5950-1, pg 94 and Table 25 page 96 of BS 5950-1.
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Figure 4.10 Effective length of compression member for various end conditions
Buckling will occur in major axis and minor axis.
Minor axis buckling will be the critical one as it is weak axis.
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But sometimes we have check for both minor and major axis buckling if there is some support in
between the columns as shown in figure below. The reason is effective length of the compression
member will be different which is explained below.
Fig .4.11 Major axis (strong axis)buckling Minor axis (weak axis) buckling
In the above figure, Let the length of the compression member is L. Ends are pinned. There is an
intermediate connection in web.
For major axis buckling , The effective length of compression member in major axis= KL =1xL=L
For minor axis buckling , The effective length of compression member in minor axis = 0.5 KL = 0.5
L (as K=1)
4.9 Compressive resistance (Pc) (cl. 4.7.4 pg 81-82, BS 5950-1)
Pc = Ag pc (For class 1 plastic, class 2 compact, class 3 semi compcat sections)-obtained from Table
24, pg 84-91 BS 5950-1.
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Pc= Aeff pcs (For slender sections) ;

where Ag=gross cross sectional area;
pc = compressive strength , obtained from Table 24, pg 84-91, BS 5950-1);
Aeff = effective cross sectional area from cl. 3.6 of Bs 5950-1
pcs=is the value of pc for a reduced slenderness of λ (Aeff/Ag)0.5
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Example 1: Calculate the ability of 203X 203 X52 UC in S275 steel to withstand an axial
compressive load of 1250KN over an unsupported height of 3.6 m assuming that both ends are held
in position but are provided with no restaint in direction. Use S275 Grade steel.
soluation- From Steel Table
Sectional Properties of UC 203X203

L=3.6m
A= 6630 mm2 d= 160.8mm T=12.5mm
B= 204.3mm D= 206.2mm t=7.9mm
b/T=8.17 ,d/t=20.4, rxx=8.91 cm , ryy=5.18cm
1. Design strength = py= 275 N/mm2
2. Effective lentgth( LE)= 1.0 L= 3600X1= 3600mm (Table 22-BS 5950-1)
3. Check for local buckling (table 11 ; pg 34-BS 5950-1)
b/T ≤ 15 € € =√
8.17 ≤ 9 € flange is class 1 plastic

d/t ≤ 40 € web is not slender
20.4 ≤ 40 €
Hence column is not slender.
4. Compressive Strength of Section
Pc= Ag X pc (cl 4.7.4 ; pg 81)
pc is based on effective length (λ) &design strength ( py)
A] λxx = LE in xx / rxx = 3600/ 89.1=40.4
B] λyy = LE in yy /ryy = 3600/51.8 = 69.5
Chose the max value of λ as it is critical.
Using strut curve C with S-275 (Table 23, pg 83 )
The compressive strength pc= 182 N/mm2 (Table 24, pg 88)

Design compressive strength=Pc= Agx pc = 6630x 182 = 1206.660 KN.less than the given load.
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This member is not safe to carry the given load.
Example 2 : Check the ability of a 800 mm square box-column fabricated using 25 mm thick S355
grade steel plate to withstand an axial compressive load of 22000 KN over an unsupported length of
10 m .Assuming that the end are held in position,but not restrained in direction.
Solution:-
Take Effective length LE = 1.0L
LE = 1X 10000 = 10000 mm
Determine pc from Table 24, Curve b is used for Fabricated Section
Since T=25 mm > 16mm, take py = 345 N/mm2
Check section classification for pure compression, Need only check section is not slender;
For flange b/T = 40 €
€ =√ = 0.9
Actual b/T = (800 – 2 x 25) / 25 = 30 ≤40 x 0.9 = 36

Hence section is not slender
Iy = [800 X 8003 - 750 X 7503] / 12 = 7.77 X 109 mm4
Ag = (800x800-750x750] = 77500 mm2
ry = (7.77x109/77500)0.5 = 316.5 mm
λ = LE in yy / ry = 10000/316.5 = 31.6
Since section fabricated by welding, Use table-24-b (Table 23,pg 83)
and reduce design strength by 20 N/mm2
py = 345-20 = 325 N/ mm2
λ = 31.6 and py= 325 N/mm2 value of pc= 306 N/mm2 (Table 24,pg 86 )
Pc= Ag X pc = 77500 x 306 = 23715 x103 N =23715 kN. (safe)
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Example 3
An 7.0m long 152x152x30 UC in grade S275 steel is to be used as a strut with pinned ends and will
carry axial load only. Determine its compression resistance.
Solution : From steel table
b/T= 8.13
d/t = 19
Tmax = 9.4 mm
Ag = 38.3 cm2
rx =6.76 cm
ry =3.83 cm
Tmax= 9.4 mm
py= 275 N/mm2
€ =1
Section classification
b/T= 8.13 ≤ 9€ Flange is plastic
d/t =19 ≤ 40€ web semi compact
Hence section is not slender.
Effective length:
LE = 1.0 L = 7.0 m for both x-x and y-y axis. (Table 22, page 81 )
Compression strength ( y axis)
For y axis is buckling slenderness
λ = LE/ ry = 7000/38.3 =183
select strut curve from Table 23,pg 83 BS 5950-1
For UC buckling about y axis use strut curve ( c)
pc = 49 N/mm2
Compression resistance ( y axis)
Pc= Ag pc
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Pcy = 38.3 x 100 x49/1000 = 188 kN

Compression strength ( x axis)
For x axis buckling slenderness λ = LE/rx = 7000/67.6 = 104.
Select strut curve from Table 23 . For UC buckling about x-x axis, use curve (b)
Compression resistance ( x axis)
Pc= Ag pc
Pcx= 38.3 x 100x133/1000 = 509 kN.
Compression resistance is the lesser of Pcx and Pcy
Example 4
A 254 x 254 x 89 in grade S275 is 6.0 m long and is pinned at its ends in both planes. It has a
positional restraint located at its mid-height that prevents lateral movement parallel to the flanges.
Determine its compression resistance.
From section tables:
b/T = 7.41; d/t = 19.4; T max = 17.3 mm;
Ag = 113 cm2; rx = 11.2 cm; ry = 6.55 cm;
Tmax = 17.3 mm; therefore py = 265 N/mm2; thus ε = (275/265)0.5 = 1.02.
Section classification
b/T= 7.41 ≤ 9€ Flange is plastic
d/t =19.4 ≤ 40€ web semi compact
Section is semi compact ( not slender. )
Effective Length
For a section with pinned ends, from Table 22, LE in xx = 1.0 L = 6.0 m for the major axis
due to restraint at mid-height LE in yy = 3.0 m for minor axis.
Compression strength (y axis)
For y axis buckling, slenderness λ = LE in yy /ry = 3000/65.5 = 45.8
Select strut curve from Table 23 For a UC buckling about the y axis, use curve (c).
From Table 24 with λ = 45.8 and py = 265 N/mm2 gives, pc = 220 N/mm2.
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Compression resistance (y axis)

For a non-slender section Pc = Agpc
Pcy = 113 x 100 x 220 / 1000 = 2490 kN
Compression strength (x axis)
For x axis buckling, slenderness λ = LE in xx /rx = 6000/112 = 53.6
Select strut curve from Table 23. For a UC buckling about the x axis, use curve (b).
From Table 24 with λ = 53.6 and py = 265 N/mm2 gives, pc = 224 N/mm2.
Compression resistance
For a non-slender section Pc = Agpc
Pcx = 113 x 100 x 224 / 1000 = 2530 kN
Compression resistance is the lesser of Pcx and Pcy which is 2490 kN.
Note that in this example the lower buckling load does not correspond to the larger slenderness.
Example 5 : A built up column section shown in figure below consist of 4L100x100x10 and has to
carry 1000 kN compressive load. Find the maximum effective length of the column if the angles
bolted together.
From steel table,
Ixx=Iyy= 177 cm4 for one section .
for built up section = Ixx=Iyy =4 (Ixx+Ac2)
= 4(177+19.2x2.822) = 1318.74cm4
Actual stress= P/A=1000000/4x19.2x100 =130.2 N/mm2
λ= 97.2 (From Table 24, strut curve c)
radius of gyration = rxx = ryy= r = (I/A)0.5
=1318.74/4x19.2 =4.14 cm.
λ= Effective length/r
Effective length = λr = 97.2x4.14 =402.8 cm= 4m
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Example 6 For a built-up compression member as shown in figure below, determine the
compression capacity. Length of the member is 6.0 m. Both the ends are held in position and
restrained in direction. Use S275 grade steel.
Example 7 : Design of angle strut
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A discontinuous strut carrying a compressive load of 40 kN is connected to a 10 mm thick gusset

plate by bolts. The length of the strut between intersection is 2.5 m. Design angle section if the
diameter of bolt is (a) 22mm; (b) 16 mm.
Assume 60-85 N/mm2 for struts and 85-110 N/mm2 for columns to arrive at the size of member.
Example 8: The 457x191 UB 82 compression member of S275 steel is simply supported about both
principal axes at each end (LEX=12.0 m) and has a central brace which prevents lateral deflections in
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the minor principal plane (L EY = 6.0 m) . Check the adequacy of the member for a factored axial
compressive load corresponding to a nominal dead load of 150 kN and a nominal imposed load of
220 kN.
Factored axial load= 1.4x150 +1.6 x220= 562 kN
Design strength For S275 steel with T=16 mm, py= 275 N/mm2
Section classification€ = (275/275)0.5 =1.0
b/T = (191.3/2)/16.0 =5.98€ < 9€
d/t = 460.2-2x16-2x10.2)/9.9x1.0 =41.2 > 40 € Hence Section is slender.
Effective area Aeff = Ag - Ineffective area
Ag= 105 cm2
In effective area = [460.2-2x16-2x10.2-40x1.0x9.9] 9.9 = 116.8 mm2
Aeff = 10500-116.8 =10383.2 mm2
Compression resistance (you have to find out)
Exercise
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1.0 A Grade S275 steel column having 6.0m effective length for both axes is to carry pure axial loads
from the floor above. If a 254 × 254 UB 89 is available, check the ultimate load that can be imposed
on the column. The self weight of the column may be neglected.
2.0 A column has an effective length of 5.0m and is required to carry an ultimate axial load of 250
kN, including allowance for self-weight. Design the column using the following sections:
(a) UC section;
(b) UB section
3.0 A column carrying a floor load is shown in Figure below. The column can be considered as
pinned at the top and the base. Near the mid-height it is propped by a strut about the minor axis. The
column section provided is an 457 × 152 UB 60 of Grade 275 steel. Neglecting its self-weight, what
is the maximum ultimate load the column can carry from the floor above?
References:
1.http://legacy.caus.vt.edu/setareh/archresearch/007_fdmtl_16_buckling_of_compression_members.h
tml
2.Behaviour and Design of Steel Structures to BS 5950 By Mark A Bradford, David Nethercot, Nick
Trahair
3.Design of Structural elements Steelwork by ChanakyaArya
4. Red Book: Hand book of structural steel work : Steel construction Institute
5. http://www.efunda.com/formulae/solid_mechanics/columns/intro.cfm
6. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105103094/
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Unit 5- Beams
5.1 Introduction
Beams span between supports to carry vertical or lateral loads .
The structural actions in a beam are bending, shear, bearing and buckling.
Beams may be cantilevered, simply supported, fixed ended or continuous, as
shown in Figure 5.1(a).
The main uses of beams are to support floors and columns, carry roof sheeting as
purlins and side cladding as sheeting rails.
Fig 5.1 Types of flexural members
Prepared by Dr.Lakshmi Srikanth

CECE3241-Design of structures-II
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5.2 Sections of beams

(1) The universal beam where the material is concentrated in the flanges is the
most efficient section to resist uniaxial bending.
(2) The universal column may be used where the depth is limited, but it is less
efficient.
(3) The compound beam consisting of a universal beam and flange plates is used
where the depth is limited and the universal beam itself is not strong enough to
carry the load.
(4) The crane beam consists of a universal beam and channel. It is because the
beam needs to resist bending in both horizontal and vertical directions.
(5) Hot rolled angle and channel section are used for lightly loaded and small spans
such as roof purlins and side sheeting rails.
Beams may be of uniform or non-uniform section. Sections may be strengthened in

regions of maximum moment by adding cover plates or haunches. Some examples
are shown in Figure 5.2.
Figure 5.2 Non uniform beam

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Figure 5.3 Beam loads

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5.3 Beam loads

Types of beam loads are:
(1) concentrated loads from secondary beams and columns;
(2) distributed loads from self-weight and floor slabs.
The loads are further classified into:
(1) Dead loads from self weight, slabs, finishes, etc.
(2) Imposed loads from people, fittings, snow on roofs, etc.
(3) wind loads, mainly on purlins and sheeting rails.
Loads on floor beams in a steel frame building are shown in Figure 5.3(a).
The figure shows loads from a two-way spanning slab which gives trapezoidal and
triangular loads on the beams. One-way spanning floor slabs give uniform loads.
An actual beam with the floor slab and members it supports is shown in Figure
5.3(b).
The load diagram and shear force and bending moment diagrams constructed from
it are also shown.
5.4 Mode of failures in beam
Before going to design you should be familiar with the different type of failures
that take place in a beam.
1. Bending.
The vertical loading gives rise to bending of the beam. Due to bending action,
stresses develop in beam,compressive stress in one half and tensile stress in
another half. As the bending moment increase, more and more steel reaches yield
stress. All the steel yields either compression or tension across the entire cross
section of the beam. At this point the beam cross section become platic and it fails
by formation of plastic hinge at the point of maximum bending moment induced by
loading.

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Figrue 5.4 Bending failure of a beam.
2.0 Local buckling

During the bending process the compression flange or part of web subjected to
compression may fail by buckling if the plates are too thin.
Figure 5.5 Flange buckling
3.0 Web buckling and web crippling

At the points of application of heavy concentrated loads and at supports, localized
compressive stresses of high magnitude act in the web.

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These localized stresses may cause the web to buckle or cripple as shown in Figure
5.6. Web buckling and web crippling may be prevented by ensuring that the
factored support reaction or the factored concentrated load is less than or equal to
the web buckling strength and the web crippling strength .
Figure 5.6 Web crippling and web buckling
4.0 Lateral torsional buckling

Steel beams have a tendency to buckle along their length (Figure 5.7). This
phenomenon is known as lateral torsional buckling.
In the case of simply supported beams, this is prevented by restraining its
compression flange (Figure 5.8a and b ).
Figure 5. 7 Lateral torsional buckling in a simply supported beam.

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Figure 5.8 (a) Fully Laterally restrained beam
(b) Partially laterally restrained beam

5.0 Shear
Due to excessive shear force usually adjacent to supports, the beam may fail in
shear. From the figure it is clear that the web carries shear.
Figure 5.9 Shear in beams (a) shear failure (b)shear buckling

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5.0 Deflection: Deflection should be checked for unfactored imposed loads.

Excessive deflection will result in cracking in finishe which will render the
building unserviceable.
5.5 Design of laterally restrained beams.
a. Initial section selection
To avoid bending failure , the design moment (M) should not exceed the moment
capacity (Mc) of the section.
M˂ Mc
Mc=py S (cl. 4.2.5.2)
py=design strength of the material
S=plastic modulus of section.
b. Section classification (Table 11)
As per cl 3.5.2 , the section should be classified as plastic, compact,semicompact
or slender.
c. Shear
According to clause 4.2.3 of BS 5950, the shear force, Fv, should not exceed the
shear capacity of the section, Pv, i.e.
Fv ≤ Pv (cl.4.2.3)
where Pv = 0.6pyAv
in which Av is the shear area (= tD for rolled I-, H- and channel sections).
Equation (4.6) assumes that the web carries the shear force alone.
Clause 4.2.3 also states that when the buckling ratio (d/t) of the web exceeds 70ε ,
for rolled sections and 62€ for welded sections, then the web should be
additionally checked for shear buckling resistance as per cl 4.4.5 of BS 5950-1,
2000 .

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(i) Low shear and moment capacity

As stated in clause 4.2.1.1 of BS 5950, at critical points the combination of
maximum moment and co-existent shear and maximum shear and co-existent
moment, should be checked.
If Fv ˂ 0.6Pv then, beam is having low shearload.
When the shear load is low, the moment capacity
of the section is calculated according to clause 4.2.5.2 of BS 5950 as follows:
For class 1 plastic or class 2 compact sections,
the moment capacity
Mc = pyS ≤ 1.2pyZ
where
py design strength of the steel
S- plastic modulus of the section
Z -elastic modulus of the section
The additional check (Mc ≤ 1.2pyZ) is to guard against plastic deformations under
serviceability loads and is applicable to simply supported and cantilever beams.
For other beam types this limit is 1.5pyZ.
For class 3 semi-compact sections
Mc = pyZ
or alternatively Mc = pySeff ≤ 1.2pyZ
where Seff is the effective plastic modulus (cl. 3.5.6 )
For class 4 slender sections
Mc = pyZeff
where Zeff is the effective elastic modulus (cl 3.6.2 )

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(ii) High shear and moment capacity (Cl. 4.2.5.3)

If 0.6Pv < Fv < Pv, then it is a high shear load.
When the shear load is high, i.e. Fv > 0.6Pv, the moment-carrying capacity of the
section is reduced.
This is because the web cannot take the full tensile or compressive stress
associated with the bending moment as well as a sustained substantial shear
stress due to the shear force.
Thus, according to clause 4.2.5.3 of BS 5950, the moment capacity of
UB and UC sections, Mc, should be calculated as follows:
For class 1 plastic and class 2 compact sections
Mc = py(S − ρSv)
For class 3 semi-compact sections
Mc = py(S − ρSv/1.5) or alternatively
Mc = py(Seff − ρSv)
For class 4 slender sections
Mc = py(Zeff − ρSv/1.5)
where ρ = [2(Fv /Pv) − 1]2 and Sv for sections with equal flanges, is the plastic
modulus of the shear area of section equal to tD2/4.
Note the effect of the ρ factor is to reduce the moment-carrying capacity of the web
as the shear load rises from 50 to 100% of the web’s shear capacity.
But, the reduction in moment capacity is negligible when Fv < 0.6Pv.
d. Deflection check
Deflection check should be made for unfactored imposed loads.(Refer Section
2.5.1 of BS 5950-1: 2000). The following table gives the maximum deflection
limits for various support conditions of beam (based on Table 8, BS 5950).

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Deflections for some common load cases for simply supported beams and
cantilever beams are given below.
Deflection for simply support beam
Deflection of cantilever beam

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Design procedure for laterally restrained beam

1. Select section and steel grade
2. Determine the design strength py Table 9
3. Check the compression flange is laterally restrained Cl. 4.2.2
4. Determine the section classification Table 11
5. For Class 1 and Class 2 sections use the gross section properties
6. For Class 3 semi-compact sections calculate the effective plastic
modulus Cl. 3.6
7. For Class 4 slender sections calculate the effective elastic modulus Cl. 3.6
8. Calculate the shear capacity and determine whether the section is subject
to low shear or high shear Cl. 4.2
9.Calculate the moment capacity for low shear or for high shear as
appropriate and verify adequacy Cl. 4.2.5
10. If appropriate check web bearing and buckling Cl. 4.5
11. Calculate the deflections and check against appropriate limit. Cl. 2.5.2.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 1 :
Determine the moment capacity of UB 305x165x46. Assume S275 grade steel.
From steel table write down the section properties
D= 306.6mm; d=265.2mm; B=165.7mm; T=11.8mm; t=6.7mm; b/T=7.02mm,
d/t=39.6mm Sxx=720mm3; Zxx= 646 mm3
Design strength py=275 N/mm2 (Table 9)
Section classification (Table 11)
1/2
€=( = 1.0;
b/T≤ 9 € flange is plastic
d/t≤ 80 € web is plastic , Hence Section is plastic

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Moment capacity of the section (cl. 4.2.5.2)

Mc = py x Sxx = 275x720x1000 = 198x106 Nmm< 1.2 py Z =213 x106Nmm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 2:
Determine the moment capacity of UB 457x152x67 of grade S355.

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Example 3:Design a simply supported beam carrying a concrete floor salab over a
span of 5.0 m in grade S275 steel. The unfactored dead load, which includes an
allowance for self weight, is 14kN/m, and the ultimate unfactored imposed load is
19 kN/m.

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Example 4: A simply supported beam of 5 m span, carries a RCC floor slab

capable of providing lateral restrained to the compression flange. The uniformly
distributed load is made up of 20 kN/m dead load and 20 kN/m imposed load.
Assuming that the section is held on web cleats, web buckling and crippling are not
crticial.

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Example 5: Design of Cantilever beam

A proposed cantilever beam of 1m long is to be built into a concrete wall as shown
in Figure below. It supportres characteristic dead and imposed load of 450 KN/m
and 270 KN/m respectively. Select a suitable UB section in S275 grade to satisfy
the bending and shear criteria only.
DL=450 KN/m
LL=270 KN/m
1.0 m
Factored dead load = 1.4 x 450 x1 = 630 kN

Self weight = 1.4 x 1kN/m x1=1.4 kN (assumed self weight)
Total dead load (factored) = 631.4 kN .

Factored imposed load = 1.6x 270x1=432 kN
Total factored load = 1063.4 kN.
Shear force at support (Fv) = 1063.4 KN.
Bending moment at support = wl2/2 = 1063.4x12/2 = 531.7 KNm.
Intial section selection:

Sx> M/py=531x1000000/275 = 1931x103mm3= 1931 cm3
Try UB 533x210x82 Sx= 2010 cm3, plastic.
Shear capacity of the section = 0.6 py tD (cl.4.2)
= 0.6x275x9.6x528.3/1000 = 836.8 KN.< 1062 KN (Not ok)
Try 610x229x113 UB; Sx=3290 cm3 ; py= 265 N/mm2
Pv = 0.6x265x607.3x11.2 = 1081 KN > 1063.4 KN. (ok, but high shear load)
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87
When the shear load is high (that is, Fv> 0.6 Pv, the moment carrying capacity of
the section is reduced because the web can not take the full tensile or compressive
stress associated with the bending moment as well as shear stress due to shear
force.
Bending moment
Calculate reduction factor = ρ = [2(Fv/Pv) – 1)]2 (cl.4.2.5.3)
= 0.93
Mc = py (S-ρ Sv); Sv = Plastic modulus of shear area Av (cl.4.2.3).
Sv= bd2/ 4 = 11.2x607.32/4 = 1032.6 cm3
Mc= 265 (3290- 0.93X1032.6)X1000=617.4x106 Nmm =617.4 kNm
<1.2pyZ=915.8 KNm (ok)
References:
1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/IIT-MADRAS/Design_Steel_Structures_I/
2. Structural Steel Design to BS 5950, Part 1 By Frixos Joannides, Alan
Weller
3.Structural steel work- Design to limit state theory- Dennis Lam
4. Design of structural elements-Concrete,steelwork, mosonry and timber design to
British Standards and Eurocodes.-Chanakya Arya
5. Red Book : Hand book of structural steel work : Steel construction Institute.
6. Introduction to Steelwork Design to BS 5950-1:2000 Commentaries to

Standards.

Sem 2 AY 2015-16.
88
Unit 6 Member subjected to axial load and bending- (Beam-column)
6.1 Introduction
Columns are often subject to some bending in addition to compression. The factors contribute
towards the bending in a column are
1. Eccentricity in loading (Figure 6.1(a))
2. Rigid connections in frames (Figure 6.1(b))-welded and bolted
3. Lateral loads such as wind load (Figure 6.1(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 6.1 Columns subject to axial load and moment

89
6.2 Design procedure

For compression members with moments (as per section 4.8.3 of BS 5950: Part 1), the following
two checks to be carried out:
(1) cross-section capacity check and
(2) member buckling check.
(1) Cross-section capacity check

The member should be checked at the point of greatest bending moment and axial load.
This is usually at the end, but it could be within the column height if lateral loads are also
applied.
Except for Class 4 members, as per Section 4.8.3.2 (Pg 102, BS 5950):
where Fc -is the applied axial compression at critical location

Ag -the gross cross-sectional area,
Mx - The applied moment about the major axis x–x,
Mcx- the moment capacity about the major axis x–x from cl. 4.2.5, pg 45 and 46 of BS 5950
My- the applied moment about the minor axis y–y,
Mcy - the moment capacity about the minor axis y–y from cl. 4.2.5, pg 45 and 46 of BS 5950.
For slender members,
Where, Aeff is the effective cross-sectional area defined by the code under Clause 3.6.

90
(2) Member buckling resistance

Under Clause 4.8.3.3.1 , pg 102 of the code, for simplified method, the buckling resistance of a
member may be verified by checking the following relationships so that both are satisfied:
Fc = axial compression
mx,my,mLT =equivalent uniform moment factor from Table 26 , pg 106 and Table 18, pg 55 of
the code,
Mb = buckling resistance moment generally from cl. 4.3
MLT = the maximum major axis moment in the segment length L governing Mb,
Mx = the maximum major axis moment in the segment length Lx governing Pcx,
My = the maximum minor axis moment in the segment length Ly governing Pcy,
Pc = the smaller of Pcx and Pcy,
Pcx = the compression resistance from cl. 4.7.4 , considering buckling about the major axis only.
Pcy = the compression resistance from cl. 4.7.4 , considering buckling about the minor axis only.
Zx = elastic modulus of section about major axis
Zy= elastic modulus of section about major axis
How do you calculate Mb ( section 4.3.7; Table 20, BS 5950)

The bending strength, pb is obtained from Table 20 for the relevant values of (βw)0.5LE/ry and
D/T
Where ,
LE –effective length in lateral torsional buckling. (Cl. 4.3.5 page 48 of BS 5950)

91
βw – is the ratio specified in cl 4.3.6.9 , pg 59 –BS 5950-1
From cl. 4.3.7, pg 60 of BS 5950,

for a class 1 plastic or class 2 compact cross-section:
Mb = pbSx
for a class 3 semi-compact cross-section:
Mb = pbZx
Example 1 : Column resisting axial load and bending
Select a suitable column section in grade S275 steel to support a factored axial concentric load of
2000 kN and factored bending moments of 100 kN m about the major axis, and 20 kN m about
the minor axis , applied at both ends of the column (see the figure below). The column is 10 m
long and is fully fixed against rotation at top and bottom, and the floors it supports are braced
against sway.

92
INITIAL SECTION SELECTION

Try 356 x368 x 177 UC:
py = 265 N/mm2, plastic section modulus Sx = 3460 cm3 Zx = 3100 cm3
Ag = 226 cm2 ; Sy = 1670 cm3 ; Zy = 1100 cm3
t = 14.4 mm ; T=23.8 mm; d/t= 20.2; b/T=7.83 ; u = 0.843
d = 290.2 mm ; ry = 9.54 cm
Note: In this case the classification procedure is slightly different in respect of web
classification as there is both axial load and bending . The level of zero stress will not be at
mid depth of the column.
r1 = Fc/d t py but −1 < r1 ≤ 1 Table 11 of BS 5950
= 2000×1000/290.2 × 14.4 × 265 = 1.8
Therefore, r1 = 1. Limiting d/t = 80ε/(1 + r1 ) =80x1.02/(1+1)= 40.7
ε = (275/265)1/2 = 1.02
Actual d/t = 20.2, hence web is plastic.
b/T = 7.83 < 9ε = 9 x1.02 = 9.18, hence flange is plastic.
Mcx = pySx = 265 × 3460 × 10−3 = 916.9 kN m
Mcy = pySy = 265 × 1670 × 10−3 = 442.55 kN m
CROSS-SECTION CAPACITY CHECK ( cl 4.8.3.2 –BS 5950-page 102)
2000 x 1000 + 100 + 20 = 0.33 + 0.1+ 0.05 = 0. 48 ≤ 1 (safe)

22600 x 265 916.9 442.55
In-plane buckling
effective length LE = 0.7L = 7 m (Table 22-pg 81, BS 5950-1)
λ = LE/ry = 7000/95.4 = 73.4
pcy = 170 N/mm2. Table 24(c)
Pcy = Agpcy = 226 × 102 × 170 × 10−3 = 3842 kN (critical)
Ratio of end moments about both x–x and y–y axes, β = 1.
93
mx = m y = 1 (Table 26, pg 106, BS 5950)
Substituting in the equation below
2000 + 100x106 + 20x106 = 0.52 + 0. 12+0.06 = 0.7 less than 1 ( safe)

3842 265x 3100000 265x 1100000
Lateral torsional buckling check (Clause 4.8.3.3.1, pg 102, BS 5950-1)
Effective length = LE =0.7 LLT (Table 13, pg 49, BS 5950-1)

=0.7x10000=7000 mm
(βw)0.5
LE = 10.5 x 7000 = 73.4 ; D/T= 368.2/23.8 = 15.5
ry 95.4
Bending strength pb = 220.9 N/mm2 (Table 20, pg 62 BS5950-1)
Mb= pb x Sxx =(220.9 x 3460000)/106 = 763.4 kNm

MLT =100 kNm (major axis moment)
Ratio of the end moments about major axis is 1. Therefore mLT =1 (Table 18, pg 55 ; BS 5950)
2000 + 1 x 100 + 1.0 x 20x106 = 0.52 +0.13+0.07= 0.71

3842 764.3 265 x 1100000
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note : Effective length is different for in-plane buckling (Table 22) and lateral torsional
buckling (Table 13).
94
Example 2
A braced column 4.5m long is subjected to the factored end loads and moments about the
x–x axis, as shown in Figure below. The column is held in position but only partially restrained
in direction at the ends. Check that a 203 × 203 UC 52 in Grade S275 steel is adequate.
(1) Column-section classification

Design strength from Table 9 Py = 275 N/mm2 as T=12.5 mm ≤ 16 mm.
0.5
Factor ε = (275/ py) = 1.0
b/T = 8.17 < 9.0 ε flange is plastic
Since column is subjected to both axial load and bending the level of zero stress will not be at
mid depth.
Effective stress (r1)= Fc/d t py = 880 kN x1000/160.8 x 7.9 x275 = 2. 52
r2= Fc/Ag py = 880 x1000/66.3 x100x 275 = 0.48 (cl 3.5.5 BS 5950)
but −1 < r1 ≤ 1 (Table 11, BS 5950)
80 ε /(1+r1 ) = 80x1/(1+1) = 40
From steel table, web d/t = 20.4 ≤ 40
so, web plastic. Flange is plastic and web is plastic. So, section is class 1 plastic.

95
(2) Cross-section capacity check

Section properties for 203 × 203 UC 52 is:
A = 66.3 cm2; Zx = 510 cm3; ry = 5.18 cm
Sx = 567 cm3
Moment capacity about the x–x axis:
Mcx = pyx Sxx
= 275 × 567 = 155.9 kNm
< 1.2 × 275 × 510/103 = 168.3 kNm
Cross section capacity check: (cl 4.8.3.2 –BS 5950-1, pg 102)
Substituting the values in above equation,
880 × 103/ 66.3 x100 x 275 + 35/ 155.9 = 0.48 + 0.22 = 0.7 < 1 (Note: There is no moment in
y-y axis in this problem)
The section is satisfactory with respect to local capacity.
Member buckling check

(i) In plane buckling
The effective length for overall buckling Table 22:BS5950

LE = 0.85 × 4500 = 3825
Slenderness λ = 3825/51.6 = 74.1

96
From Table 23, select Table 24(c) for buckling about the y–y axis (critical)
compressive strength pc = 172.8 N/mm2. Table 24(c)-BS 5950
The ratio of moments β= 12/35=0.34 Table 26,page 106 BS 5950

mx= Equivalent uniform moment factor = 0.78
Substituting the values in the above equation

880 × 10 +0.78x35x103 + 0 =0.768 +0.19 =0.96 ≤ 1 safe
66.3x172.8 275x510
(ii) Out of plane bucking (also known as lateral torsional buckling)
To calculate bending stress

the support conditions for the beam column are that it is laterally restrained and restrained
against torsion but partially free to rotate in plan:
Effective length LE = 0.85 × 4500 = 3825mm ( Table 13,pg 49 in BS 5950)
Slenderness ratio λ = LE /ryy= 3825/51.6 = 74.1
βw = 1 (cl. 4.3.6.9, page 59, BS 5950 )
(βw)0.5
LE = 10.5 x 3825 = 74.1 ; D/T=16.8
ry 51.6
pb = 178 N/mm2 (Table 20 - pg 61, BS 5950-1)
Buckling resistance moment:

Mb = 178 × 567/103 = 100.9 kNm
mLT = 0.74 (cl. 4.8.3.3.4, pg 104, and Table 18, pg 55, BS 5950)

97
880 × 10 / 66.3x172.8 + 0.74 × 35 / 100.9 + 0 = 0.77 + 0.26 = 1.0 (ok)

The section is also satisfactory with respect to overall buckling.
Columns in simple structures (Cl. 4.7.7 BS 5950, pg 92)
These are designed as per simple design (Refer unit 1) . Joints should be assumed that the
moments developed in the member due to eccentricity of the connection (see the figure below)
do not affect the structure adversely.
Example 3 Column in simple construction (Cl. 4.7.7 BS 5950, pg 92)

Design a Select a suitable column section in S275 steel to support the ultimate loads from beams
A and B shown in Fig. below. Assume the column is 7 m long and is effectively held in position
at both ends but only restrained in direction at the bottom.

98
SECTION SELECTION
This can only really be done by trial and error. Therefore, try a: 203 x 203 × 52 UC: Sx = 568 cm3, plastic.
DESIGN LOADING AND MOMENTS
Ultimate reaction from beam A, RA = 200 kN; ultimate reaction from beam B, RB = 75 kN;
self-weight of column = 0.52 kN/m x 7.0m= 3.6 kN.
Ultimate axial load, F, is
F = RA + RB + self-weight of column
= 200 + 75 + 3.6 kN = 279 kN say 280 kN
Load eccentricity for beam A,
ex = D/2 + 100 = 206.2/2 + 100 = 203.1 mm
Load eccentricity for beam B,
ey = t /2 + 100 = 8/2 + 100 = 104 mm
Moment due to beam A,
Mx = RAex = 200 × 103 × 203.1 = 40.62 × 106 N mm
Moment due to beam B,
My = RBey = 75 × 103 × 104 = 7.8 × 106 N mm
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
From Table 22, BS 5950, effective length coefficient = 0.85. Hence, effective length is
LE = 0.85L = 0.85 × 7000 = 5950 mm.

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Calculate compression resistance

λx = LE/rx = 5950/89 = 66.8
2
From Table 24(b), pc = 208 N/mm .
λy = LE/ry = 5950/51.6 = 115.3
2
From Table 24(c ) pc = 103 N/mm .
Hence critical compressive strength of column is 103 N/mm2.
Calculate buckling resistance moment
λLT = 0.5L /ry = 0.5 × 7000/51.8 = 67.5

From Table 16, pg 53 BS 5950, Bending strngth p b = 193 N/mm2.
Buckling resistance moment capacity of column, Mbs, is given by
Mbs = Mb = pbSxx = 194.5 × 567 × 103 = 110.3 × 106 N mm
Fc + Mx + My <1
Pc M bs Py Zy
280 x 103 + 40.6 x 106 + 7.8 x 106 = 0.41+0.37+0.16 = 0.94 < 1

66.4 x 10 x 103
2
110.3 x 106 275 x 174 x 103
Therefore, the 203 × 203 × 52 UC section is suitable.
References
1. Design of Structural elements Steelwork by Chanakya Arya : Concrete, steel work,
masonry and Timber designs to British standards and Euro code.
2. Red Book :Hand book of structural steel work: 4th Edition
3. BS 5950-1:2000 Structural use of steelwork in building :Part 1 – Code of practice for

rolled section.

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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES BASED ON BS5950 Prepared by

Research · January 2020

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Unit 1 : Introduction to steel design

1.2 Design requirements

1.3 Chemical composition of structural steel

Grade C% Mn% P% S% Si%

1.3 Mechanical properties of structural steel.

Prepared by : Dr. Lakshmi Srikanth

Table 1.2 Design strength of various steel grades.

Clause 3.1.3 of BS 5950 Part-1 list other properties used in design:

• Modulus of Elasticity E=205000 N/mm2

These properties are independent of steel grade.

1.4 .1 Advantages of steel

 Better quality control

1.4.2 Disadvantages of steel

 Skilled labor is required

1.5 Design methods

Working stress method is an old method which is not in use anymore.

So, this course focuses on limit state design approach.

Figure 1.1 Application of Elastic and plastic theory

Figure 1.2 Stress-strain curve of steel

There are mainly 2 types of limit states namely

ULS-Ultimate limit state –concerned with strength of the structure.

SLS -Limit state of serviceability–concerned with

• local damage which reduces the durability of the structure .

Ultimate limit state Serviceability limit state

Table 1.3 Live Load(Imposed load) on buildings as per BS 6399 Part-1

1.7 Characteristic load

Design load = Characteristic load X partial safety factor

1.8 Characteristic strength

 Partial safety factor on material [γm]:

Design strength= Characteristic Strength γk

For structural steel γm= 1 (ref: page 10 of BS5950-Part1)

Loads Partial safety

1.9 Load combinations (Refer pg 12, Table 2-BS 5950-Part1:2000)

 Load combination 1: Dead load + imposed load

Design load =1.4 DL+1.6 IL

 Load combination 2: Dead load + wind load

Design load = 1.4 DL+1.4 DL

 Load combination 3: Dead load + imposed load plus wind load.

Design load = 1.2 DL+1.2 LL +1.2 WL

1.10 Types of steel sections

Typical “sigma” section

Figure 1. 3 Cold rolled sections

Hot rolled section

Figure 1. 4 Hot rolled sections

1.11 Section Properties

- Mass per Meter;

- Moments of inertia about various axes;

1.12 Fire Protection of Structural Steel work

1.13 Types of design based on connection

Figure 1.6 Pinned connection (simple design/ simple construction).

Figure 1.7 Semi rigid and Rigid connections

1.14 Structural members

We will learn about each member in detail in this course.

1. DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES - 06CV72 Dr. M. C. Nataraja

Unit 2 : Design of tension members

Some of the common examples of tension members in structures are;

 Bottom chord of pin jointed roof trusses,

Figure 2.1 Roof Truss

Prepared by : Dr. Lakshmi Srikanth