INTRODUCTION OF LIMIT STATES

DESIGN METHOD

SUMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Dr Md. Rezaul Karim Md. Sohag Mia
Professor of Student No-
Department of Civil Engineering P-16201029
Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology
What is Limit State Design Method

 This method is advancement over traditional design method.

It is a plastic design method.
 LSM represents comprehensive and rational solution to design
problem.
 When particular loading reaches its limit, failure is the
assumed results, I,e. the loading condition become failure
modes, such a condition is referred to as limit state and it can
be defined as
 A limit state is a condition beyond which a structural system
or a structural component ceases to fulfill the function for
which it is designed
Partial Safety Factor
 S*  R*

S* - factored load effect

R*- factored resistance of the element being checked,

and is a function of the nominal value of the
material yield strength.
 Partial Safety Factor for Material
 Sl.  Definition  Partial Safety Factor
No.
1  Resistance, governed by yielding m0  1.10

2  Resistance of member to buckling m0  1.10

3  Resistance, governed by ultimate stress  1.25

m1
4  Resistance of connection m1  Shop  Field
  
Fabricati Fabrication
 (i) Bolts-Friction Type, mf ons s
 (ii) Bolts-Bearing Type, mb  1.25  1.25
 1.25  1.25
 (iii)  Rivets, gmr  
1.25 1.25
 (iv)  Welds, gmw  1.25  1.50
Types of limit state design method

 There three groups of limit states

I. Ultimate Limit States

II. Serviceability Limit States
III. Special Limit States
 1-Ultimate Limit States
Ultimate limit states concern structural safety against
total or partial structural collapse.
Since this may lead to loss of life and major financial
losses,ULS must have a very low probability of
occurrence.
 1-Ultimate Limit States
Major Ultimate States are:

a. Loss of equilibrium (total or partial)

b. Rupture (total or partial)
c. Progressive collapse (successive member failure s,
e.g. during explosion)
d. Formation of a plastic mechanism (yielding of steel)
e. Instability (such as local or global buckling)
f. Fatigue (failure caused by cyclic loading)
 2-Serviceability Limit States

Serviceability limit states refer to the performance of

structures under normal service loads, with use and
occupancy of structures.
There is less risk of loss of life than ULS, A higher
probability of occurrence is tolerated.
To satisfy serviceability limit state, defections, cracking
and vibration must not be excessive.
Violation of serviceability limit state may disrupt the
use of structures but does not usually involve collapse.
 Limit State of serviceability
 Type  Maximu
of  Defle  Design m
 Member
Purlins and  Supporting
Buil ction  LiveLoad Deflectio
Girts  Elastic cladding
ding load/Wind  Spann/ 150
 Purlins and  Brittle cladding
load  Span
 Live load  Simple
Girts span  Elastic cladding  Span // 180
240
 Live load  Simple span  Brittle cladding  Span / 300
 Live load  Cantilever span  Elastic cladding  Span / 120
  Live load  Cantilever span  Brittle cladding  Span / 150
Vertic  Profiled Metal
al  Live load or  Rafter  Span / 180
Sheeting
Wind load supporting  Plastered Sheeting  Span / 240
 Crane load

 (Manual  Gantry  Crane  Span / 500
Crane load
 Indu 
operation)
(Electric
  Gantry  Crane  Span / 750
strial Crane
operationload
up to
 50 t)
(Electric
 Span /
build  Gantry  Crane
operation over  1000
Height /
ing  50 t) cranes
No  Column  Elastic cladding
 Masonry/Brittle  150
Height /
 No cranes  Column
cladding 240
 Gantry (lateral)  Crane(absolute)  Span / 400
 Relative displacement
 Crane +  10 mm
 Latera between rails
wind 
l Height /
 Column/frame  Gantry (Elastic 200
 Crane+
cladding; pendent 
    
wind
operated)
    
Column/frame Gantry (Brittle Height /
   cladding; cab operated) 400
 Limit State of serviceability
 Elements not
 Live  Floor &  Span /
susceptible to
load Roof 300
cracking
 Elements
 Live  Floor &  Span /
susceptible to
 Vert load Roof 360
cracking
ical  Elements not
 Live  Span /
 Ot susceptible to
load  Cantilev 150
her cracking
 Elements
Bui  Live er  Span /
susceptible to
ldi load 180
cracking
ngs
 Elastic cladding  Height
 Wind  Building / 300
 Late  Brittle cladding
ral  Height
 Inter  Storey
/ 500
 Wind storey  --- height
drift / 300
 3-pacial Limit States

Special limit states refer to structural damage or

failure caused by abnormal or exceptional loading:
 Extreme earthquake
 Fire, explosions, vehicular collision
 Effects of corrosion and deterioration.
 Limit State Design
 Serviceability limit state is usually more tolerated
than ultimate limit state as it is less dangerous (no loss
of life risk)
Design is generally performed using the ultimate limit
state, and then serviceability limit state is checked
(deflection, cracks, vibration)
Exception : Water and liquid containers (no cracking
allowed, service limit state is more important)
 Design consideration

Structure and Structural Members should have

adequate strength, stiffness and toughness to ensure
proper functioning during service life
Reserve Strength should be available to cater for:
– Occasional overloads and underestimation of loads
– Variability of strength of materials from those
specified
– Variation in strength arising from quality of
workmanship and construction practices
 Design consideration
Structural Design must provide adequate margin of
safety irrespective of Design Method

Design Approach should take into account the

probability of occurrence of failure in the design
process
 Design consideration

An important goal in design is to prevent limit state

from being reached.

It is not economical to design a structure so that none

of its members or components could ever fail. Thus, it
is necessary to establish an acceptable level of risk or
probability of failure.
 Design consideration
Brittle behavior is to be avoided as it will imply a
sudden loss of load carrying capacity when elastic
limit is exceeded.
Reinforced concrete can be made ductile by limiting
the steel reinforcement.
 Design consideration
To determine the acceptable margin of safety, opinion
should be sought from experience and qualified group
of engineers.
In steel design AISC manuals for ASD & LRFD
guidelines can be accepted as reflection of such
opinions.
 Assumptions of Limit State Method

Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after

bending.
The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost
compression fibre is 0.0035 in bending.
Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
Maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section
at failure shall not be less.
There is a perfect bond between steel and concrete.
The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from stress
strain curve for the type of steel used.
Advantages of limit state design method
 Limit state method helps to design structures based on
both safety and serviceability. The structures are
designed to withstand ultimate loads or the loads at
which failure occurs unlike working stress method
where only service loads are considered. This leads to
enhanced safety. Also unlike the working stress method,
the structures are economical. It is also better than
ultimate load method as serviceability requirement is
also taken care of by considering various safety factors
for all the load types and structures do not undergo
massive deflection and cracks
 Topics covered and conclusion

Review of the provisions of safety, consequent on

uncertainties in loading and material properties.

Allowable Stress Design

Limit State Design

Thanks