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The earliest one is working stress method, which was introduced in 20th century. This is based on linear elastic theory. This method was used in IS 456 till
revision IS 456:2000. In 1950s Ultimate Load method was introduced which is based on the ultimate load which can be carried out by material. Its acceptance
can be seen in ACI code in 1956 and British codes in 1957 and Indian codes in 1964. The most recently accepted code of practice is based on Limit State
method. This is used in IS 456 from revision IS 456:2000, British code CP 110(1973) (now BS 8110(1997)) and ACI 318-71 (now ACI 318-95).
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When we consider the effect of creep, shrinkage, stress concentrations and others secondary effects the assumption of material behavior in the elastic range will
not hold. These will lead to increase of stresses into the inelastic range. WSM cannot account for loads acting simultaneously, but has different degrees of
uncertainty. It cannot account for the loads having counteracting effects, such as dead load and wind load. The above will lead to non-conservative design.
Working Stress method will lead to large FOS and over-sized sections, thus reducing the design economy.
WSM is still being using in special structures such as water tanks, chimneys in India. Elastic regions holds good in serviceability checks such as crack width,
deflection etc.
The ULM makes it possible to consider the effects of different loads acting simultaneously thus solving the shortcomings of WSM. As the ultimate strength of the
material is considered we will get much slender sections for columns and beams compared to WSM method. But the serviceability criteria is not met because of
large deflections and cracks in the sections. The fall-back in the method was that even though the nonlinear stress strain behaviour of was considered sections
but the nonlinear analysis of the structural was not carried out for the load effects. Thus the stress distribution at ultimate load was just the magnification of
service load by load factor following the linear elastic theory.
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“Limit state is the state of impending failure, beyond which a structure ceases to perform its intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either safety or
serviceability.”
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It uses multiple safety factors for the required safety and serviceability at the ultimate load and working load respectively by considering all limit states. These are
called “partial safety factors”.
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UL = 1.5(DL+LL)
UL = 1.5(DL+QL) OR 0.9DL+1.5QL
UL = 1.2(DL+LL+QL)
The load factor of 1.2 is considered for the combination of three because the probability of the three loads reaching its peak together are less.
SL = 1.0 (DL+LL)
SL = 1.0 (DL+QL)
SL = 1.0DL+ 0.8LL+ 0.8 QL
The load factor is taken as 0.8 in the third case as the probability of wind load or earthquake load acting with the peak of live load is less. For all cases the safety
factor is taken as 1.0 as we are considering the serviceability of structure here.
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Posted by Aparna
April 13, 2016
Tags: allowable stress design, Design Philosophies, design philosophy, Limit State Method, load factor method, Major Design Philosophies, Partial safety factor,
Ultimate Load and Limit State, Ultimate Load Method, working stress, Working Stress Method
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