UNIT-1

INTRODUCTION

1. What is the objective of structural design?

Structural design is the methodical investigation of the stability, strength and rigidity of structures.
The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to produce a structure capable of
resisting all applied loads without failure during its intended life.
2. What is the objective of structural analysis?
The aim of a structural analysis is to establish a wise distribution of internal
forces, moments, stresses, strains and displacements over the whole or part
of a structure.
3. What are the objectives of the design for reinforced concrete building?
Primary objectives include the following: to acquaint the student with the properties of
concrete and steel and with the behavior of reinforced concrete as a structural
material; also, to develop methods for the design of reinforced concrete structural
members such as beams, slabs, footings, and columns.
4. What are the main objectives of structural design distinguish between structural design and
structural analysis?
Structural analysis deals with a calculation of load coming on the members and
analyze them whereas, structural design decides the dimension (shape and size) of
the structural members on the basis of calculated load from structural analysis.

5. What is the objective function of a structural design problem?

1. Cost minimization: the objective of the structural optimization design is to minimize the
total cost, which is usually achieved by reducing the weight or the volume of the structure
6. What are two 2 main goals of any structural design?

The objectives of structural design is to design the structure for stability, strength and
serviceability
7. What are the objectives of steel design optimization?

Formulation of the optimization problem

The objective is to find an integer index vector x (Eq. (1)) which points to commercial
steel profile where each index i points to a cross-sectional area ( Ai ), the inertias about
the main axes ( Ixi , Iyi ) and the torsional constant ( Iti ).
8. What is structural design in construction?
Structural design is a highly specialized area of civil engineering. It can be described as a
set of methods or tools that are used to determine safe and economical specifications for
a structure, and to ensure that a planned structure will be sufficiently strong to carry its
intended load
9. What are the basic requirements of structural design?

Process of Structural Design

 The geometry of the structure.
 Structural framing both horizontal and vertical i.e. load path.
 The most suitable dimensions of different elements.
 Details of the structural elements and connections/joints.
 Methods and technology of construction
10. What are the 5 types of structures?

Types of structure
 Solid.
 Frame.
 Shell.
 Membrane.
 Composite.
11. What is the concept of RCC?

Reinforced concrete (RC), also called reinforced cement concrete (RCC) and
ferroconcrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile
strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having
higher tensile strength or ductility.
12. What is structured design technique?
Structured analysis and design technique (SADT) is a diagrammatic notation designed
specifically to help people describe and understand systems. It offers building blocks to
represent entities and activities, and a variety of arrows to relate boxes. These boxes and arrows
have an associated informal semantics.
13. What are the types of loads on structure?
The loads in buildings and structures can be classified as vertical loads, horizontal loads and
longitudinal loads. The vertical loads consist of dead load, live load and impact load. The
horizontal loads consist of wind load and earthquake load
14. What are the 5 types of loads on a static structure?

1 Loads on Structures
 • Static loads.
 • Dynamic loads.
 • Impact loads.
 Combinations of loads.
 Dead load.
 Live load.
 Wind load.
 Snow load.
15. What are the 2 types of loads a structure must support?
These are separated into two categories: Dead Loads and Live Loads
16. What are the three types of loads?

Three basic types of loads exist in circuits: capacitive loads, inductive loads and resistive
loads.
17. What are the 5 types of loads?

The five types of loads that can act on a structure are tension, compression, shear,
bending and torsion
18. What is load combination in structure?

A load combination results when more than one load type acts on the structure.
Building codes usually specify a variety of load combinations together with load factors
(weightings) for each load type in order to ensure the safety of the structure under
different maximum expected loading scenarios
19. What is load explain its types?
Loads can be defined as the forces that cause stresses, deformations, or accelerations.
These loads are applied to a structure or its components that cause stress or displacement.
There are different types of structural loads such as dead load, live load, etc we need to consider
during the design process.
20. What is the working stress method limit state method and ultimate load method?
The acceptable limits of safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is
called a limit state. This method is based on the concept of safety at ultimate loads (ultimate
load method) and serviceability at working loads (working stress method).
21. hat is working stress method in RCC?

Working stress method (WSM)

The method basically assumes that the structural material behaves as a linear elastic
manner, and that adequate safety can be ensured by suitably restricting the stresses in
the material induced by the expected “working loads” on the structure
22. What is working stress and limit stress method for RCC structure?
Workin stress method is based method of R.C.C Design. Limit state method is based
method of R.C.C Design. In working stress method, the material follows Hooke's law as stress is
not allowed to cross the yield limit. Limit state method, stress is allowed to cross the yield limit.
23. What is the difference between working stress method and limit state method of RCC
design?
The limit state method is based on predictions unlike working stress method which is
deterministic in nature, assumes that the loads, factors of safety and material stresses are
known accurately
24. What is limit state design method?

Limit State Design (LSD), also known as Load And Resistance Factor Design (LRFD),
refers to a design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of
a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria.
25. Which method is used for RCC design?
 Ultimate Load Method

The method is based on the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete at the ultimate load is
obtained by enhancing the service load by some factor called a load factor for giving a
desired margin of safety
26. What is meant by ultimate load method?

With respect to aircraft structure and design, ultimate load is the amount of load applied
to a component beyond which the component will fail. The chance that it will occur is,
however, not zero, and, if it were to occur, then the relevant structure in the aircraft would
stand a large chance of fracture.
27. What are the assumptions in RCC design by working stress method?

Assumptions in Working Stress Method

Plane Section before bending will remain plane after bending. The stress-strain
relationship will follow Hooke's law. The tensile stress is taken by steel only. The modular
ratio is given by m = 280/3𝛔cbc
28. What are the limitations of working stress method?

Limitations of working stress method :

The assumptions of linear elastic behaviour and control of stresses within specially
defined permissible stresses are unrealistic due to several reasons viz., creep, shrinkage
and other long term effects, stress concentration and other secondary effects
29. What is limit state method of RCC design?

Limit state design (LSD) refers to a structural engineering design method. A degree of
loading or other actions imposed on a structure can result in a 'limit state', where the
structure's condition no longer fulfils its design criteria, such as; fitness for use, structural
integrity, durability, and so on
30. What is LSM in RCC?

RCC Structural Elements are designed by two methods or two Design Philosophies,
Working Stress Method (WSM) Limit State Method (LSM)
31. What are the properties of reinforcing steel?
The steel is commonly used as reinforcing material due to its following qualities.
 It possesses high tensile strength and elasticity.
 Its thermal coefficient is nearly equal to that of concrete i.e. and respectively.
 It develops good bond with concrete.
 It is cheaply and easily available in bulk

32. What are properties of concrete and reinforcing rebars?

Below, we look at some properties that make rebar an excellent choice for
reinforcing concrete structures.
 Expansion. Once embedded in the concrete, rebar must have a thermal coefficient that is
as closely identical to the concrete's as possible. ...
 Rusting. ...
 Grounding. ...
 Low Magnetic Permeability
33. What are the properties of concrete?

Hardened concrete has a number of properties, including:

 Mechanical strength, in particular compressive strength. The strength of normal concrete
varies between 25 and 40 MPa. ...
 Durability. ...
 Porosity and density. ...
 Fire resistance.
 Thermal and acoustic insulation properties.
 Impact resistance.
34. What are 3 common types of reinforcement used in concrete?

Various materials are used to reinforce concrete. Round steel bars with deformations,
also known as deformed bars, are the most common type of reinforcement. Others
include steel welded wire fabric, fibers, and FRP bars.
35. What is the physical property of concrete?

The important properties of hardened concrete are strength, durability, impermeability,

and volume stability
36. What are the advantages of concrete?

Benefits of Using Concrete in Construction

 Concrete is environmentally-friendly.
 Concrete is highly cost-effective.
 Concrete is strong, durable and resilient.
 Concrete is energy-efficient.
 Concrete is versatile.
 Concrete compared to other construction materials
37. What is the advantage of reinforced concrete?

As the term “reinforced” suggests, reinforced concrete provides extra strength. With
greater comprehensive strength than regular concrete, it is able to hold more weight over
more time. 2. Reinforced concrete tends to have a long service life with relatively low
maintenance, and in turn, low maintenance cost.
38. What is working stress method of design?
 Working Stress Design Method is a method used for the reinforced concrete design where
concrete is assumed as elastic, steel and concrete act together elastically where the relation ship
between loads and stresses is linear
39. What are design steps for singly reinforced beam?
Singly Reinforced Beam Design Procedure:
 Determine the value of N by the following formula: ...
 Find the value of J. ...
 Determine the moment of resistance coefficient.
 Select appropriate breadth (b) and equate the bending moment and moment of resistance
with the effective depth of the section.
 Calculate the value of At

40. Where working stress method is used?

The working stress method is a traditional method that is mainly used for reinforced
concrete as well as for structural steel and timber design. This method obeys Hook's
law, which means that the stress is directly proportional to strain up to the point of collapse
41. What is the limit state method of design?
Limit State Design (LSD), also known as Load And Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), refers to a
design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure
beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria.
42. What is the objective of limit state design?

The basic objective of the limit state design is to prevent such failure throughout the
serviceable life of a building or structure
43. What is a singly reinforced beam?
The beam that is longitudinally reinforced only in tension zone, it is known as singly reinforced beam. In
Such beams, the ultimate bending moment and the tension due to bending are carried by the reinforcement,
while the compression is carried by the concrete.
44. What are the types of beam?

Types of beam structure

 Continuous beams. A continuous beam is one that has two or more supports that reinforce the
beam. ...
 Simply supported beams. Simply supported beams are those that have supports at both end of
the beam. ...
 Fixed beams. ...
 Overhanging beams. ...
 Cantilever beam.

45. Where is singly reinforced beam used?

Where is the singly reinforced beam used? The singly reinforced beam is suitable when the moment of
resistance of the balanced reinforced concrete beam of dimension b × d is Rbd2. Concrete has
significant compressive strength and minor tensile strength
46. What are the types of limit states?
 The two different limit states are the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and the Serviceability
Limit State (SLS), for which distinction are made in the code SANS10160: 5.1.
47. What is limit state concept?
Limit state design approach considers that the structure should sustain all loads and
deformations liable to occur during its construction, perform adequately in normal use,
and have adequate durability. From: Finite Element Analysis and Design of Steel and Steel-
Concrete Composite Bridges
48. What is the objective of limit state design?

The basic objective of the limit state design is to prevent such failure throughout the
serviceable life of a building or structure
49. What are the assumptions of limit state method?

Welcome back.
 Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
 The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is 0.0035 in bending.
 Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
 Maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less
50. Which of the following format is used in limit state method?

multiple safety factor format

3. Which of the following format is used in limit state method? Explanation: Limit state method
uses multiple safety factor format that helps to provide adequate safety at ultimate loads and
adequate serviceability at service loads, by considering all possible limit states.