Ms.

Ammara Fiaz
１

I
ntr
oduct
ionToPsy
chol
ogy

Psycologyisthe(sci
enti
fi
c)studyofbehav i
or.I
tisnotonlyt
o
underst
andbehav iorbuthasalsogreatpracti
calimpl
icati
onsforsociet
y.I
t
i
ncludesnotjustwhatpeopl edot oal
sotheirthought
s,feel
ings,per
cepti
on,
memor i
es,
reasoningpr ocesses.Andinonesenset hebioacti
vistst
hat
keepthei
rbodyf unctioni
ng.

Psychol
ogyatt
emptst
oexplai
n,pr
edi
cts,
modif
yandult
imat
elyi
mpouse
theli
vesoft
hepeopl
eandtheworldi
nwhicht
heyl
ive.

Psy chol
ogistachievethesegoalsthroughscienti
fi
cmet hods.Byusi
ng
scienti
ficmethodsandpr ocedur
esPsy chol
ogistareabl
et ofi
ndanswersto

cs
quest i
onsaboutt henatureofhumanbehav i
or.Thesescient
ifi
cmethods
aremor evalidandaccur ateingi
vinginfor
mat i
onthentheinit
uti
onand
gussesspr

Whi
lePsy
ov

chol
i

ogi
de

stwerest
ri
vingfort
si
heansweroft
het hesequest
ionst
he
hy
mostaccur
atedefi
nit
ionofPsychol
ogywasfor
mulated.

Def
inat
ion
-P

'
Psychol
ogyisthesci
ent
if
icst
udyofbehav
iorofi
ndi
vi
dual
s
BS

andthei
rmentalpr
ocess'
Behavi
orisany t
hing,anyacti
vit
ywhichwedot hi
scouldbever
bal
,phy
sical
andnonv er
bal.Psy col
ogi
stalsost
udyment al
/cogpr
ocesseswhi
ch
i
ncludethi
nking,dressi
ng,rememberingandprobl
em sol
vi
ng.

Psychol
ogyassci
encesshar
egoalsandscient
if
icmet
hodswi
thot
her
sci
ences.Thegoal
sofPsychol
ogyareasfoll
ows:

1)De scripti
on:Under
standinghumanbehaviourmustbeginwit
hcaref
ull
descri
ptionofhowpeoplethink,
feelandacti
nspecifi
csit
uati
ons.
Descri
ptionhelpst
ounderstandthebasicpat
ternofbehavi
our.
Psychologist
scoll
ectt
hisdescri
pti
vedataasobject
ive.Asthi
sdescr
ipt
ion
Ms. Ammara Fiaz
２

ofbehavi
oural
l
owst
hem t
odev
elopt
heor
iesorassumpt
ionsabout
behavi
our.

2)Explanati
on:Psychol
ogist
sconductdif
ferentstudi
es,
resear
chest
o
expl
ain,
el
aborat
ethebehavi
ourofdi
ff
erentindiv
iduals

3)Pr
edi
cti
on:pr
edi
cti
onsar
ebasedondescr
ipt
ionandexpl
anat
ionof
behaviorwhichthepsy cologi
sthav eobt ai
nedeg, psy
cologistdescr
ibed
thatporti
onpeopl eshowcer tainBehavioursgoodper for
mancesi norderto
gainrewardsandr einforcementaf terobservingthatrewardsencourage
peopletomodi f
yt heirbehav i
or .
Youmi ghtdev el
oppredict
ingthatpeople
wouldincreaseapar ticularbehav i
orifrewardstheny oucouldtestthi
s

cs
predi
ctionbyfurtherobser vation.

Aft
erveri
fyi
ngpredi
cti
onspsy col
ogistcancont
rolbehaviort
ocert
ain
ext
ent
onei
.Onei
naposi
ti
t
sconcl
i
ont
udedt
ocontrol
(
hatofagi
modify
si
v
enbehav
)behavi
or.
i
orincreasesaf
terr
ewar
ds
hy
4)Con t
rolandmodi fi
cationofbehav i
our:Af
terconducti
nguseful
researchespsy
chologi
stssuggesthowwecanov ercomeourweaknesses
-P

sot hatwemaygaincontroloverouract
ions.
Theul
timateaim of
psychologyistounder
stand,descri
be,
explai
nandcontr
olbehaviour
.
BS

Psychologystudybehavi
ours,
ment alpr
ocessesandphysiol
ogi
calreact
ion
ofhumanbei ngandanimals.Scient
if
icmethodisuti
l
izedinwhich
hypothesi
saret est
ed,
dat
aisinterpr
etedandresul
tsareconcl
uded.

Concl
usi
on:

Inshort,
psychol
ogyist hescienti
fi
cstudyofbehav i
orofindi
vidual
sand
thei
rment alpr
ocesses.Thegoal ofstudyingbehavi
our(
isaccomplish)
startswit
hdescri
pti
on, explanati
on,predi
cti
onandendswi thcontroland
modi fi
cat
ionofbehaviour.
psy chol
ogyuseanumberofr esearches
met hodsnamelyobserv at
ion,survey
s, t
estsandint
ervi
ewst oachieve
thesegoals.
Ms. Ammara Fiaz
３

1)TheBi
ologi
cal
Per
spect
ive

2)ThePsy
chody
nami
cPr
espect
ive

3)TheCogni
ti
vePr
espect
ive

4)TheBehav
ior
alPr
espect
ive

5)Thehumani
sti
cPr
espect
ive

Hi
stor
ical
backgr
oundofPsy
chol
ogy
ther oot
sofpsy chologycanbet r
acedbackt osomehal fmill
iony earsago
whenpr i
miti
vepeopl eassumedthatbehav i
ourwascausedbyt he

cs
presenceofgoodandbadsoul stherootsofpsychol
ogyar efoundi n
philosophy,r
eli
gionsciencepsychologyhasevolvedfrom hasev olvedfr
om
epi
t
stemol
woper i
ogy(
ods.
branchofPhil
si
osophy)hist
oryofpsychologyisdividedint
o
hy
1)Pr
e-sci
ent
if
icper
iod 2)Sci
ent
if
icper
iod

Pr
e-Sci
ent
if
icPer
iod
-P

1)Anci
entEgy
pt(
664BC-
554BC)
BS

1)HermesTrismegistusconsideredforef
ather'
sofpsychology.
They
provi
dedi
ngishtfortheunderstandinganddescri
pti
onofpsy chol
ogy.
Egypti
anl
aidfoundationforscienti
fi
cknowledgeinpract
iceofPsychol
ogy
.

2)Anci
entGr
eek(
509BC-
300BC)
Accor
dingt
ogr
eekmy
thol
ogyher
ear
efour(
Stagesof
)man'
sli
fe.

a)Gol
denb)Br
onzec)Si
l
verd)I
ron

Gr
eekf
ocusedonr
ati
onal
i
sm

1)Her
achi
tus2)Thal
es

3)Py
thagor
as4)Democr
it
us
Ms. Ammara Fiaz
４

1)Hi
ppocr
ates
Accordi
ngtohippocr
ateshumanper
sonal
i
tyi
smadeupoff
our
temperament
s.

1:
Air(
Blood)2:
Fir
e(Yel
l
owbi
l
e)

3:
Ear
th(
BlackBi
l
e)4:
Wat
erPhl
egm

2)Pl
ato(
427BC-
347BC)
Hefocusedoncontr
oll
inginf
luenceofsoulandmind.
Hepostul
atedt
heory
ofmindbodydual
ism.Hev i
ewedt hatasl
ongassoulremai
nsinbodythe
manisali
ve.Andwheni tl
eavesthebodymandies.

cs
3)Ar
ist
otl
e(384BC-
322BC)
Her
i
tsel
ej
ect
fhi
edPlato'
stheor
sconceptofmindasaf
si
yandsuggest
uncti
edt
hatmi
onofbodi
l
ndi
ypr
st
hefunct
ionofBody
ocesswasanimportant
hy
stepindir
ect
ionofmakingpsy
chologyasci
ence

>Gr
eekDev
elopedat
woaspectt
heor
yofsoul
-P

a)
Thy
mos
BS

Thy
mosi
nvol
vedi
nthoughtandemot
ions.

b)Psy
che
Thi
spar
t/aspectconsi
der
edi
mmor
tal
,
Psy
chol
ogyder
ivedf
rom t
hisaspect
.

Greekcont
ri
butedtothedev
isi
onofmoder
nsci
encecosmol
ogyof
rat
ionl
i
sm cosmology
.

Cosmol
ogy
:St
udyofuni
ver
seasasy
stem wi
thanor
derorpat
ter
n.

Rat
ional
i
sm:
Focusonr
eason,
l
ogi
cofknowl
edge.
Ms. Ammara Fiaz
５

Mi
ddl
eAges(
500AD-
--
--
900AD)

a)Pl
oti
nus:
hewasi
nfl
uencedbyPl
atoAr
ist
otl
ethought
shet
ri
edt
o
under
standr
eli
giousbel
i
efst
hroughr
easoni
ng.

b)St
.Augus:
hebel
i
evedt
hathumanbehav
iori
sint
eract
ionofsoul
and
body.Hewasfounderofinter
sepecti
on.Hethoughtt
hatandi
ndi
vi
dual
s
canbett
erunder
standhis/herowninnerfeel
i
ngs.

I
slami
cper
iod
ModernPsychologyi
sbasedont heidea/
viewsofMusli
m phil
osopher
s
andt
hinker
s.Theydescr
ibedpr
incipl
eoflif
einthel
ightofsunnah.

cs
1)Al
kundi
(803-
873)
Hebel
happi
i
evedt
nessli
hatoursoul
esinthe
isor
igi
natsi
edf
rom God'
ssoul
.Hesai
dthatr
eal
hy
Andspir
it
ual
li
fe.Het
ri
edt
ocombi
ner
eli
gionandphi
l
osophyasbot
hseak
real
i
ty.
-P

2)Al
-Far
abi
(870-
950)
BS

Hebeli
evedthatmanwasincomposedofbodyandsoul
,
whi
chbel
ongt
o
God.
Godi si
mmor t
alandabov
eall
humant hought
s.

3)I
bne-
Sina(
980-
1037)
Accor
dingt
ohi
mther
ear
ethr
eeki
ndsofmi
nd

a-
Human b-
Ani
malc-
Veget
abl
e

Onlyhumanmi ndpossesabil
it
ytor easoningandi
ntel
li
gence.Hesaid
physicali
l
lwascanbet r
eatedbymedi cinebutmental
il
lnescanonlybe
tr
eatedwi t
hpsychol
ogyandreli
gion.Hesaidbodyhasnol i
nkswit
h
mind,bodyper
ishesbutmindremainsalive.
Ms. Ammara Fiaz
６

4)I
mam Ghazal
i(1058-
1111)
Thosewhoobsessedwi t
hlovGhazal
idandtreadingtheri
ghtpathdon'
t
cont
actwit
hmental i
l
lness.
Hev i
ewedthatmani srecogni
zebyhisacti
ons
andperf
ormances.Hefocusedonchil
dreneducation.Hethoughtment
al
di
seasesareduet
o- veemotionsandoneshouldgetr i
dofthem.

Sci
ent
if
icPer
iod
During16thand17thcent
uriesphi
losopher
sandsci
ent
ist
sproposednew
theori
esinthel
ightoft
hei
robservati
onandexper
iment
s.Thi
speri
odmay

cs
bedi v
idedi
ntotwosubPeriods.

1)Renai
( ssancePer
iod

2)Moder
( nPer
iod
si
hy
1)Renai
ssancePer
oid:
-P

Earlyi
n16thcent
aury,
asev er
ereacti
onsetinagai nstunquest
ioni
ng
BS

dependenceonphil
osophyandfait
hinlogicwithoutobservati
on.other
I
nfluencescamefr
onbiologyandphysics.Fol
l
owi ngaretheimpor t
ant
fi
guresofthi
speri
od:

a)Fr
anci
sBecon:
Hewasf
ounderofmoder
nsci
ence.Hesepar
ated
sci
encefrom rel
igi
onandphi l
osophy.Heproposedsever
altheor
iesupon
educat
ion,Habitsandhumanper sonal
it
y.Heemphasizedtheimportance
ofobservat
ioninsteadofspecul
ati
on.

b)Paul
Broca:
AFr
enchPhy
sici
ani
dent
if
iedapar
toft
hebr
ain(
sti
l
lcal
l
ed
"
brocaar
ea"
)wor
kingascont
rol
cent
erf
orspeech.

c)HermanVonHelmhol
tz:
Hemeasur edthespeedofner
veimpul
seand
setf
ourt
hatheor
yofcol
orv i
sionf
orourpercept
ionofmusi
cal
tones.
Ms. Ammara Fiaz
７

d)Weber
:Hegav
eri
set
oanewf
iel
dkhownaspsy
chophy
sicsi
sanar
ea
ofpsychol
ogythatcompar
est hephysicalenergyofast i
muluswitht
he
sensati
onrepor
tedbyasubject.Heobserv
edt herelat
ionshipbet
ween
changesinthephysi
cal
sti
mul iandhumanabi li
tytoperceiv
echanges.

Moder
nPer
iod(
16t
h-19t
hCent
ury
)
1)Wi
l
hel
m wundt
:Ger
manpsy
chol
ogi
st.
Hef
ormul
atedt
he1st
experi
mentall
abatt
heUniver
sit
yofLei
pzi
nginGermany.Hedevot
ed
att
enti
onatthest
udyofconsci
ousexper
iment
s.Hefoundedsy
stem of
psychol
ogykhownasstr
uctur
ali
sm.

2)Wi
l
li
am James:

cs
Hef
ocusedont
hef
unct
ionoft
hemi
ndt
hathow
mi
ndwor
ks,
whatact
ionsi
tper
for
ms.

3)JohnBWat
son:
Hef
ocusedonbehav
i si
or
___
___
___
__
hy
Hesaidbehavi
ourcoul
dbestudiedi
narigorous,
object
iveand
experi
mental
manners.Heshi
ft
edthesubjectmatt
erofpsychol
ogyf
rom
consci
oustobehavi
or.
-P

4)MaxWer
thei
mer:
Kohl
er,
Kof
fka.
Theybel
i
evedt
hatpeopl
ear
emor
e
thanthesum ofthei
rpar
tsandt hatwecanunder st
andthewhol
easone
BS

unti
ll
.I
nsteadofconsi
der
ingtheindivi
dualpart
sthatmakeupthi
nki
ng,t
hey
concentr
ateonhowpeopl econsideri
ndiv
idualel
ementsasuni
tsofwhol
es.

5)Si
gmundFr
eud(
1858-
1939)
:AnAust
ri
anPhy
sici
an.
Hebel
i
evedt
hat
ear
lypastexperi
encesofwhi
chaper sonisunawaresigni
fi
cant
lyi
nfl
uence
hi
scurrentbehavi
or.Hei
sfounderofPsycho-anal
ysi
s.

Appr
oaches/
Per
cept
ive/
Model
s
1)Bi
ologi
cal
Model
:
Accor
dingtothi
sapproacht
he,behavi
orofpeopl
eandanimalshoul
dbe
consi
deredfr
om thev
iewofthei
rbiol
ogical
funct
ioni
ng.Thest
udyofbr
ain
Ms. Ammara Fiaz
８

andnervoussystem helpsusi
nter
pret
,per
cept
ion,
memor
y,emot
ionsand
psychol
ogical
disorders,et
c

2)ThePsy
chody
nami
cMode:
ThePsychody
nami cmodel emphasizeunconsci
ousmotiv
ati
onandthe
i
nfl
uenceofsexualandaggr essiv
edri
vesonbehavi
or.I
thasmajori
mpact
i
nthefiel
dofpersonal
it
y,psy chol
ogi
caldi
sorder
sandTherapy.

3)TheCogni
ti
veModel
:
Thi
sincl
udethestudyofmentalpr
ocessessuchasthinki
ng,per
cepti
on,
memoryandproblem sol
vi
ng.Cognit
ivepsychol
ogi
stseektoexpl
ainhow

cs
weprocessi
nformati
onandhowourway softhi
nki
ngabouttheworld
i
nfl
uenceourbehavi
or.

4)TheBi
ologi
cal
Model
: si
hy
TheBehavi
oral
modelconcent
rat
eonobserv
abl
ebehavior.I
tsuggestt
hat
anunder
standi
ngandcontr
olofaper
son'
senvi
ronmentissuff
ici
entto
ful
l
yexplai
nandmodif
ybahavior
.
-P

5)TheHumani
sti
cModel
:
BS

Thehumani sticmodel emphasi

zesthatpeopl
eareuniqueandcomplex
organi
sm; eachper sonhasacapaci
tytoreachhi
sorhermaxi mum
potent
ial.I
tisespecial
lyimport
anti
nthefiel
dofpersonal
it
y,moti
vat
ion
andpsy chotherapy
.

Allt
hesef iv
eappr oacheshav ecometodomi natepsy chol
ogyinthe21
century.Thesemodel saddt oourunderst
andingofwhyhumanbei ng
behav ethewayt heydo.Psychologi
stswithdif
ferentv i
ewpoint
shav e
dif
ferentthi
ngst osay,eachtacklei
ssuefrom dif
ferentangleand
contri
butesdiffer
entinsi
ght.Theyarenowl i
kelytohav eanelectr
ic
approacht ostudybehaviorandCogniti
veprocesses.