Instructor: Mr.

Haidar Ali Submitted By: Iram Shahzadi

Course Code: PHYS- 207 Roll no. 0001-BS-PHY-2018

Course Title: LAB-4 Group No: 4th

Topic: Resonance frequency of a rejector circuit

Assignment No: 02 Group Members:

Iram Shahzadi, Kisa Zainab, Sidra,
Tayyaba, Ume Kalsoom, Bushra Khan,
Sajjad Ali, Burhan and Shair Ali.
  Title of experiment:
Resonance frequency of a rejector circuit

 Apparatus:

 Breadboard
 Function generator
 Oscilloscope
 Digital multimeter (DMM)
 Resistance box.
 Capacitance box.
 Inductance box.
 Coaxial cable.
 Connecting wires.
 Signal generator
 AC miliammeter

 Diagram:

 Theory:
A RLC circuit in which resistor, inductor and capacitor are connected in parallel to each
other. This parallel combination is supplied by voltage supply, VS. This parallel RLC circuit is
exactly opposite to series RLC circuit. in parallel circuit, the voltage across each element remains
the same and the current gets divided in each component depending upon the impedance of each
component. That is why parallel RLC circuit is said to have dual relationship with series RLC
circuit.

 Resonance:
 When two or more waves of same frequency and inphase are superposed constructively
then energy reaches maximum this phenomenon is called as resonance. In case of RLC circuits,
the resonance occurs when AC in signal of a particular frequency applied to the RLC network
and current reaches minimum when R, L and C are connected in parallel.
 Inductive reactance:
It is opposition offered by the inductor to flow of current in the AC circuit.
 XL = 2 πFL
 Capacitive reactance:
It is opposition offered by the capacitor to flow of current in the AC circuit.
XC = 1/2ΠFC
 Resistance:
It is opposition offered by the resistance connected in circuit.
 Impendence (Z):
The effective opposition offered by the combination of inductance, resistance and
capacitance of the circuit is called as impendence.
 Parallel LCR resonant circuit is also known as rejector circuit because at resonance the
impedance of the circuit is at its maximum thereby suppressing or rejecting the current whose
frequency is equal to its resonance frequency. At resonance, impedance tends to infinity and
current tends to zero
Let V is the supply voltage.
IS is the total source current.
IR is the current flowing through the resistor.
IC is the current flowing through the capacitor.
IL is the current flowing through the inductor.
θ is the phase angle difference between supply voltage and current.
For drawing the phasor diagram of parallel RLC circuit, voltage is taken as reference
because voltage across each element remains the same and all the other currents i.e IR, IC, IL are
drawn relative to this voltage vector. We know that in case of resistor, voltage and current are in
same phase; so draw current vector IR in same phase and direction to voltage. In case of
capacitor, current leads the voltage by 90o so, draw IC vector leading voltage vector, V by 90o.
For inductor, current vector IL lags voltage by 90o so draw IL lagging voltage vector, V by 90o.
Now draw the resultant of IR, IC, IL i.e current IS at a phase angle difference of θ with respect to
voltage vector, V.
 On this phasor diagram, we can easily apply Pythagoras’s theorem and we get,

 Impedance of Parallel RLC Circuit

From the phasor diagram of parallel RLC circuit we get,

Substituting the value of IR, IC, IL in above equation we get,

On simplifying,

As shown above in the equation of impedance, Z of a parallel RLC circuit each element
has reciprocal of impedance (1/Z) i.e admittance, Y. For solving parallel RLC circuit it is
convenient if we find admittance of each branch and the total admittance of the circuit can be
found by simply adding each branch’s admittance.
  Resonant frequency:
  When inductive reactance becomes equal to the capacitive reactance at certain
frequency called resonant frequency, the total impedance of the circuit Z becomes equal to R
(Z=R).
Resonance occurs when XL = XC. then:

So the total impedance of a parallel resonance circuit at resonance becomes just the value
of the resistance in the circuit and  Z = R as shown.

 Characteristics:
Thus at resonance, the impedance of the parallel circuit is at its maximum value and equal
to the resistance of the circuit creating a circuit condition of high resistance and low current.
Also at resonance, as the impedance of the circuit is now that of resistance only, the total circuit
current, I will be “in-phase” with the supply voltage, VS.
We can change the circuit’s frequency response by changing the value of this resistance.
Changing the value of R affects the amount of current that flows through the circuit at resonance,
if both L and C remain constant. Then the impedance of the circuit at resonance Z = RMAX is
called the “dynamic impedance” of the circuit.
We readily see that 1/Z is minimum (or Z is maximum) at resonance. The current in the
inductor exactly cancels out the current in the capacitor, so that the total current in the circuit
reaches a minimum, and is equal to the current in the resistor:
  Current in a Parallel Resonance Circuit
As the total susceptance is zero at the resonant frequency, the admittance is at its
minimum and is equal to the conductance, G. Therefore, at resonance the current flowing
through the circuit must also be at its minimum as the inductive and capacitive branch currents
are equal ( IL = IC ) and are 180o out of phase.
We remember that the total current flowing in a parallel RLC circuit is equal to the vector sum of
the individual branch currents and for a given frequency is calculated as:

At resonance, currents IL and IC are equal and cancelling giving a net reactive current

equal to zero. Then at resonance the above equation becomes.

 
Since the current flowing through a parallel resonance circuit is the product of voltage
divided by impedance, at resonance the impedance, Z is at its maximum value, (=R ).
 Procedure:

 Make the circuit connections as shown in circuit diagram i.e. take a register, an inductor
and a capacitor of a suitable values connect them with each other in parallel and connect
an oscilloscope (CRO) across this combination of LRC.
 Apply a signal of certain voltage by the oscillator at a certain frequency and note down
the amplitude of output signal.
 Now start increasing frequency of input signal (keeping the voltage constant), step by
step, and each time note down the amplitude of the output signal. Take a number of
observation. We still see that at first the amplitude of the output signal decrease as the
frequency increase; it finally attains its minimum value and then again rises. At the
resonant frequency the amplitude is minimum.
 Plot a graph b/w frequency (f)on x-axis and the corresponding amplitude (A) of the signal
on y-axis.
 Calculate the inductance with the help of resonant frequencies obtained through graph.

 Impedance in a Parallel Resonance Circuit

  Parallel Circuit Current at Resonance

 Observation and calculation:

1
Table 1: variation of various voltage with
√c
F= Hz, R= Ω, L= mH
s.no 1 vC Vr Vl Vlc
√c

Table 2: Variation of voltage across resistor with frequency for different R values
L= Mh, C= Μf
S.no frequenc Vr1 Vr2 Vr3 vr 1 vr 2 vr 3
Il= I2= I3=
y R1 R2 R3
  Conclusion:

The behavior of a parallel RLC circuit is quite different than the series configuration.
This is due to the phenomenon of reciprocal exchange of energy of the L//C circuit
called resonance.
This phenomenon is due to the mutual discharges/charges occurring between an
interconnected inductor and capacitor. The impedance of such a circuit theoretically tends to an
infinite value at a particular pulsation ω0 called the resonance pulsation (or resonance frequency
for f0). In real circuits, this impedance peaks due to internal resistive behaviors.
 Precautions:
 The connecting wires should be straight and short.
 If the amplitude of the output voltage of the oscillator changes with frequency, it must be
adjusted.
 The value of inductance and capacitance are so selected that the natural frequency of the
circuit lies almost in the middle of the available frequency range.