CIV211-Design of RC Structural

Elements
3-1-0

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 Syllabus
MODULE 1
Chapter1: INTRODUCTION TO LIMIT STATE METHOD
• Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Structures, Materials for Reinforced
Concrete and Code requirements. Philosophy and principle of limit state
design along with the assumptions, Partial safety factors, Characteristic
Load and Strength. Introduction to stress block parameters, Concept of
balanced, under and over reinforced sections. Introduction to
Serviceability limit states: Deflection, short term and long term
deflections.
Chapter 2 : DESIGN OF BEAMS
• Analysis and design of singly reinforced beams, Analysis and Design of
doubly reinforced beams, Design of Flanged Beams (T-Section).

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 Syllabus (contd…)
MODULE 2 : DESIGN FOR SHEAR, TORSION AND BOND
• Shear stresses in homogeneous rectangular beams, behavior of reinforced
concrete under shear, Nominal shear stress, critical sections for shear
design, Design shear strength with shear reinforcement with example.
Primary and secondary torsion, general behavior in torsion. Concept of
bond, Code requirements for bond, anchorage length and lap length.
MODULE 3 : DESIGN OF SLABS
• Introduction to one way and two –way slab, Design of simply supported one-
way and two-way slab with simple support. General features and types of
staircases.

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 Syllabus (contd…)
MODULE 4 : DESIGN OF COLUMNS AND FOOTINGS
Estimation of effective length of a column, code requirements on
slenderness limit, minimum eccentricities and reinforcement.
Design of short axially loaded columns, Design of column subjected
to combined axial load and uniaxial moment.
Types of footings, soil pressure under isolated footings, General
design considerations and code requirements. Design of isolated
footing for axial load and uniaxial moment.

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REFERENCE MATERIALS
Text Book:
• 1. Unnikrishnan Pillai and Devadas Mennon, “Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures”, Tata McGraw Hill Publications.
Reference Books:
• 1. Verghese P C, “Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete”, Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi
• 2. Park and Paulay, “Reinforced Concrete”, John Wiley and Sons.
• 3. N. Krishnaraju, “Reinforced Concrete Design: Principles and
Practice”, New Age International.

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BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS (BIS)
• IS 456 : 2000 : Plain and Reinforced Concrete -Code of Practice
• SP 16 (1980): Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456:1978

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Introduction
Structural Engineering

Structural Design
Structural Analysis

Reinforced Concrete Structures

Strength of materials
Design of Steel Structures
Structural Analysis

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 Introduction
• Structural Analysis: It is the process by which we find out how a
structure or a member of a structure behaves under applied loads. That
means finding out internal forces (axial force, shear force, moment),
stress, strain, deflection etc. We need these data for the structural
design.
• Structural Design : It is the process by which we find out safe and
economical specifications of a structure or a member of the structure.
That means finding out member steel section, cross sectional
dimension, amount of reinforcement etc. to withstand the internal
forces that we have got from structural analysis.

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 Reinforced Concrete Structure (RCC)
• Reinforced Cement Concrete means that cement concrete
reinforced with steel bars, steel plates, steel mesh etc. to increase
the tension withstanding capacity of the structure.
• Cement Concrete can take up immense compression but weak in
tension whereas steel is good in withstanding both tension and
compression.

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Advantages of Reinforced Concrete:

What distinguishes reinforced concrete from other structural materials is its durability,
ability to be formed in different shapes, rigidity, fire resistance, low maintenance, and its
economy compared to other types of structural materials.

Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete:

 Low tensile strength (cracking occurs: need good reinforcing detailing)
 Low strength to weight ratio
 Time dependent properties * Shrinkage (Volume change due to drying)
* Creep (Deflection under constant load)

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Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
• RC structures are the assembly of
several basic structural elements such
as beams, columns, slabs, walls and
foundations
• The designer has to learn the design of
these basic reinforced concrete
elements.
• The joints and connections are then
carefully developed.

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Objectives of structural design
The design of a structure must satisfy three basic requirements:
1) Stability to prevent overturning, sliding or buckling of the structure, or parts
of it, under the action of loads,
2) Strength to resist safely the stresses induced by the loads in the various
structural members; and
3) Serviceability to ensure satisfactory performance under service load
conditions – which implies providing adequate stiffness and reinforcements to
contain deflections, crack-widths and vibrations within acceptable limits, and
also providing impermeability and durability (including corrosion-resistance),
etc.
There are two other considerations that a sensible designer in mind, viz.
economy and aesthetics.

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Method of Design

Methods of Design

Working Stress Ultimate Load Limit state

Method Method method

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1.Working stress method
• It is based on the elastic theory and assumes that both steel and concrete
are elastic and obey Hook’s law.
• It means that the stress is directly proportional to strain up to the point of
collapse.
• The permissible stresses are not exceeded any where in the structure
when it is subjected to worst combination of working loads.
• It uses factors of safety for stresses only and not for loads. Hence, this
method does not give true margin of safety with respect to loads because
we do not know the failure load.
• This method gives uneconomical sections.

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 2. Load Factor Method or Ultimate Load Method
• It is also known as load factor method or ultimate strength
method.
• Nonlinear region of stress strain curves of steel and concrete is
used
• This method results in more slender sections, and often gives
economical designs of beams and columns
• The designs sometimes result in excessive deflections and crack-
widths under service loads and not satisfying serviceability
requirements.

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3. Limit State Method
• This is the most rational method which takes into account the ultimate
strength of the structure and also the serviceability requirements.
• The acceptable limits of safety and serviceability requirements before
failure occurs is called a limit state.
• A limit state is a state of impending failure, beyond which a structure
ceases to perform its intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either
safety or serviceability i.e. it either collapses or becomes unserviceable.
The two important limit states to be considered in design are :
(i) Limit state of collapse.
(ii) Limit state of serviceability.

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Limit state of Collapse
Limit states of collapse deal with strength, overturning, sliding,
buckling, fatigue fracture etc.

• Limit state of collapse: Flexure.

• Limit state of collapse: Shear and bond.
• Limit State of collapse: Torsion.
• Limit state of collapse: Compression.

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Limit state of Serviceability
• Serviceability limit states which deals with discomfort to
occupancy and/ or malfunction, caused by excessive deflection, crack
width, vibration leakage etc., and also loss of durability etc.
It is categorized into following types:
• Limit state of deflection.
• Limit state of cracking
• Limit state of vibration.

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20
Working Stress Method Limit State Method
The Stresses in an element is obtained from the working The stresses are obtained from design loads and
loads and compared with permissible stresses. compared with design strength.

The method follows linear stress-strain behavior of both In this method, it follows linear strain relationship but
the materials. not linear stress relationship (one of the major
difference between the two methods of design).
Modular ratio can be used to determine allowable The ultimate stresses of materials itself are used as
stresses. allowable stresses.

Material capabilities are under estimated to large The material capabilities are not underestimated as
extent. Factor of safety are used in working stress much as they are in working stress method. Partial
method. safety factors are used in limit state method.
The member is considered as working stress.

Ultimate load carrying capacity cannot be predicted

accurately.
The main drawback of this method is that it results in an
uneconomical section.

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Design Codes and Hand Books
• IS 456 – 2000 Code of Practice – Plain and reinforced concrete
• SP : 16 -1980 – Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS:456
• SP : 24-1983 – Explanatory Handbook on IS : 456
• SP : 34 -1978 – Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing
• SP : 23 -1982 – Handbook on Concrete Mixes

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Partial safety factors
• When the structures are subjected to overloading , the designed loads
are obtained by multiplying the characteristic loads with suitable factors
of safety depending on the nature of loads or their combinations, and
the limit state being considered.
• These factors of safety for loads are termed as partial safety factors (γf)
for loads
• Respective values of γf for loads in the two limit states as given in Table
18 of IS 456
• The design strength is calculated dividing the characteristic strength
further by the partial safety factor for the material (γm), where γm
depends on the material and the limit state being considered.

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LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATION
• All structural elements must be designed for all loads anticipated to act
during the life span of such elements. These loads should not cause the
structural elements to fail or deflect excessively under working
conditions.
• Dead loads
• Imposed loads
• Wind loads
• Snow loads
• Earthquake loads

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Dead Loads (DL)
• Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads which are
transferred to structure throughout the life span.
• Dead load is primarily due to self weight of structural members,
permanent partition walls, fixed permanent equipments and
weight of different materials.
• It majorly consists of the weight of roofs, beams, walls and column
etc. which are otherwise the permanent parts of the building.
• The Indian Standard Code IS: 875 (Part-I) – 1987 prescribed the
unit weight of building materials to be used in design.

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 Dead Loads of Materials
( Table1 in IS 875-Part 1)
Sl. No Material Weight (kN/m3 )

1 Brick Masonry 18.8

2 Stone Masonry 20.4-26.5

3 Plain Cement Concrete 24

4 Reinforced Cement Concrete 24

5 Timber 6 – 10

6 Cement Mortar 20.4

7 Floor Finishes 0.6 to 1.2

8 Roof Finishes 0.2 to 1.2

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 Live Loads or Imposed Loads (LL or IL)
• Live loads are either movable or moving loads with out any
acceleration or impact.
• These loads are assumed to be produced by the intended use or
occupancy of the building including weights of movable partitions or
furniture etc..
• Live loads keeps on changing from time to time. These loads are to be
suitably assumed depends upon the intended use of the building.
• The imposed loads for different occupancies are specified in IS 875
(Part2) -1987

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Live loads/Imposed Loads

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Wind loads (WL)
• Wind loads have to be considered in the design of multi-storeyed
buildings, towers and poles.
• Wind loads depend upon the intensity wind prevailing in the
locality of the structure.
• IS 875 (Part3) prescribes basic wind speeds in various zones by
dividing the country into 6 zones.
• The design wind pressure is given by pz = 0.6 V2z
where pz is in N/m2 at height Z and Vz is in m/sec.
Up to a height of 30 m, the wind pressure is considered to act
uniformly. Above 30 m height, the wind pressure increases.

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Snow loads
• Structures subjected to snow loads have to be designed suitably by
considering the snow loads prevailing in the region and also the
various load combinations

Earthquake Loads (IS : 1893 -2014)

• Earthquake forces constitute to both vertical and horizontal forces
on the building. The total vibration caused by earthquake may be
resolved into three mutually perpendicular directions, usually
taken as vertical and two horizontal directions.
• The movement in vertical direction do not cause forces in
superstructure to any significant extent. But the horizontal
movement of the building at the time of earthquake is to be
considered while designing.
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Load Combinations
A judicious combination of the loads (specified in Parts 1 to 4 of code and earthquake),
keeping in view the probability of:
• a) their acting together, and
• b) their disposition in relation to other loads and severity of stresses or deformations
caused by combinations of the various loads is necessary to ensure the required
safety and economy in the design of a structure.

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MATERIALS FOR REINFORCED
CONCRETE

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 R.C.C

Concrete Steel

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1. CONCRETE AND ITS PROPERTIES
a) GRADES OF CONCRETE :
• The IS 456 specifies that the concrete mix proportion should be selected so as to
ensure the workability of fresh concrete and durability of hardened concrete.
• The most commonly used grades are M20 to M30.
• The design mix should be preferred to nominal mix since the design mix concrete
exhibits better performance compared to nominal mix concrete.
b) Tensile strength of Concrete
The tensile strength of concrete is expressed in terms of flexural strength (fcr) and
its magnitude is expressed in the form of empirical relation fcr = 0.7 fck N/mm2
fck = characteristic cube strength of concrete in N/mm2
The direct tensile strength is only about 7 to 15 percent of its compressive
strength.

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CONCRETE AND ITS PROPERTIES
c) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
It is the property influence by the type of aggregates used, type of cement and mix
proportion
It is an important property required for computation of deflection of structural
concrete members
The elastic modulus of concrete can be computed as given in IS: 456 using
Ec = 5000 √fck
d) Shrinkage of concrete
The total shrinkage of concrete depends upon the constituents of concrete, size of
the member and environmental conditions.
The approximate value of the total shrinkage strain in concrete for design
purposes may be taken as 0.0003

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CONCRETE AND ITS PROPERTIES
e) Creep of concrete
Creep is defined as the plastic deformation under sustained load.
It depends upon several factors such as strength of concrete at
loading, stress in concrete and duration of loading.
The ultimate creep strain may be estimated from the values of creep
coefficient which is useful in computations of long term deflections
of structural members.
Age at Loading Creep coefficient
7 days 2.2
28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1

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CONCRETE AND ITS PROPERTIES
f) Durability of concrete
• Durability of concrete is influenced by various factors such as type
of environment, quality of cement content, water/cement ratio,
workmanship, cover to reinforcement, size and shape of the
structural member.
• IS456 categorises the exposure conditions into five types and
minimum and maximum w/c ratios to be used in concrete for
different types of exposure conditions (mild, moderate, severe, very
severe and extreme) to ensure the durability of concrete are given
in Table 3 ( IS : 456)

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Stress-strain Curves for Concrete
• The curves are initially linear and become non-
linear when the stress level exceeds about 40% of
the max stress.
• The maximum stress is reached when the strain
is approximately 0.002; beyond this point, the
stress–strain curve descends.
• For concrete under compression due to axial load,
the ultimate strain is restricted to 0.002
• The value of maximum compressive strength of
concrete in structural elements is taken as
0.67fck
• IS 456 limits the maximum failure strain in
concrete under direct compression to 0.002
(Clause 39.1a) and under flexure to 0.0035
(Clause 38.1b).

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2. Steel
• Steel bars of different types and strength are used to reinforce concrete in the
tension zone of flexural members to resist tension since concrete is weak in tension
and in members subjected to compression to enhance the load carrying capacity.
The four types of steel used in concrete structures as specified in cl. 5.6 of IS 456 are
given below:
• Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars conforming to IS 432 (Part 1)
• High yield strength deformed (HYSD) steel bars conforming to IS 1786
• Hard-drawn steel wire fabric conforming to IS 1566
• Structural steel conforming to Grade A of IS 2062.
Mild steel bars had been progressively replaced by HYSD bars and subsequently TMT
bars are promoted in our country

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Behaviour of Steel
• For all grades, there is an initial linear
elastic portion with constant slope
which gives modulus of elasticity
• The code specifies the value of Es to be
considered in design for all grades of
steel as 2x105 MPa (N/mm2 )

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Reinforcement Specifications for Structural
Elements
• Reinforcement in Slabs

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Reinforcement Specifications in RC Slab

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Reinforcement in Beams

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Reinforcement in Beams

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Behaviour in Flexure

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Characteristic Strength of Materials
• The term ‘characteristic strength’ means that value of the strength of
the material below which not more than 5 percent of the test results
are expected to fall.
• The characteristic strength for concrete shall be in accordance with
Table 2.
• Characteristic strength = Mean Strength – 1.65 x standard deviation
• The design strength of material is given by
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Design Strength=
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

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Partial Safety Factor for materials
Material Collapse Deflection Damage
Steel 1.15 1.00 1.00
Concrete 1.50 1.00 1.00 or 1.30

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Characteristic Loads
• The term ‘characteristic load’ means that value of load which has a
95 percent probability of not being exceeded during the life of the
structure.
Design Load = Characteristic load x Partial Safety Factor
Partial safety factors for Loads Ƴf (Table 18)
Load Limit State of Collapse Limit State of Serviceability
Combination
DL LL WL DL LL WL

DL+LL 1.5 1.5 - 1.0 1.0 -

DL +WL 1.5 - 1.5 1.0 - 1.0
DL+LL+WL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8

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Balanced, Under-Reinforced and Over-
Reinforced Beam Sections
• Reinforced concrete beam sections in which the tension steel also
reaches yield strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches the
failure strain in bending are called balanced sections.
• Reinforced concrete beam sections in which the steel reaches yield
strain at loads lower than the load at which the concrete reaches
failure strain are called under-reinforced sections.
• Reinforced concrete beam sections in which the failure strain in
concrete is reached earlier than the yield strain of steel is reached,
are called over-reinforced beam sections.

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