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Welding
▪ process by which metallic parts are connected
by heating their surfaces to a plastic of fluid
state and allowing the parts to flow together
and join (with or without the addition of other
Welded Connections molten metal).

ENGR. DHEYLVIN ROY P. BUENAVENTURA

Advantages of Welding Types of Welding

1. Economic 1. Gas Welding
2. Wider Range of Application
2. Arc Welding
3. Rigidity
4. Continuous Structure
5. Easier to make changes in design and to correct
errors during erection
6. Relative silence
7. Fewer pieces are used

Gas Welding Gas Welding

- a mixture of oxygen and some suitable type of gas is - easy to learn
burned at the tip of addition torch or blowpipe held in
the welder's hand or by machine. - equipment used is rather expensive

- the gas used in structural welding usually is acetylene,

- slow process
and the process is called oxyacetylene welding. - repair and maintenance

- the flame produced can be used for flame cutting of

- not for fabrication and erection of large steel
metals as well as for welding. structures

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Arc Welding
an electric arc is formed between the pieces
being welded and an electrode held in the
operator's hand with some type of holder, or by
an automatic machine.

- the arc is a continuous spark that, upon

contact, brings the electrode and the pieces
being welded to the melting point.

Arc Welding Arc Welding

- temps of up to 6000 to 10 000F - amount of penetration is controlled by the
- as the end of the electrode melts small amount of current consumed
droplets or globules of the molten metal are
formed and actually are forced by the
- arc across to the pieces being connected,
which penetrate the molten metal to become
part of the weld.

Types of Arc Welding

▪ Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
▪ Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
▪ Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
▪ Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)

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Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

- the weld is protected by using an electrode The inert gas shields the weld by preventing
covered with a layer of mineral compounds. the molten metal form having contact with the
surrounding air.

Melting of this layer during the welding

produces an inert gas encompassing the weld
area.

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

- an automatic process in which the arc is

covered with a mound of granular fusible
material and is thus hidden from view.

A bare metal electrode is feed from a reel,

melted and then deposited as filler material.

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

- SAW welds are quickly and efficiently made and

are of high quality, exhibiting high impact strength
and corrosion resistance and good ductility
- deeper penetration = larger effective area in
resisting loads.
- bridge structures.
- high quality and very suitable for long welds.

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Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
Disadvantage
near-flat or horizontal welding
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
a semi-automatic or automatic arc welding
process.
FCAW requires a continuously-fed consumable
tubular electrode containing a flux and a
constant-voltage or, less commonly, a
constant-current welding power supply.
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
the process is useful procedure for field welding
in severe cold weather conditions as well as to
speed up high rise construction
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Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
- the electrode is a continuous wire that is fed
from a coil through the electrode holder.
The shielding is entirely from an externally
supplied gas or gas mixture. The GMAW
process using CO2 is good for lower carbon and
low-alloy steels which are usually used in
buildings and bridges.
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
An externally supplied shielding gas is
sometimes used, but often the flux itself is
relied upon to generate the necessary
protection from the atmosphere, producing
both gaseous protection and liquid slag
protecting the weld. The process is widely used
in construction because of its high welding
speed and portability.
FCAW Wire Feeder
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Classification of Welds Type of Weld

1. Types of Welds made Fillet Welds

Groove Welds
2. Position of the Welds Plug Welds
Slot Welds
3. Types of Joint used

Fillet Welds Fillet Welds

- those made where parts lap over each other. - weaker than groove welds but about 80% in
structural connections are made of it

- may also be used in tee joints.

- can be classified as longitudinal or transverse
fillet weld
- most economical

Fillet Welds

Longitudinal - the shear force to be transferred

is parallel to the weld line

Transverse - the force to be transmitted is

perpendicular to the weld line.

Fillet Welds

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Groove Welds
- those made in groove between the members
to be joined.
- used when the members to be connected are
line up in the same plane.
- columns splices, butting of beam flanges to
columns etc. about 15% of structural welding
Groove Welds
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Groove Welds
- can be complete or full penetration welds
(double-V) which extend for the full thickness
of the part being connected partial penetration
welds (single-V) which extend for only part of
the member thickness
- generally more expensive than fillet welds; 50
to 100 percent more than fillet welds
Plug Weld
- circular weld that passes throughone member
into another, thus joining the two together.
Plug and Slot Welds
- expensive types of welds
- occasionally used when members lap over
each other and the desired length of fillet welds
cannot be obtained.
- may also be sued to stitch together parts of a
member such as fastening cover plates to a
built-up member.
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Plug and Slot Welds Position

- not generally considered suitable for - flat

transferring tensile forces perpendicular to the
- horizontal
faying.
- vertical
- satisfactory for stitching different parts of a
member together - overhead
- useful in preventing overlapping parts from
buckling

Type of Joint

- butt
- lap
- tee
- edge
- corner

Weld Positions

Fillet Welds

- weaker in shear than in tension and

compression

Type of Weld Joints

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Effective Area of Fillet Welds
1. The effective area of fillet welds shall be
taken as the effective length times the effective
throat thickness.
2. The effective length of the fillet welds,
except fillet welds in holes and slots, shall be
the overall length of full-size fillets, including
returns.
Effective Area of Fillet Welds
4. For fillet welds in holes and slots, the
effective length shall be the length of the
centerline of the weld along the center of the
plane through the throat. In the case of
overlapping fillets, the effective area shall not
exceed the nominal cross-sectional area of the
hole slot in the plane of the faying surface.
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Effective Area of Fillet Welds
3. The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld
shall be the shortest distance from the root of
the joint to the face of the diagrammatic weld,
except that for fillet welds made by submerged
arc process, the effective throat thickness, shall
be taken equal to the leg size for 10mm and
smaller fillet welds, and equal to the theoretical
throat plus 3mm for fillet welds larger than
10mm.
Groove Welds