Passage1

Emot i
oni sacompl ex,subjecti
veexper i
enceaccompani edbybi ologi
caland
behavioralchanges.Emot ioni nvol
vesf eel
i
ng,t hi
nking,andactiv
ati
onoft hener v
ous
system,phy siologicalchanges,and behav i
oralchanges such as facialexpressi
ons.
Diff
erenttheoriesexistregardinghowandwhypeopl eexperi
enceemotion.Theseinclude
evolut
ionarytheories,t
heJames- Langetheory
.

Morethanacent uryago,int he1870s,Charl

esDar winproposedt hatemotions
evolvedbecauset heyhadadapt i
vev alue.Forexample,fearevol
v edbecausei thelped
peoplet oacti
nway sthatenhancedt heirchancesofsurvi
val
.Darwi nbel
ievedthatfacial
expressionsofemot i
onar einnat
e( hard-wir
ed).Hepointedoutt hatfacialexpr
essions
all
ow peopletoqui ckl
yjudgesomeone’ shost i
li
tyorfr
iendl
inessandt ocommuni cate
i
ntentionstoother
s.

Recentevoluti
onarytheor i
esofemot ionalsoconsideremot i
onstobeessent i
al
responsestost i
muli.Evol
ut i
onarytheori
ststendtoexcludet hei nfl
uenceofthoughtand
l
earning on emot ion,although t hey acknowledge thatbot h can have an effect.
Evoluti
onarytheori
stsbelievet hatallhumancul turessharesev er
alprimar
yemot ions,
i
ncludinghappiness,contempt ,surpri
se,disgust
,anger,fear,andsadness.Theybel iev
e
thatallotheremot ionsr esultfrom blendsanddi f
fer
enti ntensit
iesofthesepr i
mar y
emot i
ons.

I
nt he1880s,twot heori
sts,psy chologistWi l
l
iam Jamesandphy si
ologistCarl
Lange,independentl
ypr oposed an ideat hatchal lenged commonsensebel ief
sabout
emotion.Thisidea,whichcamet obeknownast heJames- Langetheor y
,isthatpeople
experi
ence emot i
on because t heyper ceivet heirbodi es’physi
ologicalresponses to
exter
nalevents.Accordingt othi
st heory,peopledon’ tcrybecausetheyf eelsad.Rather,
peoplefeelsadbecauset heycry,and,li
kewi se,theyfeelhappybecauset heysmi le.Thi
s
theor
ysuggest sthatdif
ferentphy si
ologi
calst atescorrespondtodiffer
entexper i
encesof
emotion.

1.Whatdoest
hepassagedi
scuss?

A.Ef
fect
sofenv
ironmentonhumanemot
ion

B.Var
iousexper
ts'
eff
ort
sindef
ini
ngemot
ion

C.Di
ff
erentpoi
ntsofv
iewont
heaccountofemot
ion

D.Thei
nfl
uenceofl
awsofev
olut
iononhumanemot
ion

E.Col
l
abor
ati
onofhumanphy
siol
ogyandpsy
chol
ogyonemot
ion

dexcl
2.Thewor udei
nli
ne9i
sbestr
epl
acedby.
..

A.Under
li
ne

B.Pr
opose

C.Rel
ate

D.Pi
npoi
nt
 E. Di
sregar
d

3.James-
Langet
heor
yisdi
ff
erentf
rom ev
olut
ionar
ytheor
iesi
nter
msof
…

A.Phy
siol
ogi
cal
andpsy
chol
ogi
cal
aspect
sofhumanbei
ng

B.Thei
nfl
uenceofhumansoci
o-cul
tur
alv
alues

C. Howemot
ioni
sini
ti
ated

D.Whyemot
ioni
sessent
ial
forhumanbei
ngs

E.Thei
nter
act
ionofhumanbei
ngswi
tht
hei
renv
ironment

Passage2
Astudyshowedt hatasinglearti
sanalcoralreeff i
sherycanproduceov er30,000
meal spery ear.I
tsannualeconomi cv alueismor et han$78, 000.Oceanandcoast al
ecosy stemsbr ingar angeofbenef i
tstopeopl ewor ldwide.Theypr ovi
demi l
l
ionsof
peopl ewi t
hf oodandl i
vel
ihoods.Globalandl ocalst ressors,however,t
hreatent hese
services.To bet terunder st
and the benefit
sf rom ocean env i
ronments,this study
i
nv estigat
edhowanar ti
sanalfi
sherysupportsacommuni t
y.Thisstudyusesacommuni ty
-based appr oach to assess the f
actors aff
ecti
ng r esources sustai
nabil
it
yand f ood
secur i
tyinasmal l
-scal
ecor alr
eeffi
shery.

Thest udyfoundt hatthesmal l

-scaleKiholoBayf i
sheryprovidescommuni ti
es
withlar
ge-scalebenefit
s.“ Thi
scor alreeffisherygener at
esdiversesocial,economicand
cult
uralvalues,whichsuppor ttheheal thandwel l
-beingoft heKīholocommuni ty,
"said
l
eadaut horDr .JackKi tt
inger,di
rectorofConser vati
onI nt
ernati
onal'
sHawai '
iprogram.
"Thesebenef i
tsareli
kelycommont ocoralr eeff
isheri
esacr osstheglobe, suppor
ti
ngkey
foodsecurityfunct
ions,cultur
alpr
act i
cesaswel laslocalli
veli
hoods.
"

Theresult
soft hestudysuggestthatsimi
larcoralreeffi
sher
iesaroundt hewor ld
prov i
det othepeopl ewhodependont hem wi ththesamet ypesofbenefit
s.Thesur vey
foundt hat58per centofthecaughtseaf oodiskeptforhomeconsumpt ion,34per centis
givenawayandonl y8per centsoldtocommer cialmar ket
s."Wef oundt hatt hev ast
maj orit
yoft hecat chiskeptf orhomeconsumpt i
onorgi venawayaspar tofcul t
ural
practices,showingt heimpor t
antrol
et hatthisbayplaysi nsustai
ningourcommuni ty,
"
saidJennyMi t
chell
, aboardmemberofHui AlohaKīhol
o."WhenKī hol
ot hri
ves,sodowe. "

Bysur vey
ingfishermenforanentireyear,r
esear cherswereablet oesti
mat ethat
thefisheryproducedmor ethan7,300poundsofseaf oodpery earforthecommuni tyof
people.Near l
y60per centofthecatchisusedf orsubsistence,contr
ibut
ingt ocommuni ty
foodsecur i
ty.Geographicanalysi
sofcommuni t
ybenef i
ciari
esshowedt hat20per centof
seafoodpr ocuredisusedf orsoci
ocul
tural
ev entst
hatar eimpor t
antforsocialcohesion.

4.Whatcanbei
nfer
redf
rom t
hepassage?

A.Thest
udywasconduct
edbecausecor
alr
eef
sar
ethr
eat
enedgl
obal
l
y

B.Soci
ocul
tur
alpr
act
iceshav
ebur
denedt
hesust
ainabi
l
ityofcor
alr
eeff
isher
y
 C.Thebenef
it
slocal
peopl
egetf
rom t
heexi
sti
ngcor
alr
eef
sar
eimmense

D.Cor
alr
eeff
isher
yhel
psl
ocal
peopl
emai
ntai
nthei
rsoci
alr
elat
ionshi
p

E.Cor
alr
eeff
isher
ypr
ovi
dest
hewor
ldwi
thunl
i
mit
edr
esour
ceoff
ood

5.The sent
ence "
Ocean and coastalecosy
stem br
ing a r
ange ofbenef
it
sto peopl
e
worl
dwide.
"inpar
agraph1isclosesti
nmeaningto…

A.Peopl
einmostcount
ri
esbenef
itf
rom mar
inebusi
ness

B.Oceanbenef
itt
hewor
ldwi
thwat
erast
hemai
nsour
ceofr
ainf
all
s

C.Manypeopl
egai
nconsi
der
abl
eadv
ant
agesf
rom mar
ineecosy
stems

D.Ex
plor
ati
onsf
rom coastt
ooceanshoul
dbedonet
ogai
nthemostbenef
it

E.Thosebenef
it
edbymar
inel
i
vesr
angef
rom l
ocal
peopl
etopeopl
ewor
ldwi
de

6.Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngr
efl
ect
stheaut
hor
'sbi
asabouteconomi
cval
ueofcor
alr
eef
?

A.Fi
sh-
basedf
oodr
esour
cesar
eguar
ant
eed

B.I
tisappl
i
cabl
etoanycor
alr
eefel
sewher
e

C.Peopl
eshar
edt
hebenef
it
sofcor
alr
eef
s

D.Cor
alr
eef
sinf
luencescul
tur
alev
ent
s

E.Peopl
egetbenef
it
sfr
om cor
alr
eef
s

7.I
npr
esent
ingt
hei
deas,
theaut
horst
art
sby
…

A.Showi
ngt
hebenef
it
soff
isher
yinKi
hol
oBay

B.St
ati
ngf
indi
ngsofr
esear
choncor
alr
eeff
isher
y

C.War
ningt
hepot
ent
ial
ofcor
alr
eefdamage

D.Ar
gui
ngt
heeconomi
cval
ueofcor
alr
eef

E.Descr
ibi
ngt
hebenef
it
sofcor
alr
eef

Passage3
Eating one av
ocado a dayas partofa hear
thealt
hy,chol
est
erol-
lower
ing
moderate-f
atdietcan helpimprovebad chol
est
eroll
evel
sin over
wei
ghtand obese
i
ndivi
duals,accordi
ngtonew resear
chpubli
shedintheJour
naloftheAmericanHeart
Associ
ation.
Resear chers eval
uated t
he eff
ectav ocados had on t r
adit
ionaland nov el
car
diovascularr i
sk factor
s. They repl
aced saturated f
att
y acids from an av erage
Americandietwi thunsatur
atedfat
tyaci
dsfrom avocados.For ty
-fi
vehealthy,overweight
orobesepat ientsbetweentheagesof21and70wer eputont hreedif
ferentcholesterol-
l
oweringdiets.Par t
ici
pantsconsumedanav er
ageAmer i
candietconsist
ingof34per cent
 ofcal oriesf r
om fat,51per centcar bohydrates,and16per centproteinfortwoweeks
bef oret heystart
edoneoft hef oll
owingt hreecholesteroll
oweringdi et
s:lowerfatdiet
wi thoutav ocado,moder at
e-fatdi etwi t
houtav ocado,andamoder at
e- f
atdietwithone
av ocadoperday .Thelowerf atdietispr ovided24percentofcal or
iesasf at(11percent
from MUFAS) .Meanwhile,thel asttwomoder atefatdietsbothprovided34per centof
calor i
esasf at(17percentofcal oriesfrom monounsat uratedfatt
yacids/MUFAS) .Each
par ti
cipantconsumedeachoft het hreet estdietsforf i
veweeks. Par t
ici
pant
swer e
randoml ysequencedthrougheachoft hethreediets.

Resear cher
sf oundt hat,compar edt ot hebasel ineaverageAmeri
candi et,l
ow-
densityli
popr otei
n(LDL)-t hesocal l
ed'badchol esterol'-was13. 5mg/dLl oweraf ter
consumi ngthemoder atef atdietthatincludedanav ocado.LDLwasal soloweront he
moder at
ef atdietwithoutt heavocado( 8.
3mg/dLl ower )andthelowerf
atdiet(7.4mg/
dLl ower),althought her esul
tswer enotasst riki
ngast heavocadodi
et.I naddi t
ion,
severaladditi
onalbloodmeasur ementswer ealsomor ef avor
abl
eaf t
ert
heav ocadodi et
ver
sust heot hertwochol esterol
-lower
ingdi etsaswel l.

Thesemeasur ement sar eallconsider

edt obecar dio-metabol
icriskfactorsin
wayst hatarei ndependentoft hehear t
-healt
hyf att
yaci deffect
s,saidadi sti
nguished
prof
essoratPennsy lvaniaStateUniversi
ty."Thiswasacont r
olledfeedi
ngst udy,butnot
thereal-
wor l
d. So,i tisapr oof -
of-
concepti nvesti
gati
on.Weneedt ofocusonget ti
ng
peopletoeatahear t-heal
thydi etthatincl
udesav ocadosandot hernutrient-
ri
chf ood
sourcesofbetterfats."

"I
nt heUni tedSt atesavocadosar enotamai nst
ream foodyet.Theycanbe
expensi
ve,especiall
yatcer tai
nt i
mesoft hey ear
.Also,mostpeopledonotr eall
yknow
howt oi
ncorporat
et hem intheirdi
etexceptformakingguacamole.Guacamolei stypi
call
y
eatenwit
hcor nchips,whichar ehi
ghincalori
esandsodi um.Avocados,
howev er,canalso
beeatenwithsalads,v egetabl
es,sandwiches,andleanprotei
nfoodsli
kechickenorf ish
orevenwhole."

I
naddi ti
ont oMUFAS,av ocadosal sopr ovideot herbioacti
vecomponent sthat
couldhavecont ri
butedtothefindingssuchasf i
ber,phytosterol
s,andot hercompounds.
TheMedi terr
aneandi eti
ncl
udesf rui
ts,vegetables,wholegr ains,fat
tyfi
sh,andf oodsrich
i
nmonounsat uratedfatt
yacids-l
ikeextra-v
irginoliveoilandnut s.Likeav ocados,some
researchindi
catesthatthesecont ai
nnotonl ybetterfatsbutal socer t
ainmi cronutri
ents
andbi oacti
vecomponent sthatmaypl ayani mpor t
antr oleinr educingr i
skofhear t
disease.

8.I
nrel
ati
ont
opar
agr
aph2,
whatdoespar
agr
aph3i
nfor
m?

A.Pr
ocedur
eincar
ryi
ngoutt
her
esear
ch

B.Resul
tsoft
het
reat
mentdescr
ibedi
npar
agr
aph2

C.Chol
est
erol
cont
ent
sthatar
edi
scussedi
npar
agr
aph2

D.Condi
ti
onsoft
her
espondent
swhenappl
yi
ngt
hedi
ets

E.Rel
ati
onshi
psbet
weent
hedi
etsandchol
est
erol
cont
ent
s

9.Basedonthepassage,t
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
heMedi
ter
ani
andi
etandhear
tdi
sease
i
sliket
hatbet
ween..
..
 A.di
str
essedpat
ientandmal
edoct
or

B.ai
rcondi
ti
onerandhotweat
her

C.sev
erehungerandbi
gmeal

D.bushf
ir
eandbl
acksmoke

E.f
ossi
lfuel
andspor
tscar

10.Aboutav ocadosdescr
ibed i
nthepassage,t
heaut
horhast
hesamebel
i
efast
he
resear
chers't
hat
..
..

A.r
esear
chneedst
orev
eal
accur
atel
ythei
rcont
ent
s

B.combi
neddi
etsi
nvol
vi
ngav
ocadosneedsf
urt
herst
udi
es

C.t
hecur
rentr
esear
chonav
ocadoshasconcl
usi
vef
indi
ngs

D.peopl
ewi
l
ltaket
hedi
etr
egar
dlesst
hepr
iceofav
ocados

E.t
hef
rui
tnut
ri
ent
sar
eequal
tot
hoseoft
heMedi
ter
raneandi
et

11.Whichparagr
aphsoft hepassagemostef
fect
ivel
yil
l
ust
rat
ethepowerofav
ocadost
o
dealwi
thheartdi
sease?

A.2and6

B.3and6

C.3and5

D.4and5

E.5and6

12.Theaut
horoft
hepassagei
mpl
i
est
hat
..
..

A.hear
tdi
seasehappensduet
olackofconsumi
ngav
ocados

B.av
ocadosar
ecl
osel
yli
nkedt
othehi
ghr
ateofhear
tdi
sease

C.eat
ingav
ocadost
hanot
herf
rui
tsi
sabet
tercur
eforhear
tdi
sease

D.r
athert
hant
heamount
,theappr
opr
iat
edi
etofav
ocadoscur
eshear
tdi
sease

E.consumi
ngav
ocadosl
i
kel
ylower
sLDLl
evel
samongov
erwei
ghtper
son

13.Anot
hersi
mpl
ewayt
orest
atei
deasi
nthel
astpar
agr
aphoft
hepassagei
s..
..

A.avocadosandt
heMediter
raneandi
etar
emor
eef
fect
ivewhent
heyar
econsumed
toget
herwit
hot
herf
rui
ts

B.el
ement
sofavocados,
simi
l
art
othosei
ntheMedi
ter
raneandi
etcanl
owert
het
hreat
oft
hehear
tdi
sease
C.av
ocados,ri
chinusef
ulnut
ri
ent
sli
ket
heMedi
ter
raneandi
etar
eusedt
otr
eatpeopl
e
wi
thheartdi
sease

D.pat
ient
sheartdi
seasecanef
fect
ivel
ybet
reat
edbyhav
ingei
thert
heMedi
ter
ranean
di
etoravocadof
eeding

E.micr
onutr
ientsinav
ocadosandbi
oact
ivecont
ent
sint
heMedi
ter
raneandi
etal
i
ke
heal
hear
tdiseaseef
fect
ivel
y