OpolCommuni t

yCol l
ege
Opol,Misami
sOriental
SY:2020-2021

Ev
aluat
ingGenderSt
ereot
ypesamongFami
li
es

i
nSanFanci
scodeAsi
sElSal
vadorCi
ty

I
nFulf
il
lment
OftheRequi
rementsfort
hesubj
ect
GenderandSoci
etywit
hPeaceEducat
ion

UBANAN,JOHNROYD.
BSED-
ENGLI
SH

MRS.BERNARDALLENO
I
NSTRUCTOR
 I
.INTRODUCTI
ON

Manygender -relatedbar riersandbi aseshav edecl i

nedov erthey earsbutgender
stereot ypescont inuet ocr eatepr oblemsi nt hef ami li
es.Genderst ereotypesar ethe
beliefst hatpeopl ehav eaboutt hechar acteri
st i
csofmal esandf emal es.Thecont ent
ofst ereotypesv ari
esov ercul turesand ov ert ime.Theseexpect ati
onsar eoften
relatedt ot herolest hatt hesexesf ul
fi
llint hecul ture.Theemer genceofst ereoty
ping
canbeunder stoodasawayofsi mpl ifyi
ngt hedemandsont heper ceiver( Macrae,
Mi l
ne,& Bodenhausen,1994) ,allowing t heper ceivert orel
yon pr eviouslystored
knowl edgei nplaceofi ncomi ngi nformat ion,andt or espondtosev eralenv i
ronment al
factor s,suchasdi ff
er entsocialr oles(Eagl y,1995) ,groupconf l
ict
s( Robinson, Kel
tner,
War d, &Rossetal .
,1995)anddi fferencesi npower( Fiske,1993).Stereotypescanal so
emer geasawayofj ustifyingt hest atusquo( Jost&Banaj i
,1994)ori nresponset o
soci ali denti
ty( Hogg & Abr ams,1988) .Mor eover,iti sv i
taltor emembert hat
discr i
mi natoryviewpoi ntsar enotnecessar i
lyint enti
onallyadopted(Agar s,2004).

Basedongender eddi vi
sionofl aborandsoci alr oles,menandwomenar eof ten
repr esentedst ereoty pi
callyaccor dingt ot het rai
tst heyar eassumedt opossessby
virt
ueoft heirbiologicalmakeup( Li
ndsey ,2010).Sev eralst udiespointtost ereotyping
ont hebasi soft heirsex- r
elatedchar acterist
ics( Sander s& Pet erson,1999) .Itis
viewed t hatgenderst ereotypes ar ef or med dur ing t he pr ocess ofl earning and
communi cationi nwhi chsoci ocul t
uralandi nteractionalf actorsplayt her oleofkey
soci ali
zingagent s( Leaper&Fr iedman,2007) .Thef act or sandagent sal soi nclude
fami lyasabasi candpr imarysour ceofgendersoci alization( J.E.Jacobs,1991)
wher esoci alrolesar eassignedbasedongender( Eccles,1983;J.Jacobs,2000) .
Fami l
yasaf oremostsoci ali
zingagencyt ransmi t
ssi mpl isti
cl abel
sanddeep- rooted
messagesconsi deredspeci fi
cf oraf emi ni
newomanandamascul ineman.I nf amily,
differentr ole model s are assi gned t o women and men accor ding to whati s
traditionall
yat t
ributedt oeachsex.Si milarl
y,ont hebasi sofasetofphy si
calqual iti
es
andpsy chologicalchar acteri
sticsdef i
nedbyf amily,soci etyl abel
st askswhi char e
knownasgenderst ereotypes.

I
nmanysoci et
ies,mascul i
nit
yi sidentifi
edwi t
hcompet iti
veness,aggressi
veness,
andi ndependence,wher easf emininest ereotypesrevolv
ear oundasetofbel i
efsthat
define women as car i
ng,al trui
stic,af f
ectiveini nter
per sonalr el
ati
onships,child
fri
endly,emot ionall
yexpr essive,sensitiveandempat heti
c,andabov eallsubmissive
andpassi ve( Ridgeway&Bal kwell,1997) .Basedont heargument ,
thepur poseofthis
studyi stol ooki ntot hef unctionoff ami l
ymember sint hedev elopmentofgender
stereotypes.Thi sstudyhel pst oref l
ectst henegativesideofmenandwomenr oles
thatseeni nt hehousehol d.Thi salsoai msi nassessingcur rentconceptionsofmen
andwomen' sr olest owar dseachot her.Byt histopiceveryonecanr efl
ecttheir
selves
aboutt henegat iveeffectst hatgenderst ereotypes.
 I
I.RATI
ONALE

STATEMENTOFTHEPROBLEM

Thestudyai
mstolookatthefamil
ialel
ementsthatcontri
but
et oster
eot
ypingand
exami
nethecommongenderst
ereot
ypeshappeni
nginthreefamil
iesi
nSanFranci
sco
deAsis.I
tal
sotr
iestofi
gureouthow st
ereot
ypi
ngaf f
ectstheformati
onofgender
rol
es.

METHODOLOGY
Thischapt erdear l
ydef inestheresearchmet hodsusedt oconductt hest udy .The
researcherexpl ai
nhow t henecessarydataandi nformati
ont oaddressther esearch
objecti
v es and questionnair
e was col l
ect
ed,pr esented and anal
yzed.Thi s also
i
ncludest her esearchdesign,l
ocal
e,respondents,i
nstrumentat
iondatagathering,and
stati
sticalt
reatmentoft hedata.
Thisst udywasconduct edinordertodet erminewhetherthegi venquestionnai
replays
asi gnifi
cantrol
eoft hegenderst ereotypi
ng betweenmenandwomeni nthefamily
.
And i n orderto answert hisr esearch study,the researchersoughtt he gender
stereotypesin-l
inet opics.Speci
fically,atotalof6r espondent sfrom 3househol ds
withinSanFanci scodeAsi sElSal v adorCity.Theselectedpar ti
cipant
sanswer eda
quest i
onnairest
r uct
ur einaform ofcheck.

Resear
chl
ocal
eandSampl
ingpr
ocedur
e
Thegatheri
ngofvari
oust y
pesofinformati
onf r
om respondent
s,aquest
ionnai
rewil
l
beidealf
orthisst
udy,al
lowingforthecol
lect
ionofaccuratedataf
rom t
het hr
ee(3)
sel
ectedhousehol
dinSanFanciscodeAsisElSalvadorCi
ty.

Respondent
soft
heSt
udy

Thest udyf
ocusedont hr
eehouseholds.Asimplerandom sampl
eprocedur
eusing
surveyquesti
onnai
reswasemployedtoselectthr
eehouseholdsf
rom thi
spopul
ation.
Thisaimstoknowt heeff
ectofgenderster
eoty
pingbetweenmenandwomeni nthe
family
.
Househol
dNumber
s Sampl
esi
ze

1 2

2 2

3 2

TOTAL: 6

Scor
ingPr
ocedur
e
Theresear
chercount
edthefrequencyofther
espondentsprofi
leandi
scomputedi
ts
per
centage on t
he t
otalsample size.I
nthe computati
on ofthe wei
ght
ed mean
anal
ysi
s,t
her
esear
cherusedmeanr
ange;
Scor
ingoft
her
esponsesf
ort
heGenderSt
ereot
ypi
ng

Scal
e Range I
nter
pret
ati
on

4 3.
50-
4.00 St
rongl
yAgr
ee

3 2.
50-
3.49 Agr
ee

2 1.
50-2.
49 Di
sagr
ee

1 1.
00-
1.49 St
rongl
yDi
sagr
ee

St
ati
sti
cal
Treat
mentoft
heDat
a

Theresearcherusedthe4poi ntLiker
tscalet oassessthel evelofunderstandi
ngof
household member s regardi
ng gender st ereotypi
ng. For t he assessment of
underst
anding ofgenderst ereot
ype the research woul
d use t he average mean
mean=¯x=∑ni nt
=1xi odeterminethebestresponsef r
om therespondents.

Dat
aGat
her
ingPr
ocedur
e

•Vali
dat
ionofthest udy.Toenri
chthefindi
ngsofthestudy
,thepri
mar
ydat aal
so
i
ncl
udefacetofaceinter
views.At
otalof3int
erv
iewswer
econductedi
n3househol
ds,
1fr
om eachhouseholds.

•SurveyontheRespondent s.Therespondent
sareselect
edthr
oughrandom sampli
ng,
agender -
balanced repr
esentat
ion f
rom each househol
d wasensured,t
hati s,t
he
husbandandt hewife.

• Thecollectedinf
ormati
onr elat
edtothestudyhasbeenanaly
zedquant i
tat
ivel
y
wherepri
mar yinf
ormat
ionhasbeenl i
nkedwi
thsecondar
ydat
aforfur
therel
aborat
ion
andatt
ainmentofgroundedfacts..

St
ati
sti
cal
dat
atr
eat
ment
Thest
udyusedt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
as;

Togett
heper
cent
age:

Wher
e:P=per
cent
age
f
=fr
equency
n=numberofr
espondent
s
Togett
hewei
ght
edmean:
Wher
e:
X=mean I
=poi
nt/
scor
e
f
=fr
equency N=numberofr
espondent
s

I
II
.ANALYSI
SANDCONCLUSI
ON

Thi
schapt
erspr
esent
s,anal
ysi
sandI
nter
prett
abul
atedandst
ati
sti
cal
l
ytr
eat
eddat
ato

det
ermi
net
her
esponsesandi
nsi
ght
sofchosenhousehol
dtot
het
opi
cGender

St
ereot
ypi
ng.Thi
sChapt
eral
soi
ncl
udest
hepr
ofi
l
eoft
her
espondent
ssampl
edt
o

answert
hequest
ionnai
re.

Pr
ofi
li
ng

Tabl
e1.Demogr
aphi
cpr
ofi
l
eoft
her
espondent
saccor
dingt
oGender
.

Gender Mal
e 3 50

Femal
e 3 50

Tot
al 6 100

Thi
sist
oassesswhet
hert
hemal
eort
hef
emal
erespondent
srespondst
othe

quest
ionnai
regi
veni
ftheyar
einf
avouroragai
nstwi
thi
tast
hisst
udywi
l
ltackl
esabout

t
hest
ereot
ypi
ngt
hathappensathome.

Tabl
e2.Demogr
aphi
cpr
ofi
l
eoft
her
espondent
saccor
dingt
oAge.
AgeGr
oup 12-
19 0 0

20-
45 4 60

46abov
e 2 40

Tot
al 6 100
TheAgeGr
oupi
sdet
ermi
net
oident
if
ywhet
herageaf
fect
sthei
rvi
ewsont
hei
ssuesof

St
ereot
ypi
ng.

Tabl
e3.Demogr
aphi
cpr
ofi
l
eoft
her
espondent
saccor
dingt
oCi
vi
lst
atus
Mar
it
alSt
atus Mar
ri
ed 6 100

Si
ngl
e 0

Tot
al 6 100

Thi
sist
odet
ermi
newhet
hermar
ri
edr
espondent
stol
erat
esgenderr
olesandst
ereot
ype

ort
hesi
ngl
esf
avor
sitt
heot
herwayar
ound.

ANALYSI
SDATAGATHERED

Thi
schapt
erspr
esent
s,anal
ysi
sandI
nter
prett
abul
atedandst
ati
sti
cal
lyt
reat
eddat
a

t
odet
ermi
net
her
esponsesandi
nsi
ght
sofchosenhousehol
dtot
het
opi
cGender

St
ereot
ypi
ngi
nthehousehol
dusi
ngt
heSt
ackBarChar
twi
thDi
ver
gingCol
orPal
let
te

andLi
ker
tScal
eandv
isuali
nter
pret
ati
on.

PI
NK-STRONGLYAGREE

VI
OLET-AGREE

BLUE-DI
SAGREE

GREEN-STRONGLYDI
SAGREE

TABLE1.DATAGATHEREDUSI
NGSTACKBARCHART

1.Cl
eani
ng the househol
d
choresi
stheonl
ydutyofa
1 1 3 1
woman

2.Sust aini
ng the needs of
the children is a
3 1 1 1
responsibil
ityofmen.

3.Working i
nthe f
arm i
s
onl
yformen.
1 3 1 1
4.Womenmustst ayinthe
housei
nst
eadofworki
ng
1 1 3 1

5.Taki
ng good car
e ofthe
chil
dren i s t he mai n
1 3 1 1
responsi
bil
it
yofwomen and
notformen.

6.
Buy i
ng groceri
es and
househol
d st
uffs ar
e f
or
1 1 2 2
women.

7.In accordancewi t
ht hei
r
gender,chil
dren should be
1 1 2 2
gi
venr esponsibi
li
ti
esint he
house.

8.Women mustobeyt heir

husband because t
hey ar
e
2 2 1 1
theheadofthefamil
y

9. Teaching v alues t o
chi
ldr
eni smainr olesofa
1 1 2 2
motherandnotf
orf ather
.

10.Chil
drenmustplayt
oys
i
n accor dance to thei
r
1 2 1 2
gender

11.Prepar
ing a meali
sa
rol
eofmenandawomen
2 2 1 1

12.Men must work and

womenshoul
drest
.
1 1 2 2

13.Role ofa f
atheri
st o
super
vise his chi l
dren
because t
hey hav
e t
he 2 2 1 1
author
it
y

14.Bothgendermusthav
e
equalr
olesi
nthehouse
2 2 1 1

15. Gender ster

eot
ypes
mustr
educei
nthefami
ly.
3 1 1 1

TABLE2.WEI
GHTMEANANDVI
SUALI
NTERPRETATI
ON

Wei
ghtmean Vi
sualI
nter
pret
ati
on

Cleani
ngt hehousehol
dchor
esi
sthe 2.
3 AGREE
onlydutyofawoman.

Sust
aini
ngtheneedsofthechi
ldr
en 3 AGREE
i
saresponsi
bil
it
yofmen.

Wor
kingi
nthef
armi
sonl
yformen. 3 AGREE

Women must stay i

n t
he house 2.
3 AGREE
i
nst
eadofwor
king.

Taki
nggoodcareoft hechi
ldr
enis 2.
6 AGREE
the mai
nresponsi
bil
it
y of women
andnotf
ormen.

Buyi
ng gr
ocer
ies and househol
d 2.
1 DI
SAGREE
st
uff
sar
eforwomen.

In accordance with t
heir gender
, 2.
1 DI
SAGREE
chil
dren shoul
d be gi
ven
responsi
bil
it
iesint
hehouse.

Women must obey their husband 3 AGREE

because t
hey ar
ethe head oft he
famil
y

Teachi
ngval
uest ochil
drenismai n 2.
1 DI
SAGREE
rol
esofamotherandnotforf
ather
.

Chil
dren must pl ay t oy
s i
n 2.
3 DI
SAGREE
accordancet
othei
rgender
.

Pr
epar
ingameali
sar
oleofmenand 2.
8 AGREE
awomen
Menmustwor
kandwomenshoul
d 2.
1 DI
SAGREE
r
est
.

Rol
eofaf atherist
osuperv
isehi
s 2.
8 AGREE
chi
ldr
en because t
hey have t
he
aut
horit
y

Bothgendermusthav
eequalr
olesi
n 2.
8 AGREE
thehouse

Genderst
ereot
ypes mustr
educe i
n 3 AGREE
t
hefamil
y.

From thet ablepr esentedabov e,t

heresearcherconduct edt her esearchstudyfrom t he
selected3househol drespondentsinSanFr anciscodeAsi s, ElSalvadorCity
,Mi sami s
Oriental
,wi t
ht hescal eof4 poi ntLiker
tScal ewi thv isuali nter
pretat
ion of4 as
StronglyAgr ee,Ascal eof3wi thavi
sualinterpr
etati
onofAgr ee,scaleof2wi t
hv i
sual
i
nterpretation ofDi sagree,and scale of1 wi t
hv isuali nterpretat
ion ofSt rongly
Disagree.TheSt atementabov eshowst hecommonGenderst ereotypi
nghappeni ng
betweenmenandwomeni nthefamil
yexper i
encebyt hesur v eyedrespondentsandi s
comput edt hroughawei ghtedmeanwi thascal estoi ndi
cat edt hebestresponsest o
thestatement spr esented.

Accordi
ngtot hedatacollected,themaj or
it
yofr espondentsagreethatitistherol
eof
woment ocleant hehouse, whil
ethemaj ori
tyofrespondentsagreethatitistherol
eof
ment oprovi
def ortheneedsofchi l
dren.Thisconformst othestudyof( Martí
nezand
Pater
na,2009; Kuoetal.
,2018)womenandmenhasdi ffer
entresponsibi
li
ti
esathome.
Womenar emor eresponsibleinhouseholdchoreswhi lemenar eentrustedtoprovi
de
theneedsoft hef amil
y.Thusbot hmenandwomenequalwheni tcomeswi t
htheir
rol
esinthefami l
y.

Ont heot herhand,themajori

tyofr
espondentsagreethatfar
m wor kisonlyformen,
andt hatwomenshoul dstayathomer athert
hanwor k.Thisconformst othestudy
(Haneyandknowl es1988)contr
ibut
iont ohouseholdandf ar
m pr oducti
onmor e
vi
sible,t
heyhav ealsoshownthegenderedandpatri
achall
ystr
uctur
eddi vi
sionofwork
onfami lyfarms.Thefocushasbeenonwomenasf ar
m womenorf ar
mer swivesand
notasf armersthemselves.

Inst atementnumber5,t hemaj ori

tyoft hem agreet hatcaringforchi l
drenisa
woman' sr ol
e,notaman' s,wher eashalfoft herespondent sdisagreeorst r
ongl y
disagreethatbuy i
nggroceriesandhomei temsi sawoman' sobl i
gati
on.Further
mor e,
women cont i
nue to do mor e houseworki n mosthousehol ds,even those where
womensear ningsarethesameasorgr eaterthantheirhusbands( Greenst
ein2000;
Gupt a2007;Say er2016;Schneider2011;Tichenor2005).Sincethe1960s,menhav e
i
ncr easedtheirhouseworkcont ri
buti
ons,andev enmor esot heirchil
dcaretime,but
thesef ai
lt omat chthoseofwomen( Bianchi,Robinson,andMi lki
e2006;Sul li
van
2006) .

I
nr esponseto st
atementnumber7,r espondentsequall
ydi
sagr
eed and st
rongl
y
di
sagreed,i
mpl
yingthatt
heydonott
hinkthatchil
drenshoul
dbegi
venr
esponsibi
li
ti
es
accordingt otheirage.Inr esponset ost atementnumber8,hal foftherespondent s
agreedt hatwomenmustobeyt heirhusbandsbecauset heyar ethefamil
y'sleader.I
n
responset ostatement#9,f ouroutofsi xr espondent sdisagr
eedt hati
tist hejobof
malest ot eachchi l
drenv aluesandnott her esponsibi
li
tyofwomen. Accor dingto
(McMast erUniversi
ty,2013),womenseem t obepr edi
sposedt obemor einquisi
tive
andt oseemor epossi bl
esol uti
ons.Thest udyshowedt hatwomenar emor elikel
yto
considerther i
ghtsofot hersandt ot akeacooper ati
v eapproachtodecision-making.
Witht hatwomenhast her ighttoi nvolveher selfinthedeci si
on-maki
ngathome
becausewomenar eintel
li
gentandconsi derate.

Inr esponset ost atementnumber10,hal foft her espondentsagr eedandt heot her
halfdisagreedt hatchi ldr
enshoul dplaywithtoy sthatar eappropriatef ortheirgender.
Mostr espondent sbel ievet hatbothmenandwomenhav eanequalr oleinmeal
preparationi nstat ement11,butt heydisagreei nst atement12t hatmenmustwor k
andwomenmustr est .Inthest udyof(Schev e,2021)st atedthatwhenbot hpar ents
sharedut i
esequal l
y ,thecoupl emaybehappi er,betterabletor elat etooneanot her
andenj oyagr eatersenseofhar monyinhousehol d.Thi swouldal sowor konchi l
dr en
athome,t heyshoul dhav eequalr esponsibil
iti
esi nmat t
erwi t
hhousehol dchor es.
Furthermor e,womencont inuetodomor ehousewor ki nmosthousehol ds,eventhose
wher ewomensear ni ngsar ethesameasorgr eaterthant hei
rhusbands( Greenstein
2000;Gupt a2007;Say er2016;Schnei der2011;Ti chenor2005) .Sincet he1960s,men
havei ncreasedt hei rhousewor kcontri
buti
ons,andev enmor esot heirchildcaretime,
butt hesef ailt
omat cht hoseofwomen( Bianchi,Robi nson,andMi lkie2006;Sullivan
2006)

.
Inr esponset ostatement13,t hemaj ori
tyofrespondentsagreet hatmal esshoul d
moni t
ort heirchil
drenbecauset heyhav eauthori
ty,andinresponset ostatement14,
themaj ori
tyofr espondentsagr eethatbothgender smusthav eequalr olesint he
home.Fi nal
ly,t
hemaj ori
tyofthem agreedwi thstatement15thatgenderst er
eoty
pes
i
nt hef ami l
ymustber educed.Inthest udyof(Scheve,2021)st at
edt hatwhenbot h
parentsshar edut i
esequal l
y,thecouplemaybehappi er,bet
terabletor elatetoone
anotherandenj oyagreatersenseofhar monyinhousehold.
Concl
usi
on

Thef
oll
owi
ngi
stheconcl
usi
onr
eachedbyt
heResear
cher
:

•Thepat r
iarchyisabel i
efhel
dbyt hef ami
lythattheresearcherint
ervi
ewed.Thi
s
suggeststhattheconceptofmaledominancepersi
stsi
nt hei
rimaginati
ons,whi
let
he
conceptoffemaleempower mentper
sist
s.

•Femaleswhorespondtot
hesur
veyunder
standt
hatwomenar
enotdi
sadv
ant
aged
andhav
ethesamer i
ght
sasmen.

•Gender,accordi
ngt of
emalerespondents,shoul
dnotbeani
mpedimentt
othei
rway
ofli
fe.Theyfeelthatwhenitcomestor ai
singandbui
ldi
ngafami
ly
,menandwomen
shouldhaveanequalchance.

•Theov er
alldiscussi
ont husconcl udesthatgenderstereoty
pingandgenderr ol
e
format i
on ar e notbiologicalbutr athersoci
ocult
uraland relati
onalwher e such
entit
iesaret he outcome ofgendersoci ali
zat
ion,di
ffer
enti
alfami l
ialenvi
ronment ,
tradi
tionalandst er
eotypicdivi
sionoflabor
,andparent
s’dif
fer
entialr
olewithchi
ldren.

I
V.RECOMMENDATI
ON

Foll
owi
ngthecomplet
ionoft
her
esear
chst
udy
,ther
esear
chermadet
hef
oll
owi
ng
recommendat
ion:

•To er
adicat
egenderster
eoty
ping,therespondentsmustunder
go or
ient
ati
ont
o
becomeawareoft
heelementsthatcont
ri
butesst
ereoty
ping.

•Bothgender
smustcol
laborateindoi
ngtasks,andnei
thergendershoul
dn'
tconsi
der
themsel
vesashav
ingahigherstat
usthantheother
.

Ther esearcherproposesthatfutureinvesti
gationsconcent ratemor eoni dent
if
ying
ther esponsibili
ti
esthatbothgenderspl ayanddev elopingacl eardescri
pti
onoft he
topics in quest i
on.Because oft he Cov i
dr estri
ctions,onlya l i
mited numberof
respondent sar eavai
labl
eforthisstudy.Thenextr esearchershouldconductalarger
studyr egardlessofthetopi
c.I'dli
kethem t ocollectmor edat afrom alar
gernumber
ofpeopl e.Sot hatwecancl earl
yseet hatgenderequal it
yexi st
snotonl yinour
neighbor hoodbutalsoinourcountry.
 V.REFERENCE/BI
BLI
OGRAPHY

E.MacGi oll
a,P.J.Kaj
onius,Sexdif
fer
encesi
npersonal
it
yarelargeringenderequal
countr
ies:Repl
icat
ingandextendi
ngasurpri
singf
indi
ng.I
nt.J.Psychol.54,705–711
(2019)
.

S.H.Schwar t
z,T.Rubel -
Lif
schi
tz,Cr
oss-nat
ionalvari
ati
on i
nt he si
ze ofsex
dif
ferencesi
nv al
ues:Ef
fect
sofgenderequali
ty.J.Per
s.Soc.Psychol
.97,171–185
(2009).

Basow,S.A.(
1992)
.Genderst
ereot
ypesandr
oles(
3rded.
).Bel
mont
,CA:Thomson
Brooks.

Eccl
es,J.S.,Jacobs,J.E.,Harol
d,R.D.(1990)
.Genderrolester
eot
ypes,expectancy
eff
ects,andparent
s’sociali
zat
ionofgenderdif
fer
ences.Jour
nalofSocialI
ssues,46,
186-201

Jacobs,J.(2000)
.Genderrol
esoci
ali
zati
oninthef
ami
ly
:A l
ongi
tudi
nalappr
oach.
Hil
lsdal
e,NJ:Lawr
enceErl
baumMi
ll
er,C.L.(
1987)
.

Quali
tati
vedif
fer
encesamonggender-
ster
eotypedt
oys:I
mpli
cati
onsforcognit
iveand
soci
aldevel
opmentingi
rl
sandboys.SexRoles:AJour
nalofResear
ch,16,473-
488
 VI
.APPENDI
X

Document
ati
on
 CURRI
CULUM VI
TAE
UBANANJOHNROYD.
SanFranci
scodeAsi s,ElSal
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ty,
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al,
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