Chapter 2

Principles of Steady-state Heat

Transfer in Conduction

CO1: Solve heat transfer problems that involve conduction,

convection and radiation in steady state heat transfer

PO1 Engineering Knowledge - Apply knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialisation to the
solution of complex engineering problems.

1
Topic Outcomes
It is expected that students will be able to:

 Solve problems using steady-state conduction principles

for one dimensional solid conduction heat transfer in
parallel and series
 Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient to solve
problems related to combined conduction and
convection heat transfer mechanism
 Solve the problem related to internal heat generation
 Determine the critical thickness of insulation for a
cylinder
2
 CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
A

Fourier’s law:
qx dT
 k
A dx

where
qx = heat transfer rate in the x-direction (W)
A = cross-sectional area normal to the direction of flow of heat (m2)
k = thermal conductivity (W/m.K)
dT/dx = temperature gradient in the x direction

qx T1  T2
After integration k
A x2  x1
3
Why does metal feel colder than wood, if
they are both at the same temperature?

Metal is a conductor, wood is an insulator.

Metal conducts the heat away from your hands
quickly.
Wood does not conduct the heat away from your
hands as well as the metal, so the wood feels
warmer than the metal.

4
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
- A properties to measure the ability of material to conduct heat

Thermal conductivity Material Thermal conductivity

Material
(W/m K)* (W/m K)*
Silver 406.0 Hydrogen at 0 C 0.14
Copper 385.0 Helium at 0 C 0.14
Brass 109.0 Oxygen 0.023
Aluminum 205.0 Snow (dry) ...
Iron ... Fiberglass 0.04
Steel 50.2 Brick,insulating 0.15
Lead 34.7 Brick, red 0.6
Mercury 8.3 Cork board 0.04
Ice 1.6 Wool felt 0.04
Glass,ordinary 0.8 Rock wool 0.04
Concrete 0.8 Styrofoam 0.01
Water at 0 C 0.57 Wood 0.12-0.04
Asbestos ... Air at 0 C 0.024
5
*From Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed. Table 15-5.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

6
 2.1 CONDUCTION - PLANE WALL
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
A 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
q k 
  T1  T2 
A x x  
q Driving Force 2 1

q
T1  T2   T1  T2 
x R
kA

T1 T2 where Resistance
q
R R = heat transfer resistance (K/W)
A = area perpendicular to heat flow (m2)
k = thermal conductivity of wall (W/m.K)
x = thickness of wall/slab (m)
T1,T2 = temperature at point 1 & 2, respectively (K)
7
ELECTRICAL ANALOGY RECALL!!!!!!!!!

8
2.1 CONDUCTION -
PLANE WALLS IN SERIES

100 ᵒC 20 ᵒC
q kA kB kC

xA xB xC

9
 ELECTRICAL ANALOGY
• SERIES:
I1  I2  I3
VJ  V1  V2  V3 I1 I2 I3
R1 R2 R3
RJ  R1  R2  R3
V1 V2 V3

I1 R1
 • PARALLEL
V1
IJ  I1  I2  I3
I1 R1
V1  V2  V3
1 1 1 1 V1
  
RJ R1 R2 R3 I1 R1

V1 10
2.1 CONDUCTION - PLANE WALLS IN SERIES

100 ᵒC 20 ᵒC
q kA kB kC

xA xB xC

qA qB qC
q RA RB RC

T1 = 100 ᵒC T2 T3 T4 = 20 ᵒC

x A x B xC
RA  RB  RC 
kA A kB A kC A 11
 ELECTRICAL ANALOGY

A
qA qB qC
100 ᵒC 20 ᵒC q RA RB RC
q kA kB kC
T1 = 100 ᵒC T2 T3 T4 = 20 ᵒC
xA xB xC
q RJ

T1=100 ᵒC T4 = 20 ᵒC

𝑞 = 𝑞𝐴 = 𝑞𝐵 = 𝑞𝐶

T1  T2 T2  T3 T3  T4 T1  T4
q   
RA RB RC RJ

x A x B xC
R J  R A  RB  RC   
k A A k B A kC A 12
 2.1 CONDUCTION- PLANE WALLS IN PARALLEL

AA T1 =T3 T2 =T4
T1 A
T2 x x
q AB R  A R  B
A k A B k A
A A B B
T3 B
T4

xA = xB q =qA +qB

T1  T2  T3  T4   1

1 
q   
  T  T 
 1 2
RA RA RB  R R 
 A B 
T1 T2
q

RB where
AA = area perpendicular to heat flow for wall A (m2)
q = total heat transfer rate (W) 13

qA = heat transfer rate for wall A (W)

 ELECTRICAL ANALOGY
• SERIES:
I1  I2  I3
VJ  V1  V2  V3 I1 I2 I3
R1 R2 R3
RJ  R1  R2  R3
V1 V2 V3

I1 R1
 • PARALLEL
V1
IJ  I1  I2  I3
I1 R1
V1  V2  V3
1 1 1 1 V1
  
RJ R1 R2 R3 I1 R1

V1 14
 2.1 CONDUCTION - HOLLOW CYLINDER/PIPE

T1 A
q
T1  T2  T1  T2 

T2 
 r
 R
ln 2
 
 r
 1 
2kL
T1 T2
q T1 r 
ln r2 
R
R  1
2kL
T2

where R = heat transfer resistance (K/W)

A = area perpendicular to heat flow (m2) = 2rL
r1 = inside radius (m)
r2 = outside radius (m)
15
T1,T2 = inside and outside temperature, respectively (K)
 2.1 CONDUCTION - MULTILAYERS CYLINDER
For a single cylinder:

q
T1  T2  T1  T2 

 
 r R
ln 2
 
 r
 1 
2kL

For multilayers cylinder:

q
T1 T2 T3 T4
q
T1  T4 

T1  T4 
RA RB RC R A  RB  RC R
where
r  r  r 
ln r2  ln r3  ln r4 
RA   1  RB   2 RC   3
2k AL 2k BL 2k CL

𝑞 = 𝑞𝐴 = 𝑞𝐵 = 𝑞𝐶 16
 2.1 CONDUCTION - HOLLOW SPHERE

T2
For a single sphere:

q
T1  T2   T1  T2 
T1 

  
R
1  1 



 


r  r2 
 
 1
T2
q
T1 4k
R

where A = area perpendicular to heat flow (m2) = 4r2

r1 = inside radius (m)
r2 = outside radius (m)
17
T1,T2 = inside and outside temperature, respectively (K)
CONVECTION
Driving Force

q  hA Tw  T




T
w
 Tf  T
w
 Tf 
 f 
wall Tw 1 R
q hA
Tf Resistance
where
q = heat transfer rate (W)
Tw Tf
q R = heat transfer resistance (K/W)
R h = convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)
A = surface area perpendicular to heat flow (m2)
Tw = surface wall temperature (K)
Tf = fluid temperature (K)

18
 2.2 COMBINED CONVECTION & CONDUCTION
- PLANE WALL
A
Without convection: q
T1  T2  T1  T2 

x R q
kA
With convection:
q
T1  T4  
T1  T4   UA T  T 
Ri  Rw  Ro Rt  1 4 T1 T2
q
R

where
Ri, Rw, Ro = inside, wall & outside heat
T1 T2 T3 T4 transfer resistance, respectively (K/W)
q
Ri Rw Ro hi, ho = inside and outside convective heat-
transfer coefficient, respectively (W/m2.K)
19
U = overall heat-transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)
2.2 COMBINED CONVECTION & CONDUCTION
- PLANE WALLS IN SERIES

T1  T6
q
1 L L L 1
 A  B  C 
hi A k A A k B A k C A h0 A

T1  T6 
q  UAT1  T6 
Rt

1
U
Rt A

20
 2.2 COMBINED CONVECTION & CONDUCTION-
CYLINDRICAL WALL

Without convection: q
T1  T2  T1  T2 

 
 r R
ln 2
 
 r
 1 
2kL

With convection: q
T1  T4  
T1  T4 
 U A  T  T   U A  T  T 
Ri  Rp  Ro
i i 1 4 o o 1 4
Rt

T1  T4 
T3
T1 T4
q

T2
 ro  where
 ln 
 
1  r  1


i  Ai, Ao = inside and outside area,
Ri Rp Ro hi A i 2kL ho Ao respectively (m2)
Ui,Uo = inside and outside overall
21
heat-transfer coefficient,
respectively (W/m2.K)
2.2 COMBINED CONVECTION & CONDUCTION
- CYLINDRICAL WALLS IN SERIES

r  r  r 
ln r2  ln r3  ln r4 
RA   1 RB   2
RC   3
2k A L 2k BL 2k CL

1 1
R  Ro 
i h A h oAo
i i

q
T  T 
1 6 
T  T   U A
1 6  T1  T6   Uo Ao  T1  T6 
i 
Ri  R A  RB  RC  Ro
i
Rt

1 1
Ui  Uo 
Rt Ai Rt Ao 22
2.3 CONDUCTION WITH INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION
- PLANE WALL

Both the sides at the  Heat generated inside conducting medium

same temperature
 i.e.: Electric resistance heaters, nuclear fuel
rods, exothermic chemical reaction
 Heat transfer only in x-direction

.
q
TTo
max • Temperature profile: T(x)   x2  To
2k

. 2
• Center temperature:
To  L  Tw
q
2k
.
where q = heat generated per unit volume (W/m3)
To = midplane (center) temperature (K)
Tw = wall temperature (K)
23 2
A = cross-sectional area (surface area at Tw) (m )
2.3 CONDUCTION WITH INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION
- SOLID CYLINDER

 Heat flow radially (ends neglected or insulated)

.
q
•Temperature profile: T(r)   R 2  r 2   T
R 4k   W

. Tw
q
TTToo
max
. 2
• Center temperature:
T To  q R  Tw
4k

where R = radius of cylinder (m)

r = distance from center (m)
To = midplane (center) temperature (K)
Tw = wall temperature (K)
24
. 3
q = heat generated per unit volume (W/m )
 2.3 HEAT GENERATION WITH CONVECTION

PLANE WALL: SOLID CYLINDER:

To
Tw Tw To
Tw Tw

Tf Tf
Tf Tf

Tf Tw Tw Tf Tf Tw Tw Tf
qq qq
R R R R
Rate of heat transfer = Rate of energy generated
.
q = qV

q  hA Tw  T




Tw
 Tf  T
w
 Tf 
 f 
1 R 25

hA
2.3 CONDUCTION WITH INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION
- SOLID CYLINDER

q  I 2 Rc
where I = current (amps)
Rc= resistance (ohms)
q = power (Watt)

26
 insulation

r2
r1
To, ho q To, ho QUESTION

T1 T2

T1 T2 To q
1. If we increase r2, q = ?
Rins Ro
2. If we decrease r2, q = ?
T1  T0 T T
q  1 o
Rt Rins  Ro
What is the effect of
 r2 
ln 
r   1 insulation thickness on q?
 1  Ro 
Rins 
2 kL ho 2 r2 L  27
 insulation

r2
r1
q To, ho

T1 T2

28
 insulation

r2 q qmax
r1
q To, ho

T1 T2

r2 cr 
k
ho
rcr r

If r2 < rcr: adding more insulation will increase heat transfer rate
eg. Applicable in smaller electrical wire

If r2 > rcr : adding more insulation will decrease heat transfer rate
eg. Applicable in large pipes 29