연습 1-1

Given: a time-dependent temperature distribution

Assumptions: Fourier’s law applies.
Analysis:
 t
 
a) q  kT  ke (4 xy  6 y)i  (6 x y  6 x) j
3 2 2


at t=1, x=1, y=1, k=80.2(W/m.K) we obtain

q  (80 .2)(10i  12 j )  259 .04i  354 .05 j

 
qn  q  n  (295 .4i  354 .0 j )  ( 3 / 2i  1 / 2 j )
b)
 432 .54

연습 1-2
Given: A 15 cm  20 cm circuit board houses 120 closely spaced 0.12 W logic chips. The amount
of heat dissipated in 10 h and the heat flux on the surface of the circuit board are to be determined.
Assumptions: 1 Heat transfer from the back surface of the board is negligible. 2 Heat transfer
from the front surface is uniform.
Analysis: (a) The amount of heat this circuit board dissipates during a 10-h period is
Chips,
Q  (120 )(0.12 W)  14.4 W
Q
0.12 W

Q  Q t  (0.0144 kW)(10 h)  0.144kWh

(b) The heat flux on the surface of the circuit board is

15 cm

As  (0.15 m)(0.2 m)  0.03 m 2

20 cm
Q 14.4 W
q s    480 W/m 2
As 0.03 m 2
연습 1-3

Given: A 2 cm square cross-section bar consisting of 1 cm thick layers of copper an epoxy.

Required: Thermal resistances for heat flow parallel and perpendicular to the layers.

Assumptions: 1. One-dimensional steady conduction (end effects negligible).

2. Constant properties.

3. See cases (i) and (ii) below.

For heat flow perpendicular to the layers we have simple series resistances:

RA RB LA LB

LA L
R  RA  RB   B
k A A A k B AB

0.01 0.01
R   0.0125  12 .50  12 .51K / W
(400 )(2 10 ) (0.4)(2 10 3 )
3

For heat flow parallel to the layer we will try two models.

(i) Assume surfaces of constant x are isothermal. Then the thermal circuit is as show, and

R W

W W
R 
 kA k A AA  kB AB
0.02
R 3 3
 4.995 10 2 K / W
(400 )(2 10 )  (0.4)(110 )

(ii) Assume that there is no transverse heat flow between the copper and epoxy; then the thermal

circuit is as shown, and for parallel resistances

1 1 1 k A k A
   A A B B
R RA RB WA WB

1 (400 )(110 3 ) (0.4)(110 3 )

   20  0.02  20 .02
R 0.02 0.02
R  1 / 20 .02  4.995  10 2 K / W

RA

RB W

Comments: 1. Of course, the thermal resistance perpendicular to the layers is much higher than

that parallel to the layers—due to the insulating effect of the epoxy layer.

2. The two models for heat flow parallel to the layers gives the same results—because

we constrained the slab sides to be isothermal, which ensures 1-D heat flow

연습 1-4
Given: ice melting in an icebox.
Required: time required to melt ice of mass M.
Assumptions: 1. Steady one dimensional
2. no air leakage.
Heat transfer rate with A=W2
T T T T
Q  kA 1 o  kW 2 1 o
L L
Energy required melting mass M

Q  mh fi

Required time

Q  Q t

Q mh hi L
t  
Q kW 2 (T1  To )
연습 1-5
Given: Inlet and outlet temperature an pressure for a helium flow through a low pressure heat
exchanger.
Required: (i) Inlet and outlet velocities, and (ii) heat exchange.
Assumptions: 1. Steady flow
2. Perfectly insulated heat exchanger.

(i) The inlet and outlet helium density can be obtained from the ideal gas law.

P1M (1000 )(4)

Inlet: 1    9.62  10 3 kg / m3
RT1 (8314 )(50 )

P2 M (730 )( 4)
Outlet: 2    1.00  10 3 kg / m 3
RT2 (8314 )(350 )

  VAc , where Ac is the flow cross-sectional area.

The helium velocity V is obtained from m

 / 1 Ac  (5 10 ) /(9.62 10 )(0.019 )  27 .4m / s

Inlet: V1  m
3 3

 /  2 Ac  (5 10 ) /(1.00 10 )(0.019 )  263 m / s

Outlet: V2  m
3 3

V2
(i)  (h 
The steady flow energy equation, Eq. (1.3) applies, m  gz)  Q  W .
2
T2


Using Eq. (1.6a) for an ideal gas, we write h  c p dT  c p (T2  T1 ) for c p constant.
T1

Also z ~ 0 and W  0 , since no external work is done by or on the helium. Hence,

1 1
Q  m
 [c p (T2  T1 )  (V22  V12 )]  (5 10 3 )[5200 (350  50)  (263 2  27.42 )]
2 2
3
= (5 10 )[1560 10  34.2 10 ]  7970 W
3 3

Since the exchanger is perfectly insulated, Q is also the heat transfer from the hot stream to the

clod stream.

Comments: 1. Take particular note that W  0 in a heat exchanger.

2. Even though the helium velocities are large, the kinetic energy gain is small
compared to the sensible heat gain. This is usually the case in practice.
연습 1-6
Given: Heat flux gage with thin-film thermocouples on upper and lower surfaces; output
voltage, calibration constant, thickness and thermal conductivity of gage.
Required: (a) Heat flux, (b) Precaution when sandwiching gage between two materials.
연습 1-7
Given: Coolant water flow though a condenser of an ocean thermal energy and fresh water plant.
Given: (i) Heat transfer to coolant.
(ii) Stream condensation rate
Assumptions: 1. The condenser is perfectly insulated.

(i) The steady flow energy equation applies since changes in elevation and velocity are
negligible,

Q  m
 (h2  h1 )

From Eq. (1.6b) for an incompressible liquid,

P2  P1
h2  h1  cV (T2  T1 )  , for cV constant


(108  129 )10 3

 4192 (285  280 ) 
1000

= 20960  21  20,939 J / kg

Q  (4000 )(20,939 )  8.38 10 7W ( 83.8MW )

(ii) From Table A.12a the saturation temperature corresponding to a pressure of 1482Pa is

286.0K, and the enthalpy of vaporization is 2.471 10 J / kg . The steady flow energy equation
6

applied to the condensing steam requires that

Q  m
 h  m
 hfg

  Q / h fg  8.38107 / 2.471106  33.9kg / s

m

Comments: 1. The contribution ( P2  P1 ) /  to the enthalpy change of a liquid can be neglected

when calculating enthalpy changes in heat exchangers.

2. Check that the SI units of P /  are J / kg

연습 1-8
Given: A 3 cm wide, 1 m high composite wall as shown.
Required: Heat flow through the wall.
Assumptions: 1. Steady state.
2. Constant properties.
3. One-dimensional conduction.
4. See cases (i) and (ii) below.

20cm 10cm

B
A
C

RB RC
Ti T1 T2 T0

1 1

Q h c,i A h c,o A

RA

(i) Symmetry allows us to divide the wall into 10 slices, each 30 cm wide, as shown. We will
first assume that surfaces of constant x are isothermal: then the thermal circuit is as shown.

LA 0.2
RA =   0. 2 K / W
k A AA (0.1)(10 )(0.2)(1)

LB 0.1 L 0.1
RB    0.5K / W ; RC  C   1 .0 K / W
k B AB (0.1)(10 )(0.2)(1) kC AC (0.05)(10 )(0.2)(1)

RB  RC  0.5  1.0  1.5K / W for series resistances

1 1 1 1 1
    for all parallel resistances
Rwall R A RB  RC 0.2 1.5
Rwall  0.176 K / W

1 1 1 1
R  h  Rwall    0.176   0.280 K / W
ci A hc ,o A (4)(3) (16 )(3)

Q  (TI  TO ) /  R  (295  260 ) / 0.280  125W

(ii) For an alternative model we can assume that there is no transverse heat flow, and a new
thermal circuit results.

1 RB RC 1
Ti h c,i AB h c,o AC T0


Q
1 RA 1
h c,i AA h c,o AA

1 1 1 1
R A 
hci AA
 RA  
hco AA (4)(1)
 0.2 
(16 )(1)
 0.5125 K / W

1 1 1 1
R B，C 
hci AB ,C
 RB  RC  
hco AB ,C (4)(2)
 0.5  1.0 
(16 )(2)
 1.656 K / W

1 1
 R  ( 0.5125  1.656 ) 1
 0.391 K / W

Q  (Ti  To ) /  R  (295  260 ) / 0.391  89 .5W

Comments: 1. The two estimates of Q differ by 33%, which is disturbingly large.

2. We would expect the true answer to be between these two values, say the average
value of 107 W/m would be a best estimate.
3. The actual problem involves two-dimensional conduction. The correct solution be
obtained by numerical methods (see Section 3.5).
연습 1-9
Given: a steady state temperature distribution
Assumptions: velocity distribution is known.
Analysis:
T
a) 0 (steady state)
t
b)

DT T 
  V  T
Dt t
 0  ( xy, x 2 / y )  (4 xy 3  6 y,6 x 2 y 2  6 x)
6x3
  6 x 4 y  6 xy 2  4 x 2 y 4
y x  2 , y 3

 1078

Note that we have temperature variation with time when we are moving with the particle even for
a steady state.
연습 1-10

Given: Air at 37℃ is blown over the inner surface of a windscreen. Ambient temperature is 5℃.

Required: (i) Temperature of the inside surface of the glass. (ii) Will misting occur?

Assumptions: 1. One-dimensional heat flow.

2. Recirculation mode of operation.

Using Eq. (1.30b) to obtain the overall heat transfer coefficient,

1 1 L 1 1 0.004 1
       0.0469 , U  21W / m K
2

U hc,i k hc,o 35 1 70

q  UT  21  (37  5)  672W / m 2 Also, q  hc ,i (Ti  T1 )

672  35(37  T1 ) ; T1  17.8 C

Ti  37 C
Glass

T1 hc,o

5 C
hc,i

(ii) Misting is usually more likely to occur when recirculated rather than fresh air is used. Hence

the dewpoint of the passenger compartment air will be calculated and compared to the windscreen

temperature: if the windscreen temperature is lower than the dewpoint, misting will occur. Thus,


we need to calculate the dewpoint of air at 20 C , 1 atm and 80 per cent relative humidity. By

definition RH=P/Psat where P is the actual water vapor partial pressure in the air, and Psat is the


saturation value corresponding to the temperature. At 20 C =293.15K, steam tables (e.g. Table

A.12a) give Psat =2339Pa; thus PH2O=(RH)(Psat)=(0.8)(2339)=1871Pa

The dewpoint is the temperature to which the air-water vapor mixture must be cooled to become

saturated. Thus, going back to the steam tables, Psat=1871Pa corresponds to a temperature of

16.4 C , which is the dewpoint. Since 16.4 C  17.8 C , misting will not occur.
  

Comments: 1.Notice that heating of the air in the heating unit does not change its dewpoint.
연습 1-11
Given: Length, diameter and calibration of a hot wire anemometer. Temperature of air
stream. Current, voltage drop and surface temperature of wire for a particular application.
Required: Air velocity
연습 1-12
Given: A slab with heat flux q imposed on one face, maintaining the face at temperature T1.

Required: Temperature profiles for variable thermal conductivity k= k0 [1  a(T  T0 )] .

Assumptions: 1. One-dimensional steady conduction.

From Eq. (1.8),

q
Q dT
 q  k  constant.
A dx T1
dT
Hence q  k0 [1  a(T  T0)]
dx x
x T

 qdx    k [1  a(T  T )]dT

0 T1
0 0

1 1
qx  [k0 (T  a( T 2  T0T )]TT1  k 0 [(1  aT0 )(T  T1 )  a(T 2  T1 )]
2

2 2
(i) a=0: T  T1  qx / k0 , the usual linear variation.

(ii) a  0: Rearranging gives a quadratic for T;

T 2  (2 / a  2T0 )T  T1  T1 (2 / a  2T0 )  2qx / k0 a  0

2

1
Solving, T  (1 / a  T0 )  [(1 / a  T0 ) 2  T1  (2 / a  2T0 )T1  2qx / k0 a] 2
2

To sketch the profiles for a  0 we should examine the

T
2 2
Sign of d T / dx : q

dT q T1 a＜0

dx k0 [1  a (T  T0 )]
d 2T q 2a a=0
 
k0 [1  a (T  T0 )3 ]
2
dx 2 a＞0

2 2
For q positive, a＞0 gives d T / dx negative, and a＜0 x

2 2
gives d T / dx positive.

Comments: 1. In practice one might choose T0 = T1 in linearizing the variation of thermal

conductivity.
연습 1-13

Given: A sleeping bag inside a mountaineer’s tent.

Required: Rate of heat loss from bag surface if the emittance of the tent outer surface is (i) 0.7,

and (ii) 0.2.

Assumptions: 1. The tent is much larger than the bag.

2. Ambient air circulates through the tent.

3. hc  8W / m K on both outside an inside walls.

2

(i) We first make an energy balance on the tent wall assuming that the heat transfer from the

interior to the tent is negligible. From Eq. (1.34) with qcond  0

Te  1 C

qrad  qconv  0

 (Tw4  Tsky
4
)  2hc (Tw  Te )  0

(5.67  10 8 )(0.7)(Tw4  213 4 )  16 (Tw  272 )  0

Solve by iteration, Tw  265 K .

Knowing the temperature of the tent wall is 265K, we can now make an energy balance on the

sleeping bag. Assuming the air in the tent is also at approximately 272K,

qloss  qrad ,tent  qconv   (Ts4  Tw4 )  hc (Ts  Te )

 (5.67 10 8 )(0.8)(238 4  265 4 )  4(283  272 )  67  44  111W / m2

(ii) Repeating the previous calculations for a tent emittance of 0.2 gives Tw  269 .7 K , and

qloss  95W / m 2 .

Comments: 1. The effect of aluminizing the outer surface of the tent is to reduce the heat loss from

the sleeping bag by (111-95)/111=14%

2. The effective temperature of the sky as a radiation sink depends on cloud cover and

the humidity of the air close to the ground (see Section 6.4.2).

3. If a powerful wind gust blows the tent away, qrad from the sleeping bag increases

to 198W/m2
연습 1-14

Given: A reactor with a 5mm thick mild steel wall and a 2mm thick PVC lining.

Required: (i) Thermal circuit, (ii) temperature profile, (iii) rate of heat loss.

Assumptions: 1. The radius of the reactor is much larger than the wall thickness.

From Table 1.1 the conductivity of mild steel is 64 W/m K, and for polyvinylchloride

(PVC) it is 0.092 W/m K.

(i), (ii)

1 LA LB
T1 hc,i A kA A kB A

T1  80  C

A B

Q
1
hc ,o A

pvc mild steel

To To  20  C
1
2mm 5mm
hr ,o A

(iii) One-dimensional conduction can be assumed for the thin reactor wall. Using Eqs.

(1.30b) and (1.32)

1 1 L L 1
  A B 
U hc,i k A k B (hc,o  hr .o )

But 1 / hc ,i ~ 0, and hc,o  hr .o  7W / m2 K, hence

1 0.002 0.005 1
   ; U  6.07W / m 2 K
U 0.092 64 7
Q  UA(Ti  To )  (6.07 )(10 )(80  20 )  3640 W

Comments: 1. Notice in the sketch of the temperature profile that the temperature drop across the

PVC is far larger than that across the mild steel. Although the PVC is thinner, its

conductivity is much lower than that of steel.

연습 1-15
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer by radiation is disregarded. 3
The convection heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the surface. 4 The
temperature of the thin-shelled spherical tank is nearly equal to the temperature of the nitrogen
inside.
Properties The heat of vaporization and density of liquid nitrogen at 1 atm are given to be 198
kJ/kg and 810 kg/m3, respectively.
Vapor
Analysis The rate of heat transfer to the nitrogen tank is
Air
As  D 2   (4 m) 2  50.27 m 2
20C
Q  hAs (Ts  Tair )  (25 W/m2 .C) (50.27 m 2 )[20  (196 )]C 1 atm
 271,430W Liquid N2
Q -196C

Then the rate of evaporation of liquid nitrogen in the tank is determined to be

Q 271 .430 kJ/s

Q  m h fg 
 m    1.37 kg/s
h fg 198 kJ/kg
연습 1-16
Given: Power consumption, diameter, and inlet and discharge temperatures of a hair
dryer.
Required:: (a) Volumetric flow rate and discharge velocity of heated air, (b) Heat loss from case.
연습 1-17
Given: Number and power dissipation of PCBs in a computer console. Convection coefficient
associated with heat transfer from individual components in a board. Inlet temperature of cooling
air and fan power requirement. Maximum allowable temperature rise of air. Heat flux from
component most susceptible to thermal failure.
Required: (a) Minimum allowable volumetric flow rate of air, (b) Preferred location and
corresponding surface temperature of most thermally sensitive component.
연습 1-18
Given: Detector and heater attached to cold finger immersed in liquid nitrogen. Detector surface
of e = 0.9 is exposed to large vacuum enclosure maintained at 300 K.
Required::(a) Temperature of detector when no power is supplied to heater, (b) Heater power (W)
required to maintain detector at 195 K, (c) Effect of finger thermal conductivity on heater power.