B.

Tech V Sem [Civil] Concrete

Structures-I, CE: 15103
Lecture 7-9
Introduction to Limit State Method of
Design

Dr. L. K. Mishra
Professor, CED
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad, Prayagraj

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 Design Approaches

•Working Stress
•Ultimate Load [ Strength ] Design
•Limit State Design

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 Ultimate Load [ Strength ] Design :
Design for ultimate loads considering the
material behaviour beyond linear elastic
stress strain relationship, Failure defined
by strain in concrete as 0.003.

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 Limitations of WSM & their overcoming by ULD

1. RC Sections behave in- elastically at high loads.

2. Ultimate strength of member not predicted by WSM, therefore load
factor defined by ultimate load/ service load are neither considered
nor derivable in WSM.
3. The stress strain relationship of concrete is nonlinear and time
dependent .Hence . use of modular ratio does not represent actual
material behaviour and therefore ultimate strength design does not
require the knowledge of modular ratio.
4. Ultimate Load [Strength ] Design method incorporates load factors
more rationally as different load factors are used for different types
of load considerations

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 Advantages of Ultimate Load [ Strength ] Design
• Ultimate Load [ Strength ] Design utilizes reserve strength
of material utilizing non linear inelastic stress strain
content. The WSM is more conservative. The resulting
design produce smaller sections with less quantity of
material.
• Makes more efficient use of high strength reinforcement
and concrete Ultimate stage .
• Allows the designer to assess the ductility of structure in
post elastic range. This is an important aspect of design
when the possible redistribution of bending moment for
gravity loads is considered in the design and in design for
earthquake or blast loading.
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 Limit State Method of Design

The design approach that aims at achieving an

acceptable probability that structure will not
become unfit for use during its life time either
due to safety considerations or due to
serviceability considerations.

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 LSM of Design is more rational as
 It accounts for uncertainties in material properties
and loads through Characteristic Values
 It uses multiple factors on materials and loads as
appropriate to the case.
 It considers appropriate theories for safety and
serviceability

Safety Ultimate Load Theory

Serviceability Working Stress Theory

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 In LSM
𝑖<𝑛
(i) Safety (𝜇𝑅) > 𝑖<1 𝜆𝑖 𝐿𝑖 [ Design Resistance > Imposed
Action ],
where 𝜇 and 𝜇 are safety factors, 𝑅 is resistance and
𝐿 is the loading
𝛿 1
(ii) Serviceability ≤ , where 𝛼 is constant, 𝛼 is the
𝑙 𝛼
deflection , 𝑙 is the span . Also control on crack width
as well as durability are also included.

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 Limit State
Extreme limits of various states in a
structure, expressed in terms of
structural engineering consideration
/parameters [ stress and or strain,
rotation, deflection, cracking etc. ]
defining the failure of structure.

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 Limit State of Collapse : Deals with
•Strength [ Crushing, bending, shear, bond,
torsion ]
•Stability [ Over turning, Sliding, Buckling]
•Fatigue & Fracture.
It is associated with Maximum load carrying
capacity, loss of equilibrium of a part of structure or the
whole structure, rupture of critical section, mechanism
formation, loss of stability, geometric instability due to
elastic/plastic effects or creep deformations.

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 Limit State of Serviceability:
Deals with
• Discomfort or malfunctioning [Excessive
deflection, Cracking beyond permissible limit
excessive vibrations.
• Pre- mature loss in performance[ durability]
• Fire Resistance

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 Consequences of Attaining Limit State
• The structure is assumed to have failed and is
incapable of resisting loads and or has become unfit
for use due to exceedance of serviceability related
acceptance criteria .
• Where the consequence of a structure attianing a
limit state are of serious nature such as huge loss of
life and disruption of economy , higher values for 𝛾𝑓
and 𝛾𝑚 than those given in the code may be applied .

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 Characteristic Strength

• Characteristic Strength [𝑋𝑐𝑘 ] : The value of the

strength of the material, below which not more than
5% of the observation values (test results) are
expected to fall.
• Characteristic Strength [𝑋𝑐𝑘 ] =𝑋𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 1.64𝜎𝑋
• Characteristic Strength [𝑋𝑐𝑘 ] of Structural Concrete :
Grade of Concrete
• Characteristic Strength [𝑋𝑐𝑘 ] of Structural Reinforcing
steel : Minimum yield strength or 0.2% Proof Stress.
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 Characteristic Load

• Characteristic Load [𝑊𝑐𝑘 ] : The value of the

load, above which not more than 5% of the
values are expected to exceed.
• Characteristic Load [𝑊𝑐𝑘 ] =𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 + 1.64𝜎𝑤
• As there is insufficient data for statistical
analysis of loads, the values given in IS 875-1987
are assumed as characteristic loads.

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Partial Safety Factors: 1. On materials
To account for variability in Material Strength due to
 Assumptions made in design method
 Possibility of deviation in strength and sectional
dimensions
 Assumptions in test procedures
 Calculation approximations
To account for importance to risk to life and socio- economical
consequences of failure.
They are material specific.

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 Partial Safety Factors on Materials for RCC :

To assess design strength at limit state

of collapse for RCC following Partial
Safety Factor For structural Concrete &
Reinforcing Steel are used :
• For structural Concrete Partial Safety Factor[𝛾𝑚𝑐 ],:
𝛾𝑚𝑐 = 1.5
• For structural reinforcing steel Partial Safety
Factor[𝛾𝑚𝑠 ],: 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15
Note that, 𝛾𝑚𝑐 > 𝛾𝑚𝑠

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 Partial Safety Factor Yf for Loads:

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 Design Values in LSM

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Assumptions of Limit State Method of Design for
Flexure
Clause 38.1 of IS 456 :2000 Assumptions

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 Comparison of Design Philosophies
for Design of RCC elements
Considerations WSM UTM LSM
Material Linear Elastic Non linear Non linear
Behaviour elastic/inelastic
elastic/inelastic
Design (i) Elastic (i) Plastic (i) Plastic
Approach (ii) Deterministic (ii) Deterministic
(ii) Probability/
Reliability
Strength Working Collapse / Ultimate Collapse /
Ultimate
Factor of Safety Only on materials On loads & materials On loads &
materials
Serviceability In built Not Considered Considered
through
separate Limit
State
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 Comparison of Design Philosophies
for Design of RCC elements
Considerations WSM UTM LSM
Stress Distribution Linear Assumed to have same Assumed to have
area and cg as per same area and cg as
experimentally per experimentally
obtained stress- strain obtained stress-
strain curve but
curve
adopted as as per IS
456
Type of Section UR/ OR/ balanced UR UR
Mode of Failure UR = Ductile ductile ductile
OR= Brittle
Min & Max Ast Same
Economy Least Most In between WSM &
UTM

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 Stress-strain Behaviour of Concrete

Stress – strain Behaviour

Experimental Stress Strain Behavior of
Concrete
• Stress- strain behaviour of
concrete for uniaxial direct
compression and bending
compression are identical.
• Stress- strain is initially
𝟏
linear ( approx. up to 𝟑 of
maximum stress], thereafter
non-linear.
• Failure Strains range
between : 0.003 to 0.0035
concrete.
• High Strength Concretes
show sharp peak and
steeper initial portion.

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 Assumed Stress - Strain Behaviour of
Concrete for LSM for Flexure

Stress – Strain Curve of Concrete For Design Stress Block For Concrete For Design

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 Stress-Strain Curve for Reinforcement

Es = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 N/mm2

Typical Stress strain curve (a) for mild steel, (b) for MS
rebar Under repeated load, (c) CTD bar and (d) TMT bar
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 Design Stress-Strain Curve for
Reinforcements

Es = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 N/mm2

Design Stress –Strain for Cold worked Deformed Bars

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 Design Stress-Strain Curve for
Reinforcements……….Contd.

Es = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 N/mm2

Design Stress –Strain for Mild Steel Bars

[ with well defined Yield Point]

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 Limiting Values of Neutral Axis Depth
for LSM for Flexure
𝑓𝑦
• 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 > + 0.002 hence
1,15 𝐸𝑠
Limiting Values of Neutral Axis Depth for LSM for
Flexure are as follows :

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 Important Formulae for Design
through LSM
1. Important values for Concrete stress block as
per IS 456:2000
(i) Failure Strain in Concrete (𝜀𝑐𝑢 ) :0.0035
(ii) Strain corresponding to yielding of concrete : 0.002
(iii) Failure Stress of Concrete (𝑓𝑐𝑢 ) : 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘
(iv) Area of the Concrete stress block : 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢
(v) Centre of Gravity of stress block from most
compressed concrete location : 0.42𝑥𝑢

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 Important Formulae for Design
through LSM
𝑓𝑦
2. (a) Failure Strain in Tension steel (𝜀𝑠𝑢 ) ≥ +
1.15𝐸𝑠
0.002
𝑓𝑦
(b) Failure Stress in Tension steel (𝑓𝑠𝑢 ) =
1.15
3. Limiting Value of Neutral Axis (𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
0,0035
= 𝑓𝑦 X𝑑
1.15𝐸𝑠
:0.002:0,0035

Limiting Value of Neutral Axis (𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) for Fe 500 = 0.46 𝑑

Limiting Value of Neutral Axis (𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) for Fe 550 = 0.44 𝑑

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 Important Formulae for Design
through LSM
4. Depth of Neutral Axis (𝑥𝑢 ) for given Section
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑥𝑢 =
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
If 𝑥𝑢 < 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , then Section is Under reinforced
& Neutral Axis depth = 𝑥𝑢
If 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , then Section is Balanced Section &
Neutral Axis depth = 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
If 𝑥𝑢 > 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , then Section is Over Reinforced
Section & Neutral Axis depth= 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥

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 Important Formulae for Design
through LSM
5. Limiting Moment of Resistance (𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 ):
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) ,
moment about tensile Force
= 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) ,
moment about Compressive

Grade of Steel 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

Fe415 = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
Fe500 = 0.133𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

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 Important Formulae for Design
through LSM
6. Computation of % of Limiting Tension
Reinforcement:
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑡 =
0.87𝑓𝑦 X(𝑑;0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 1
𝑃𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑚 = × 100 = × ×
𝑏𝑑 0.87𝑓𝑦 X(𝑑;0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑏𝑑
100
Grade of Steel 𝑃𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑚 for various grade of Concrete
M20 M25
Fe 415 0.96 1.20
Fe500 0.76 0.95

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 Important Formulae for Design
through LSM
7. Computation of 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑀𝑢 )

S. Depth of Type of Section 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑀𝑢 )

No Neutral Axis
1 𝑥𝑢 < 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 Under Reinforced =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 )
2 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 Balanced = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
= 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
3 𝑥𝑢 > 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 Over Reinforced Limit 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 and consider
Moment about tension Steel
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑀𝑢 )=
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

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 Important Formulae for Design
through LSM
8. Computation of Area of tension steel for a given section [ b & d ] &
required 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑀𝑢 )

𝑃𝑡 𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.598𝑅
= × 1− 1−
100 2𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑢
Where 𝑃𝑡 = × 100 , 𝑅 =
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.85
9. (a) Min Ast governed by =
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
(b) Max Ast = 0.04bD

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 Critical Section for Bending Moment
• For monolithic construction :Face of the
supports .
• For non-monolithic construction at the
theoretical maximum value considering the
effective span as per clause 22.2of IS 456 :
2000

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 Recommended Considerations for Effective
Length as per clause 22.2of IS 456: 2000
Type of Structure Effective Span
Simply All types Minimum of (i) clear span plus the effective depth of
Supported slab and (ii) beam or centre to centre of supports.
Beam or Slab

Continuous Width of the support is Minimum of (i) clear span plus the effective depth of
Beam or Slab less than 1/12of the clear slab and (ii) beam or centre to centre of supports.
span
Width of supports wider For end span with one end fixed and the other
than 1/12 of the clear continuous or for intermediate spans the effective span
span or 600 mm shall be the clear span between supports;
whichever is less,
For end span with one Minimum of (a) clear span plus half the effective depth
end free and the other of the beam or slab (b) the clear span plus half the
continuous width of the discontinuous support

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 Recommended Considerations for Effective
Length as per clause 22.2of IS 456: 2000

Type of Structure Effective Span

Beams supported Simply Supported Beam/ The distance between the centres ofbearings
on roller or rocket Continuous
bearings
Cantilever- Normal Cantilever Its length to the face of the support plus half the
effective depth .
Where it forms the end The length to the centre of support.
of a continuous beam

Frames All Types Centre to centre distance of framing elements

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