Assignment 01 Structure mechanics

Q-1 what do you mean by shear force and bending moments? List the Different types of force and
reaction?

A) Shear force refers to the force acting along on a surface. Basically, the force forms no
inclination/angle to the surface on which it is acting on.

Consider a beam carrying loads W1, W2 and W3 with R1 and R2 as the support reactions. If we
cut the beam at section AA, then since the resultant forces at the left of section AA is F upwards,
then the shearing force at section AA is F downwards.

On the other hand, the bending moment refers to the internal rotational moments that cause a
section to bend. In the case of a beam, it can be calculated as the algebraic sum of the moments of
the section of all forces acting on either side of the section, where a sagging moment will make
the beam concave (positive) upwards at that section, and vice versa for a hogging moment (i.e.
negative).

It is important to calculate both the shear force and bending moment because it is extremely
handy when it comes to structural design. By determining the values of the shear force and
bending moment across a structure/structural member, we can accordingly decide the appropriate
material or size that can help it to withstand these internal forces and moments.

Contact Forces Action-at-a-Distance Forces

Frictional Force Gravitational Force
Tension Force Electrical Force
Normal Force Magnetic Force
Air Resistance Force
Applied Force
Spring Force

To begin, forces always act in pairs and always act in opposite directions. When you push
on an object, the object pushes back with an equal force. Think of a pile of books on a table.
The weight of the books exerts a downward force on the table. This is the action force. The
table exerts an equal upward force on the books. This is the reaction force.

Q-2 List the property of material ? give the Classification of material ?

A)
Materials can be classified into four main groups: metals, polymers, ceramics, and
composites.

Q-3Draw the stress -strain curve? Also write the Importance of material characteristic.

A)
The knowledge of materials characteristics allows the designer not only to make the best material
selection as a function of its application in a given product, but also to overcome its limits and constraints
in a design path where materials and transformation technologies become variables of the creation
process.
The materials rational and oriented use is necessary to bring out and enrich the perceptive and sensorial
experience undergone by the consumer.
The innovative values of an object can be underlined by the chosen material; in fact its mechanical and
chemico-physical properties, as well as its forming, joining and finishing technologies, all participate to the
success of a product.

Q-4 What do you mean by Hooks Law? Also write the different types of stress?

A) Hooke’s Law

Stress and strain take different forms in different situations. Generally, for small deformations, the stress
and strain are proportional to each other, and this is known as Hooke’s Law.

Hooke’s law states that the strain of the material is proportional to the applied stress within the elastic
limit of that material.

When the elastic materials are stretched, the atoms and molecules deform until stress is applied, and when
the stress is removed, they return to their initial state.

Mathematically, Hooke’s law is expressed as:

F = –kx

In the equation,F is the force, x is the extension length, k is the constant of proportionality known as
spring constant in N/m.

Types of Stress

(1) Direct Stress (i) Tensile stress (ii) Compressive stress

(2) Shear stress (3) Bending stress

(4) Torsional stress (5) Thermal stress

The direct stress is that which acts perpendicular to the cross section of the member , the direct stress is
known as normal stress.

Q-5 What do mean by K, G, and E explain all? Also write the relation between them?

A) Young’s modulus, bulk modulus and Rigidity modulus of an elastic solid are together called Elastic
constants. When a deforming force is acting on a solid, it results in the change in its original dimension.
In such cases, we can use the relation between elastic constants to understand the magnitude of
deformation.

Elastic constant formula

E = 9KG/G +3K

Where,

• K is the Bulk modulus

• G is shear modulus or modulus of rigidity.

• E is Young’s modulus or modulus of Elasticity.

Individually Young’s modulus and bulk modulus and modulus of rigidity are related as-

Formula SI Units

The relation between modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity E=2G(1+μ) N/m2 or
pascal(Pa)

The relation between Young’s modulus and bulk modulus E=3K(1−2μ) N/m2 or pascal(Pa)

Derivation of relation between elastic constants

We can derive the elastic constant’s relation by combining the mathematical expressions relating terms
individually.

• Young modulus can be expressed using Bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio as –

E=3K(1−2μ)

• Similarly, Young’s modulus can also be expressed using rigidity modulus and Poisson’s ratio as-
E=2G(1+2μ)

Combining the above two-equation and solving them to eliminate Poisson’s ratio we can get a relation
between Young’s modulus and bulk modulus k and modulus of rigidity as - E = 9KG/G +3K