CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Progressive collapse occurs, when any one of the major structural load carrying
members is removed suddenly from a building due to any unfavourable situation or
condition and if the remaining structural elements are not capable of supporting the
whole weight of the building. For example, if a column is damaged due to fire, manmade
or natural hazards, the whole weight of the building (gravity load) inclusive of imposed
loads are displaced to adjacent columns of the structure. If these adjacent columns are
also not that much strong and stiff to carry the additional loads, they would have also
been failed. As a consequence, the vertical load carrying elements may loose their
strength and thus the massive collapse of the structure occurs. This failure usually occurs
in a domino effect and precedes to a progressive collapse of the structure.

1.2 Objectives

1. The main objective of this study was to analyse the response of the steel
structures due to a sudden loss of one or more columns under fire loadusing
computational modeling in a stepwise manner.
2. To study the progressive collapse of the steel building by looking in to history
of building collapses.
3. To develop finite element model and study the behaviour of building before and
after column removal by linear static analysis .
4. To compare DCR values and axial force of sample building with column
removal at corner and middle of the longitudinal side of building (outer edge) in
base.
5. To compare the DCR values and axial force of sample building with column
removal of building height.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review

Fire Induced Progressive Collapse

David Scott , Barban Lane , Craig Gibbons, had published a paper considering issues
related to fire Induced Progressive Collapse of tall buildings in extreme events . This
paper concentrates on the scenario where further to an extreme event activity Life safety
systems are no longer effective. The paper recommend that building codes introduce
some from simple minimum design requirements that reduces the risk of progressive
collapse for all building. Progressive collapse on a large scale is not well understood
and needs to be better documented. Many buildings in the US are currently demolished
using explosive and progressive collapse and could provide excellent opportunities for
further investigation and research.

Fire Induced Progressive Collapse of Multi-storied Steel Structure

Vidyadhar Angadi1, Dr . S. B. Vanakudre2
1 P. G. student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, SDM College of Engineering and
Technology, Dharwad Karnataka, India.
2 Principal, SDM College of Engineering and Technology, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
In this paper, A G+14 storey structure was modelled (Figure1) for the analysis purpose
in ETABS 2015 software, which can design and analyse the buildings.

Progressive collapse triggered by fire induced column loss : Detrimental effect of

thermal forces
Thomas Gernay1, AntonioGamba2
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United
States.
2 Department of Urbanand Environmental Engineering, Liege University, Liege,
Belgium.
In This paper has described the load redistribution mechanisms that are observed when
a fire affects a column that is part of a structural frame. The mechanisms eventually
result in tension building up in the fire-exposed column and over loading the adjacent
columns in compression, which could lead to failure of members not directly affected
by the fire and trigger a progressive collapse.

Progressive Collapse analysis of the structure subjected to fire load.

Presented by :- Anand Baldota Rand Bhavana B
In this paper, Due to various combinations of static load present on the structure,
material starts degrading at elevated temperature. As temperature is increased, the
respective demand capacity ratio values (DCR) of the column also gets increased is
stated.
A Study on Progressive Collapse Behavior of Steel Structures Subjected to Fire
Loads

C. R. Chidambaram* , jainam Shah, A. Sai Kumarand K. Karthikeyan

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Had conclude in there paper In order to improve the progressive collapse resistance of
structures in buildings and reduce the DCR values there are two possible options. One
option is to use larger steel cross sections and the other option is to use more bracing.
These two suggestions may lead to higher steel weight and may also cause more
deformation after the columns affected by fire load. This paper shows that intermediate
column was 27. 8% and 16. 36% more critical when compared to reentrant column and
corner column respectively . Since DCR value of each element are within the limit 2 as
per GSA guidelines, the building was safe against progressive collapse due to fire load.

Progressive Collapse Assessment of RC Structures under Instantaneous and

Gradual Removal of Columns

A. R. Rahai, M. Banazadeh, M. R. Seify Asghshahr & H. Kazem

In this paper, study the structural behavior, the nonlinear dynamic method was used.
Opensees software was used for nonlinear analysis of structure. At end of the paper
results of instantaneous and gradual removal were compared.

2.2 Summary

From the above literature review it seems that the steel structure when undergoes fire
load the members starts expanding due to which other adjacent members also get
affeceted and weakens. As the temperature increases the deflection, stresses and DCR
values steel members increases and at particular temperature commencement of
progressive collapse of steel structure occurs. This can be be prevented by using larger
steel sections or by increasing bracings.

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 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Progressive collapse of steel structure due to fire load
3.1.1 Definition
Progressive collapse is defined as a situation where local failure of a primary structural
component leads to the collapse of adjoining members, which in turn leads to
additional collapse.
3.2 General introduction of problem
1. A G+4 storey structure was modelled (Figure 1) for the analysis purpose in
STAAD.pro v8i software, which can design and analyse the buildings.
2. The kind of building is a steel structure with slab of concrete and it is resistant to
moment. The building having plan which is regular and consisting of 4 corners.
3. Here the steel sections are taken by doing preliminary design which is done by
considering dead load, live load and earthquake load.
5. IS 875 Part I and II have been made use of for taking loads and choosing load
combinations. Magnitude of 3.5 KN/m2 was chosen as Live load and 12 KN/m wall
load was applied on primary beams.
6. On the columns of the structure, fire load was applied, in starting stages the column
is expanding with temperature and with increasing temperature column loses its rigid
nature and elasticity modulus lost. This is resulting in collapse of columns. Temperature
taken at this stage is 500º C .

3.3 Data requirements

For analysing the building the data taken is given below :
Table 3.1. Data used for analysis
Columns ISMB450 D
From ground to 4th floor

Beams on 1st and 2nd floor ISMB500

Beams on 3rd and 4th floor ISMB450
Beams on terrace ISMB300
Slab Thickness 150mm
Zone 3 (moderate)
Response Reduction Factor 5
Important Factor 1.5
Damping Ratio 2
Time Period (X) 0.033 seconds
Time period (Y) 0.033 seconds
Concrete M25
Steel Fe415

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3.4 Load combinations
Load combinations used for analysis of structure
Table 3.2: Load combinations

SR. No. Load Combinations

1 1.5(DL+LL)
2 1.2(DL+LL±EQ)
3 1.5(DL±EQ)
4 0.9DL±1.5EQ

Fig. 3.1: 3D model of steel structure

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 CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS

4.1 ANALYSIS OF STEEL STRUCTURE USING STAAD.pro v8i SOFTWARE

• The analysis of any building is done using standard guidelines so that the building
has the capability to resist collapse.
• STAAD.pro the structural analysis finite element program that takes into account
difficult geometry and oversees all deformation at hinges to know ultimate
deformation.
• It has default properties for materials and hinges which is also including Indian
standard codes. The analysis using STAAD.pro (v8i) is involving below steps:
1. Modelling
2. Analysis
3. Designing
Before the analysis of structure a temperature of 500º C was applied to columns at
various location of structure as per GSA guidelines. Fire load was given to corner
column , edge column and intermediate column on second floor. As per GSA
guidelines the demand capacity ratio value of each element should be less than 1. If
it is more than 1 then the progressive collapse will occur. Below there are figure
showing the plan view of the building, notations and initial deformed shapes of the
columns after the analysis was completed by applying fire loads to columns.

Fig. 4.1: Plan view of steel structure

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Fig. 4.2: Notation of corner column Fig. 4.3: Deformed shape under
Corner column

Fig. 4.4: Notation of edge column Fig. 4.5: Deformed shape under edge column

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Fig. 4.6: Notation of intermediate column Fig. 4.7: Deformed shape under
intermediate column

Fig. 4.8: 3D shape of deformed building Fig. 4.9: Side view of deformed
building

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 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Comparison of results

After modeling the structure in STAAD.pro (v8i), the loads are applied to the model and
then the structure was analyzed and designed. The maximum deflection values, Demand
Capacity Ratio (DCR) values and the axial load values are taken before application of
the fire load and after application of the fire load. Here all these values obtained for
columns and adjacent beams are varies gradually (some values are within limit and some
exceeds) and there is increment in the values of axial load after the application of fire
load compared to before application of fire load values. All the maximum deflection
DCR and axial load values of corner column, intermediate column and edge column of
that floor are shown with their figures for both the cases i.e. before and after application
of fire load. Below figures shows the obtained values of both DCR and axial load before
and after fire cases.

5.1.1 Maximum Deflection

By referring Fig 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
1. Since maximum deflection obtained after fire increases thereabout 3 times the initial
deflection before fire are within limit, therefore some of the members get collapsed
after fire load.
2. We can see the increment in deflection but still the columns going to sustain these
increased loads upto 450 0c and after around 5000c progressive collapse of structure
begins.

Fig. 5.1: Deflection before fire under Fig. 5.2: Deflection after fire under
corner column corner column

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 Fig. 5.3: Deflection before fire under Fig. 5.4: Deflection after fire under
edge column edge column

Fig. 5.5: Deflection before fire under Fig.5.6: Deflection after fire under
intermediate column intermediate column

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5.1.2 Axial Load
By referring Fig 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12
1. Analysis of columns before and after application of fire load shows great variation
of axial loads observed in the members near the columns which are subjected to fire
loads.
2. We can see the increment in axial loads but still the columns going to sustain these
increased loads upto 450 0c and at around 5000c progressive collapse of structure
begins and some of members stars to collapse.
3. Since maximum axial loads obtained after fire increases at large extent due to which
members get collapsed.

Fig. 5.7:Axial forces before fire under Fig.5.8:Axial forces after fire under
corner column corner column

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Fig. 5.9:Axial forces before fire under Fig.5.10:Axial forces after fire under
edge column edge column

Fig. 5.11:Axial forces before fire under Fig.5.12:Axial forces after fire under
intermediate column intermediate column

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5.1.3 Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR)
By referring Fig 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18
1. Analysis of columns before and after application of fire load shows great variation
of DCR values observed in the members near the columns which are subjected to
fire loads.
2. We can see the increment in DCR values but still the columns going to sustain these
increased loads up to 4500c and at around 5000c progressive collapse of structure
begins and some of members stars to collapse.
3. Since maximum DCR values obtained after fire increases at large extent due to
which members get collapsed.

Fig. 5.13: DCR values before fire under Fig.5.14: DCR values after fire under
corner column corner column

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Fig. 5.15: DCR values before fire under Fig.5.16: DCR values after fire under
edge column edge column

Fig. 5.17: DCR values before fire under Fig.5.18: DCR values after fire under
intermediate column intermediate column

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 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
From the above discussions the following conclusions are made
1. By referring above comparisons, at 500º C the intermediate columns are more
critical compared to corner columns approximately at all floor.
2. By referring above comparisons, at 500º C the corner columns are more critical
compared to edge columns at ground floor.
3. By referring above comparisons, at 500º C the edge columns are safer than other and
intermediate columns are most critical compared to all other columns.
4. And also by referring these comparisons obtained from the software the structure is
stable up to 400º C and progressive collapse begins at 500º C.
5. And at 1000º C the DCR values obtained for intermediate column exceeds the limit
as per GSA guidelines, therefore structure get collapsed and may fail on greater
extent.
6. It can be prevented by using larger steel sections or by increasing bracings.

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 CHAPTER 7

REFERENCES
1. Vidyadhar Angadi1, Dr. S. B. Vanakudre2 “Fire Induced Progressive Collapse of
Multi-storied Steel Structure” International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET) Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 ( www.irjet.net ).
2. C. R. Chidambaram*, Jainam Shah, A. Sai Kumar and K. Karthikeyan “A Study on
Progressive Collapse Behavior of Steel Structures Subjected to Fire Loads” Indian
Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(24),
DOI:10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i24/93152, June 2016.
3. Anand Baldota Rand Bhavana B “Progressive Collapse analysis of the structure
subjected to fire load”. International journal of civil engineering and
material,volume 7 number 2 (2019), pp.117-126 International Research Publication
House (http://www.irphouse.com).
4. David Scott, Barbara Lane, Craig Gibbons, Arup “Fire Induced Progressive
Collapse” 155 Ave of the Americas, NY, NY10013 contact: david.scott@arup.com
; www.arup.com.
5. A.R. Rahai, M. Banazadeh, M.R. Seify Asghshahr & H. Kazem, “Progressive
Collapse Assessment of RC Structures under Instantaneous and Gradual Removal
of Columns” Department of Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology
(Tehran Polytechnic), Iran.
6. IS: 1893 (Part 1) 2002 – Indian standard – “Criteria for earthquake resistant design
of structures “, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
7. IS 875 (part – 1) – 1987, “Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures”. Dead loads unit weights of building materials and
stored materials, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.
8. IS: 875 (Part 2) – 1987 “Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures”. Part 2- imposed loads, Bureau of Indian standards,
New Delhi.
9. IS: 875 (Part 3) – 1987 “Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures”. Part 2- wind loads, Bureau of Indian standards, New
Delhi.
10. IS 800:2007, Temperature Load, General construction in steel-code of practice-
Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.

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