SOCI

ALPSYCHOLOGY

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Psy
chol
ogyi
sanof
fspr
ingofsubj
ectphi
l
osophy

Psy
chol
ogyi
saGr
eekwor
dwher
ebypsy
chi
cmeansmi
ndandl
ogosmeansst
udyofhence

Psy
chol
ogycanbedef
inedast
hesy
stemat
icst
udyofhumanandani
mal
behav
ior

Psy
chol
ogydeal
smor
ewi
tht
hegr
oupbehav
iorandi
nter
rel
ati
onshi
psofpeopl
ewi
thot
her
s.

Soci
alpsychol
ogyref
erstothest
udyofhowani
ndi
vi
dual
isi
nfl
uencedbyot
her
sandhowan
i
ndiv
idual
infl
uencesother
sbehavi
or.

HI
STORYANDBACKGROUNDORI
GINOFSCI
ENCEOFPSYCHOLOGY

Psy
chol
ogyasasepar
atear
eaofst
udyspl
i
tsawayf
rom phi
l
osophyal
i
ttl
eov
er100y
ear
sback.

Thesuccessofexperi
mentalmethodsi
nthephysical
scienceencour
agedsomephi
l
osopher
s
tot
hinkthatt
hemi ndandbehavi
orcoul
dbestudiedwithscient
if
icmethods.

I
n1879,
thefi
rstpsychol
ogi
call
abor
ator
ywasest
abli
shedattheUniv
ersi
tyofLei
pzi
gbyt
he
Ger
manphil
osopherandpsychol
ogi
stWil
hel
m Wundt(1832-
1920)
.

Wundtwast
hef
ir
stt
omeasur
ehumanbehav
ioraccur
atel
yhenceknownast
hef
atherof
psy
chol
ogy.

Wi
l
li
am James,
Wil
hel
m Wundtandot
herpsy
chol
ogi
stst
houghtofpsy
chol
ogyast
hest
udyof
mi
nd

Theschool
soft
houghtt
hatwer
efor
medar
eknownast
heschool
sofpsy
chol
ogy
.

TERMSUSEDI
NPSYCHOLOGY

PERSONALI
TY;I
t’st
hesum ofact
ivi
ti
esthatcanbediscov
eredbyact
ual
obser
vat
ionsov
era
l
ongenoughper
iodoft
imetogiverel
iabl
einf
ormati
on.OR

I
t’
sthecombi
nati
onofquali
ti
esi
naper
sont
hatmakest
hem di
ff
erentf
rom ot
her
sasshowni
n
t
hewaytheybehave,
feel
andthi
nk.

LEARNI
NG;
itr
efer
stot
heacqui
sit
ionofknowl
edgeandski
l
lswhi
chl
eadt
ochangei
nbehav
ior

I
NTELLI
GENCE;It’
stheabi
l
ityt
omast
ert
hei
nfor
mat
ionandski
l
lsneededt
osucceedwi
thi
na
par
ti
cul
arcul
tur
e.OR

I
t’
stheabi
l
ityt
olear
nandunder
stand,
makej
udgment
sandopi
nionsbasedonr
easoni
ng.

ATTENTI
ON;
it’
stheconcent
rat
ionofconsci
ousnessupononeobj
ectr
athert
hanuponanot
her
.
AMNESI
A;l
ossofmemor
y

CHRONOLOGI
CALAGE;
Theact
ual
ageofaper
sonusedt
ocal
cul
atet
hei
ntel
l
igencequot
ient
.

CONDI
TIONI
NG;
ref
erst
ocr
eat
inganassoci
ati
onbet
weenast
imul
usandar
esponse.

I
NTROSPECTION;
Isthestudyofone’
sconsci
ousment
alpr
ocessest
hati
sthei
nter
nal
stat
eof
mindi
ncl
udi
ngfeel
ingsandthought.

I
LLUSI
ON;I
tsf
alseper
cept
ionduet
omi
sint
erpr
etat
ionoft
heext
ernal
sti
mul
i
.

HALLUCI
NATION;
Itisf
alsepercept
ionofsomet
hingt
hati
sactual
l
ynotther
e.Theyar
e
i
maginar
yper
cept
ionsi
nwhi choneseesorhear
ssomethi
ngthati
snotseenorhear
dbyot
her
s
ar
ound.

DELUSI
ON;
Iti
sper
sist
entf
alsebel
i
ef.

I
MPORTANCESOFSTUDYI
NGPSYCHOLOGYASANURSE

Tounder
standhi
s/ herownsel
f.

Thi
shelpsthenur
setogetintoherownmot i
ves,
desi
res,
emoti
ons,f
eel
i
ngs,at
ti
tude,
per
sonali
ty,
char
acter
ist
icsandambiti
ons.I
tenabl
esthenur
setosol
vehisownprobl
ems

Tounder
standt
hepat
ient
s

Theknowl
edgeofpsychol
ogyhel
psanursetounderst
andt
heprobl
emsandneedsofthe
pat
ient
sandatt
endtothem .
Underst
andi
ngpat
ient
shelpst
hem toat
tai
nqui
ckrel
i
efandcur
e
whichi
sabasi
cmot t
oofnurses.

Recogni
ti
onofabnor
mal
behav
ior
s

I
thel
psi
nrecogni
zi
ngabnor
mal
behav
iorandhel
pspat
ient
sinmanagementofment
ali
l
lness

Tounder
standot
herpeopl
e

I
tenabl
esnursest
or el
ateandli
vebewit
hfel
l
ownur
se’
sdoct
ors,
pat
ient
sandt
hei
rfami
l
y
memberst
hroughstudyinghumannat
ure.

Topr
ovi
dequal
i
tycar
etopat
ient
s

Anur
sewit
hsuchknowl
edgewil
lknowt
hepeersanxi
ety
,feel
i
ngsofpat
ient
s,whathewoul
d
l
ovet
oknowandwhyhebehavesashedoes.

I
thel
psnur
sest
oappr
eci
atet
henecessi
ti
esf
orchangi
ngenv
ironmentorsur
roundi
ngs

I
tsusef
ulf
oref
fect
ivest
udy
ing.

BRANCHESOFPSYCHOLOGY
Soci
alpsychol
ogy;i
tdealswit
hhowani
ndi
vi
dual
isi
nfl
uencedbyot
her
sandhowani
ndi
vi
dual
i
nfl
uencesothersbehav
iors

Dev
elopment
alpsy
chol
ogy

I
tdescri
bestheprocessandfactorsthati
nfl
uencet
hegr
owt
handdev
elopmenti
nrel
ati
ont
o
behav
iororanindi
vidual
from bi
rthtooldage,

Educat
ional
psy
chol
ogy
;Itdeal
swi
thl
ear
ningpr
obl
emsandt
hei
rremedi
es.

Experi
mentalpsychol
ogy;i
tdeal
swi t
hwaysofcarr
yingoutpsy
chologicalexper
imentsbyusing
scient
if
icmethods.Thepsychol
ogist
sdobasicr
esearchi
nanef f
orttodiscoverandunder
stand
thefundamentalandgener
alcausesofbehav
ior
.

Abnor
mal
psy
chol
ogy

I
tdeal
swi
thbehav
iorori
ndi
vi
dual
swhi
char
eunusual
.

I
tst
udi
esment
aldi
sor
dert
hei
rcausesandt
reat
ment
,

Adv
ert
isi
ngpsy
chol
ogy

I
tdeal
swi
thf
ir
ms,
fact
orsusedi
ncr
eat
ingsui
tabl
eadv
ert
isement
sforav
ari
etyofpr
oduct
s

Communi
typsy
chol
ogy

Deal
swi
thsoci
alpr
obl
ems,
howt
oadoptwi
thwor
ksf
ort
hecommuni
tyl
i
vehood.

I
ndust
ri
alpsy
chol
ogy

I
tist
hest
udyofhumanbehav
iori
nrel
ati
ont
oindust
ri
alenv
ironment
.

Mi
l
itar
ypsy
chol
ogy

I
tisconcer
nedwi
thuseofpsy
chol
ogi
cal
pri
nci
plesandt
echni
quesi
nmi
l
itar
ysci
ences.

Cl
i
nical
psy
chol
ogy
.

I
t’
sthelargestsubfi
eldofpsy
chology.I
tdescr
ibest
hementali
l
lness,
abnor
malbehav
iorofa
pat
ientandsuggesttheeff
ect
iveadjust
mentsoftheaf
fect
edpersoni
nsoci
ety
.

Counsel
i
ngpsy
chol
ogy

I
tdeal
swi
thpeopl
ewi
thr
elat
ivel
ymi
l
dper
sonal
andemot
ional
probl
ems.

Gener
alpsy
chol
ogyi

I
tdeal
swithfundament
alr
ules,
pri
nci
ples,
andt
heor
iesofpsy
chol
ogyi
nrel
ati
ont
othest
udyof
nor
malconduct.
METHODSOFPSYCHOLOGY

Thesearespeci
alt
oolsandpr
ocedur
eswhichhel
psusi
ngat
her
ingandor
gani
zi
ngi
tssubj
ect
matterort
heessent
ialf
act
saboutbehav
ior
.

Thesepr
ocedur
esar
eter
medasmet
hodswhi
char
eusedt
ost
udyhumanbehav
ior

Thesemet
hodsi
ncl
ude;

1)I
ntr
ospect
ionorsel
fobser
vat
ionmet
hod

I
ntrospecti
onmeanstol
ookwithi
n.Herethepersoni
saskedtosyst
emati
cal
lyobser
vehi
sown
behaviorandr
epor
tthesame;
thislet
teri
sanaly
zedtounderst
andbehav
ior
.

2)Obser
vat
ionmet
hods

Inthi
smet hodstheobser
verobser
vesandcoll
ect
sthedatae.g.anurset
akestemperat
ure
pul
se,bloodpressur
e,l
ooksatfaci
alexpr
essi
on,r
est
lessnesse.t
.c.t
ounderst
andthecli
nical
condi
tionpresent
s.

3) Exper
iment
almet
hod.

Exper
imentcomesf
rom aLat
inwor
dmeani
ng“
tot
ry”orputt
otest
.

Theref
oreherewetrytoputt
otestt
hemat er
ial
sorphenomenathecharact
erist
icsof
consequencesofwhichwewishtoascer
tai
n.Usedtostudycause-ef
fectr
elati
onshi
p.

4)Cl
i
nical
orcasehi
stor
ymet
hod

Agr eatdealofrel
evantdataiscol
lect
edbyusingcasehistor
ies,i
nter
views,homevisi
tsand
psychologi
caltest
st odrawv al
i
dinfer
encesnatur
eofindiv
idualsdif
fi
cult
ies,pr
obl
ems,
probableori
ginsandcour seofdevel
opment.

5)Sur
veymet
hod.

6)Notallpr
oblemscanbest
udiedbythemethodabovebutsomeproblemsl
i
kest
udyof
opt
ions,at
ti
tude,
andheal
thcareneedsext
raar
estudi
edbysurv
ey .

7)Iti
nvol
vescol
l
ecti
onofinf
ormati
onfrom manypeopl
eusi
ngquest
ionnai
res,
inv
ent
ori
es,
checkl
i
sts,
rat
ingscal
esandint
erv
iews.

8)Genet
icordev
elopment
almet
hods

Psychologi
stsdon’
tonl
ystudybehavi
oratatimebutalsot
hedevel
opmentfrom bi
rtht
o
death,t
heinfl
uenceofher
edit
yandenv i
ronmenti
nthedevel
opmentoftheperson,
condit
ionsfavor
abl
eandunfavorabl
efornormalandabnor
malbehavi
or.
PERSONALI
TY

I
t’
sacombi
nati
onofquali
ti
esinanindi
vi
dual
thatmakest
hem di
ff
erentf
rom ot
her
sasshown
i
nthewayt
heybehav
e,feelandt
hink.

Themajortheor
eti
calappr
oachest
ounderst
andper
sonal
i
tyi
ncl
udet
rai
ttheor
y,psy
choanal
yti
c
theor
y,l
ear
ningtheor
yandhumanist
ict
heory.

PSYCHOANALYTI
CALTHEORY(
BYSI
GMUNDFREUD)

SigmundFreud(1856-1939)anAust
ral
i
anneur
ologi
sti
sconsi
der
edast
hef
atherof
psychoanal
yti
ctheor
y.

Hecat
egor
izedhi
sper
sonal
i
tyt
heor
yaccor
dingt
ost
ruct
ure,
dynami
cs,
anddev
elopment
.

a)
str
uct
ureofper
sonal
i
ty

Accor
dingt
oFr
eud,
ther
ear
e3component
sofper
sonal
i
tyi
.e.i
d,ego,
andsuperego

Thei
d

I
tisthemostpr
imi
ti
vecomponentofper
sonal
i
tyandi
t’
sfr
om t
hei
dthatt
heegoandsuperego
devel
ops.

Thei
dispr
esentassoonashechi
l
disbor
n.I
toper
atesont
hepl
easur
epr
inci
pal
.

I
tist
hei
nst
inct
iveandi
mpul
siv
epar
tofper
sonal
i
ty.

I
tai
msatobt
aini
ngpl
easur
eandav
oidi
ngpai
nregar
dlessofci
rcumst
ances.

Thei
dseeksimmedi at
egrat
if
icat
ionofhi
simpulsesf
orexampl
echi
ldr
enofear
lyy
ear
swi
l
lcr
y
somuchir
respect
iveofthet
imeandhowbusyt heparent
scoul
dbe.

Thei
dbecomesmol
dedast
hechi
l
dmat
uresbutst
il
lexi
stsasal
essdomi
nantcour
se.

Theego

I
t’
stheconsci
ouspar
tofper
sonal
i
ty.

I
twor
ksunderr
eal
i
typr
inci
pal
.

I
tspr
imar
yfunct
ioni
smedi
ati
ngt
hei
dandt
hesuperego.

I
texper
iencesr
eal
i
tyoft
heext
ernal
env
ironment
.

Thechi
l
drenbegi
ntol
ear
nthathi
simpul
sesal
way
scannotbesat
isf
iedi
mmedi
atel
yandt
hey
shouldbepati
ente.
g.hungermustwai
tunt
ilf
oodi
spr
ovi
ded,
bladdercont
rol
unt
ilbat
hroom or
toi
let
sarereached.

I
fthi
sisnotthecasei
treplacest
heneedandthei
rassoci
atedfeeli
ngs,
heal
thandemot
ions
i
ntotheunconsci
ouspartofthemindusi
ngegodefensemechanisms.

Thesuperego

I
tisr
efer
redt
oast
heper
fect
ionpr
inci
pal
.

I
tdev
elopsbet
ween3-
6year
s

I
tist
hemostv
aluabl
epar
tofper
sonal
i
ty.

I
tconsi
stsof
,mor
alandet
hical
val
ues

Itemer
gesast
hepar
ent
sandt
hesur
roundi
ngf
igur
esbegi
ntot
eacht
hechi
l
drenwhati
sri
ght
andwrong.

Thepri
maryrol
eofthesuperegoi
stoprev
entgr
atif
icat
ionofi
d’si
mmedi
ateneedsby
obser
vingt
hecir
cumstancesandr
uleswhi
choperat
e.

I
tev
aluat
est
hei
mpul
sesoft
hei
dwi
thr
efer
encet
othev
alues.

I
yjudgeswhet
hert
heact
ioni
sri
ghtorwr
ong.

NOTE

Thei
disaf
terpl
easur
e,egot
akesr
eal
i
tyandsuperegost
ri
vesf
orper
fect
ion.

Thesuperegoi
scomposedoft
hei
deal
andt
heconsci
ousmi
nd.

I
tdev
elopsi
nresponset
opar
ent
alr
ewar
dandpuni
shment
s.

TOPOGRAPHYOFTHEMI
ND
SigmundFreud(
1856-
1939)anAust
ral
i
anneur
ologi
stcl
assi
fi
edal
lment
aloper
ati
onsi
nto3
categor
ies

Theconsci
ous

Subconsci
ous/
preconsci
ousl
evel

Unconsci
ous

THECONSCI
OUSLEVEL

I
tincl
udesallmemor
iest
hatr
emai
nwi
thi
nani
ndi
vi
dual
’
sawar
enessandi
tist
hesmal
l
estof
t
he3cat egor
ies.
Ital
sor efer
stopercept
ions,thoughtsandfeel
ingsexi
sti
nginaper son’
simmedi at
eawar
eness.
Alleventsthatar
eeasil
yremember edorret
ri
evedareconsideredt
obewi thi
nones
consciousnessli
kedeath,family
,birt
hdays,names,age,t
elephonenumber ,
lunchmeal
sextr
a.

Thi
spartoft
hemi
ndi
sthoughtt
obecont
rol
l
edbyt
heegoj
ustbef
orei
tgoest
othel
ogi
cal
par
t
ofper
sonal
it
y.

THESUBCONSCI
OUSLEVEL

I
tist
hestor
ehouseofmemorywherevar
ioust
hingsr
emai
nst
oredbutanyi
nfor
mat
ionon
r
equi
rementcancomet
oconsci
ousness.

Howevert
hepreconsci
ouscontenti
snoti
mmedi at
elyaccessi
blet
oawareness.Butwit
h
t
ensi
onitcanbereadil
yrecal
l
edtoconsci
ousnesse.g.phonenumber
,dateofbir
th,pr
evious
f
ri
ends.

Thepreconsci
oushel
pst
osuppr
essunpl
easant
/nonessent
ial
memor
iesf
rom t
heconsci
ous
l
evelofthemind.

I
t’
sthoughtt
hatundert
hei
nfl
uenceofsuperegowhi
chhel
pst
osuppr
essunaccept
abl
e
t
houghtsandbehavi
or

THEUNCONSCI
OUSLEVEL

I
tincl
udesal
lmemor
iest
hatonei
sabl
etobr
ingt
otheconsci
ousawar
eness.

I
t’
sthel
argestl
evel
ofal
lthe3

Theunconsci
ousaf
fect
sal
lthe3component
sofper
sonal
i
ty

Unconsciousmemori
escanonlyber
etur
nedt hrought
reat
menttherapyorbr
ingi
ngbacki
nto
consci
ousawareness.
Unconsci
ousl
evelconsistsoff
ear,
desi
re,i
mpulsesandpainf
ul
experi
ences.

Apersondoesn’
thaveaccesstohisinf
ormati
onbuttheykeepaff
ect
ingt
hebehav
ioroft
his
per
son.Si
gmunddi scussedabouti
nsti
nctandtheyar
eof2t y
pes.

Er
osandThanat
os

Er
os

I
tref
erst
othel
i
fei
nst
inctwhi
chmot
ivat
esaper
sont
oli
vee.
g.br
eat
hing,
hungerandt
hir
st.

Thanot
es

I
tref
erst
othedeat
hinst
inctmot
ivat
esaper
sont
odest
royhi
msel
ftogetr
eli
eff
rom t
hepai
ns
ofl
if
e.
DEVELOPMENT
Thi
sisaprogr
essi
veseri
esofchanget
hatoccuri
nanor
der
ly,
predi
ctabl
epat
ter
nasr
esul
tsof
matur
ati
onandexper
ience.OR

I
tref
erst
othepat
ter
nofgr
owt
handchangeoccur
ri
ngt
houghtl
i
fe.

DOMAI
NOFDEVELOPMENT;

Cogni
ti
vedev
elopment

Theprocessbywhi chachi
l
dunder
standsoft
hewor
ldchangesas,
per
cept
ionmemor
y,
thought
s,reasoni
ngextr
a

I
tincl
udeschangest
hatoccuri
naper
son’
sbodyl
i
kehei
ght
,wei
ght
,.

PHYSI
CALDEVELOPMENT

Iti
nvol
vesthechangesthatoccuri
naper son’
sbodyl
ikechangeinheight
, weight,
brain,
heart
andotherstr
uct
urestogetherwi
ththeskelet
almuscl
esandneurologi
calfeaturesthataff
ectt
he
motorsystem.

PSYCHOLOGI
CALDEVELOPMENT

I
tincl
udesal
lthechangest
hatconcer
naper
son’
semot
ionsandr
elat
ionshi
pswi
thot
her
s.

FACTORSTHATI
NFLUENCEGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENT

Somef
act
orsdi
rect
lyaf
fectori
ndi
rect
lyi
nfl
uencet
hegr
owt
handdev
elopmentofani
ndi
vi
dual
.

1)Her
edi
ty

Itr
eferstoabi ol
ogical
processt
hroughwhichthetransmissi
onofphy
sicalandsocial
character
ist
icstakesplacefr
om par
entst
oof fspr
ingse.g.hei
ght
,wei
ght,colorofhai
r,
i
ntell
igenceextra.

2)Env
ironment

I
tplaysanimport
antparti
nhumanl i
fepsychological
l
yaperson’senv
ironmentconsi
sts
ofasum tot
alofthest
imulat
ions,
growth,
dev elopment,
regul
atedbytheenvi
ronment
whereoneli
ves.

3)Sex

Ther
eisdif
fer
ent
iat
ionbet
weent
hegr
owt
hofgi
rl
sandboy
s.Theboy
sar
eal
way
stal
l
er
andcour
ageoust
hangirl
s.
4)Nut
ri
ti
on

Achil
d’sgr
owt
handdev
elopmentmai
nlydependonhi
sfood(
nut
ri
ti
on)habi
tsand
nut
ri
ti
on.

Themal
nut
ri
ti
onhasadv
erseef
fectont
hest
ruct
ural
funct
ion,
dev
elopmentoft
hechi
l
d.

5)Races

Theraci
alfact
orhasagr
eati
nfl
uenceonhei
ght
,wei
ght
,col
orf
eat
uresandbody
const
it
uti
on.

6)Exer
cise

I
tdoesn’
tonl
ymeanphysical
exer
cisesonly
.Thefunct
ionalact
ivi
ti
esoft
hechil
dcome
i
nthehel
pofthebody
.It
’safactt
hatrepeatedpl
ayandrestbuil
dsthest
rengt
hof
muscl
es.

7)Hor
mones

Thehumanbodyhasanumberofendocri
neglands.Hormonesarephysi
ologi
cal
subst
anceshav
ingpowert
orai
seorlowertheacti
vi
tylev
elofthebody
.

8)Lear
ningandr
eadi
ngr
einf
orcement

Learningi
sthemostimport
antfundament
alt
opicint
hewhol
esci
enceofpsy
chol
ogy
.
Developmentconsi
stsofmatur
ati
onandlear
ning.

FREUD’
SSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENT

Theyar
eal
soknownast
hepsy
chosexual
dev
elopmentst
ages.

I
neachstagethezoneshif
tsfrom onepartoft
hebodytoanother
,eachindiv
idual
hasto
l
earncer
tai
ntasksineachstageandfail
uremaycreat
etroubl
einshif
ti
ngf r
om onest
ageof
dev
elopmentt
oanot her
.

Thest
agesi
ncl
ude;

Or
alst
age

Itbegi
nsfrom bir
th-
2year
s.Her
ethemouthisthepl
easur
ezone.Thechi
ldf
eel
spleasur
ein
suckli
ng,bi
ti
ngandhasnoi mport
antski
l
ls.Thechi
l
dwill
eatwhatev
ercomesherwayto
sati
sfyherdesir
es.

Fi
xat
ion
 I
tmayl
eadt
o;

 Onebecomi
ngov
erdependentonot
her
s,i
mmat
ureandoppor
tuni
sti
c

 Onebecomeshost
il
e

 Bur
stofangeroraggr
essi
on

 Nai
lbi
ti
ng

 Thumbsucki
ng

 Smoki
ng

Analst
age

Itbegi
nsf
rom 2-3years.Thepl
easur
ezoneistheanus.Theli
bidoshi
ftst
otheanusandt
he
chil
ddesi
resgreatpl
easurefr
om def
ecat
ingandmact ur
ati
on( ur
inat
ing)

Thechi
ldl
ear
nsindependenceandcontrole.
g.cont
rol
li
ngdefecat
ionandur
inat
ion.Muscl
es
cont
rol
int
hebladder
,anusandrectum provi
desessent
ial
pleasur
e

Toi
l
ett
rai
ningi
slear
nt,
languagedev
elopmentcommences.

FI
XATI
ON

Ear
lyt
oil
ett
rai
ninge.
g.ear
lyhar
shpot
tyl
eadst
ounusual
ret
ent
iveper
sonal
i
ty.

Hat
esmesses

Obsessi
ve

Punct
ual
andr
espect
ful
ofaut
hor
it
y

St
ubbor
n

Ti
ghtwi
thcashandpossessi
on

Analexpul
siv
e(l
iber
alt
oil
ett
rai
ning)

Theywantt
oshar
e

Theyar
emessy

Di
sor
gani
zedandr
ebel
l
ious

Hav
ebadt
oil
ethabi
ts’

Thephal
li
cst
age

I
tbegi
nsat3-
9year
s
Thepl
easur
ezoneshi
ft
stot
hegeni
tal
s.

Freudsaidthatboyswi l
ldevelopunconsci
ousl
ov eforthei
rmotherswhi
chiscall
edthe
Oedipuscompl exbecauseoft hisheseeshisf
atherasacompet i
tortohismothersaf
fect
ion.
Lateri
twasdi scoveredthatevengirl
sdevel
opasi mil
arsit
uat
ionofunconsci
oussexual
attr
acti
ontothef atherknownasEl ect
racomplex.Thegirl
sdevel
oppenisenvyandwishtobe
boysandt heviceversesistrueforboys.

NOTE

Oedi
puscompl
exwasnamedasaGr
eekmy
tht
hatki
l
ledt
hef
atherandmar
ri
edt
hemot
her
.

Theboyr
esol
vedOedi
puscompl
exbycopy
inghi
sfat
her
’sbehav
iorr
esul
ti
ngi
ntoi
dent
if
icat
ion.

Thegir
lrepl
acesherwisht
ohaveapeni
swithwishi
ngtohaveababy,thi
sgi
rll
aterr
epr
esses
herf
eeli
ngsangident
if
ieswit
hthemum t
olear
nf emal
egenderr
oles.

Fi
xat
ion

 I
tmayl
eadt
osexual
dev
iancee.
g.mast
urbat
ion,
Transsexual
i
ty,
homosexual
i
ty

 Di
ff
icul
tinaccept
ingaut
hor
it
ymayoccur

 Unr
esol
vedOedi
puscompl
ex

Lat
encyst
age

Itoccur
swit
hin9-11y
ear
s.Her
esexual
inst
inctsubsi
desandchi
l
drenf
urt
herdev
elopt
hesuper
egoorconsci
ence.

Pl
easur
ezonei
snowt
hesenseor
gans

Chi
l
drenwi
l
lbehav
einmor
all
yaccept
abl
eway
s.

Theynowadoptt
hev
aluesoft
hei
rpar
ent
sandot
heri
mpor
tantadul
ts.

Thesexual
arguesar
erel
ati
vel
yqui
et.

Mostofthechi
ld’
sener
gyi
schannel
edi
ntodev
elopi
ngnewski
l
lsandacqui
ri
ngknowl
edge.
Pl
ayisnowwi t
hsamesexmainl
y.

Chi
l
drenher
e;ear
ntosoci
ali
zed

NOTE

Thet
erml
atentmeanshi
dden,
it’
saqui
etst
ageofsexual
dev
elopment

Fi
xat
ion

 I
nabi
l
ityt
oconcept
ual
i
ze
  Lackofmot
ivat
ionatschool
orwor
kpl
ace

Thegeni
talst
age

I
tbegi
nsat11y
ear
stoadul
thood.

Thepl
easur
ezoneshi
ft
stosexual
organsagai
n.

I
fother
sst
agesaresuccessf
ull
ymet
, adol
escent
sengagei
nappr
eci
ati
ngsexual
behav
ior
s
wheremar
ri
ageandchil
dbirt
hareat
tained

Atsuchast
age,
sexual
inst
inct
sar
edi
rect
edt
ohet
erosexual
pleasur
erat
hert
hansel
fpl
easur
e.

Thi
sst
agehel
pschi
l
drent
omat
uresexual
l
y.

Fi
xat
ion

Unsat
isf
act
oryr
elat
ionshi
p

Fr
igi
dit
y(di
sli
keofsex
/di
ff
icul
tinbecomi
ngar
oused)commoni
nwomen

Pr
emat
ureej
acul
ati
on

I
mpot
ence

ERI
KERIKSONPSYCHOSOCI
ALSTAGESOF
DEVELOPMENT
Eri
kson(1959)theoryorpsychol
ogicaldevelopmenthasanddist
inctst
agesli
keFr
eud,Eri
kson
assumesthatcrisesareofpsychol
ogicalnaturebecauset
heyinvol
vepsychol
ogi
calneedsof
theindi
vi
dual(i
.e.psycho)conf
li
cti
ngwi t
ht heneedsofsoci
etyI.
E(soci
al)
.

Fail
uret
osuccessf
ull
ycompl
eteast
agecanr
esul
tinar
educedabi
l
ityt
ocompl
eteanot
her
stage

TRUSTANDMI
STRUST(
bir
tht
o18mont
hs)i
nfancy

Thi
sst
agecov
erst
heper
iodofi
nfancy(
0-18)mont
hswhi
chi
sthemostf
undament
alst
ageof
l
if
e.

Her
ethei
nfanti
suncer
tai
naboutt
hewor
ldi
nwhi
cht
heyl
i
ve.

I
sreal
l
ythewor
ldsaf
etol
i
vei
nori
tisf
ull
ofunpr
edi
ctabl
eev
ent
sandacci
dent
s??
?

I
fthecar
etheinf
antget
sfrom t
hepar
ent
sisconsi
stent
,pr
edictabl
eandrel
iabl
e,theywi
ll
devel
opasenseoftr
ustwhichwi
ll
car
rywi
thandtootherr
elati
onshi
pstheywil
lleadtohope.
Fai
luret
oacquiret
hevir
tueofhopewil
ll
eadtof
eare.g.i
fcar
eishar
sh,
inconsi
stence,
unpredi
ctabl
eandunr
eli
ablei
nfantwi
l
ldevel
opmist
rust.

AUTONOMYVERSESSHAMEANDDOUBT(
1-3y
ear
s)TODDLER

Thechil
dbegi
nstodiscov
ert
hebeginni
ngofindependenceandpar
entmustf
aci
l
itat
ethe
chi
ld’
ssenseordoi
ngbasict
asksandbythemselves

Di
scour
agementcanl
eadt
oachi
l
ddoubt
ingt
hei
ref
fi
ciency

Heret
hechil
drenl
ookf
ori
ndependencebywalki
ngawayfr
om themotherselect
ingwhi
cht
oyt
o
pl
aywithandmaki
ngchoi
ceondressi
ng,shoeswhi
chindi
cat
esindependence

Thechi
l
dreal
i
zesshecandr
essher
sel
f,putonshoes,
andj
umpext
ra

Parent
sshoul
dencour
agechi
l
drent
oexpl
ore,
tol
erat
eandsuppor
tthem,
successl
eadst
o
vi
rt
ueofwill

Fai
l
uremayr
esul
tinshameanddoubt

I
NNI
TIATI
VEVERSESGUI
LT(
3-6)y
ear
s/pr
eschool

Thisstageinvol
veschi
ldr
enr egular
lyi
nteract
ingwit
hotherchi
l
drenatschool
.Thecontrol
to
thi
sstageisplayi
ngsinceitgiveschil
drenopport
unit
ytodevel
opasenseofinit
iat
iveandfeel
s
securetoleadother
sandmakedeci si
on.

Successf
ulcompl
eti
onoft
hisst
agel
eadst
ovi
rt
ueofpur
pose.

Fai
l
uret
oaccompl
i
sht
hisl
eadst
ogui
lt

I
NDUSTRYVERSESI
NFERI
ORI
TY(
6-12)YEARS/
SCHOOLGOI
NGCHI
LDREN

Thechil
dlearnst
oread,
writ
etodofunandthei
rownt
hings.I
fthechi
l
disencour
aged,
she
feel
sindust
ri
ousandconfi
denti
nthei
rabi
l
iti
est
oachi
evegoals.

Ift
hechi
ldcan’
tdevel
opspecif
icski
ll
s,theydev
elopasenseofinf
erior
it
yTeachersshoul
d
ensur
ethatchi
l
drendonotfeeli
nfer
iorandshouldsetcompet
it
ionthatcaneasi
lyteacht
hem.

Successher
eleadst
oav
irt
ueofcompet
ence

I
DENTI
TYVERSESROLECONFUSI
ON(
12-
18YEARS)

Her
equest
ionsofsel
far
ise?Whyam I
?HowdoIf
iti
n?

Wher
eam Igoi
ngi
nli
fe?

Er
icksonbel
i
evesthatift
hepar
entall
owschi
ldr
entoexpl
oretheywi
llconcl
udethei
rown
i
dentif
yhoweveri
fparent
scont
inuousl
ypuni
shthem t
oconfi
rmtotheirvi
ews,t
heteenwi
ll
face
r
oleconf
usi
on

Her
esuccessl
eadst
ofi
del
it
y

I
NTI
MACYVERSEAI
SOLATI
ON(
18-
35YEARS)

I
t’
sthest
ageofadul
tdev
elopl
eadi
ngt
ocommi
tmentwi
thsomeoneot
hert
hanf
ami
l
ymember
s.

Dat
ing,
mar
ri
age,
fami
l
yandf
ri
endshi
par
ever
yimpor
tant
.

Successfulcompl
eti
onofthest
ageleadstof
ormati
onofli
vi
ngrel
ati
onshi
pswi
thot
herpeopl
e
andindiv
idualsar
eablet
oexperi
encelov
eandint
imacyhowever
;

Fai
l
uret
ofor
mlast
ingr
elat
ionshi
psonemayf
eel
isol
atedandl
onel
y.

Successl
eadst
ovi
rt
ueofl
ove

GENERALI
TYVERSESSTAGNATI
ON(
35-
65)YEARS

Dur
ingt
hist
ime,
peopl
ehav
eset
tl
edandnor
mal
l
yknowwhati
simpor
tantt
othem.

Aper
soni
seit
hermakingprogr
essintheircar
eerort
rendingli
ghtl
yinthei
rcar
eer,alsodur
ing
t
hist
imeaper
sonisenjoy
ingri
singt
heirchil
drent
hatgiv
est hem asenseofpurpose.

Fai
l
uret
oachi
evet
heseobj
ect
ivesonebecomesst
agnantandf
eel
sunpr
oduct
ive.

Successl
eadst
oav
irt
ueofcar
e

EGOI
NTERGRI
TYVERSESDESPAI
R(abov
e65)

Her
ethei
ndiv
idual
hasr
eachedt
hel
astchangesandt
hei
rret
ir
ementi
sappr
oachi
ngorhas
t
akenpl
ace.

Egoint
egri
tymeansaccept
anceofli
fei
nfull
ness.Thev
ict
ori
esanddef
eat
s.Whatwas
accompli
shedandwhatwasn’
taccompli
shed.

Successf
ulaccompl
i
shmentl
eadst
oav
irt
ueofwi
sdom

THEORI
ESOFCOGNI
TIVEDEVELOPMENTBYJEAN
PI
AGIET
HewasSwi
sspsy
chol
ogi
stwhohascal
l
edt
hef
atherofchi
ldpsy
chol
ogy

Hestudi
edchil
drensphysi
cal
growthandhi
swor ki
sbasedonthebasi
sthathuman
i
ntel
l
igencei
sanextensi
onofbiol
ogi
calabi
l
ityt
oadaptphysi
cal
l
ytotheenvi
ronment
.

Hedi
scov
ers4mai
nst
agesofcogni
ti
vedev
elopment

THESENSORYMOTORSTAGE(
0-2YEARS)
Thechi
l
dacqui
reshi
sfi
rstknowl
edgef
rom obj
ect
sofhi
senv
ironment
.

Atthi
smoment ,
thechi
ldexpl
oresanddi
scov
erst
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenherownbodyandt
he
ext
ernal
env
ironment.

Thei nfantreli
esonseeing,
touching,sucki
ngandfeel
ingusi
ngthei
rphy
sicalsensoryabi
l
iti
est
o
exploretheenv ir
onmentandint hi
swayt heyl
earnthi
ngsaboutt
hemsel
vesandt he
environment .Lat
er,
thechil
ddev el
opsaconceptofobjectper
for
mance,thi
sawar enessi
sgot
thatanobj ectconti
nuestoexistevenifwhenit
snotinview.

Fai
l
uret
osucceedi
nthi
sst
agel
eadst
osepar
ati
onandanxi
ety

PREOPERATI
ONSTAGE(
2-6YEARS)

It
’st
hesecondstageofcognit
ivedevelopment.Duri
ngthi
sstagethechi
ldl
earnstouse
symbol
sasal anguagei
.e.t
hereislanguagedevelopmente.
g.useofsti
ckst
or epr
esentguns.

Theyar
eegocent
ri
canddon’
tunder
standt
heconcr
etel
ogi
c.

Thesewasconf i
rmedbythet
estsofconservat
ionbyPiagi
ete.
g.get
ti
ngacertainamountof
l
iqui
dofequal v
olumeandpouri
tint
o2di ff
erentcont
ainer
sofdif
fer
entsi
zese.g.abigcupand
asmallcup.Thechil
dist
henaskedwhichcuphol dsmoreli
qui
dandsheselectsthebi
ggercup.

CONCRETEOPERATI
ONSTAGE(
9-12YEARS)

Her
et hechil
dbeginst
othinklogical
ly
,or
ganizethought
smor econcr
etel
yhowev
ert heycan
onl
ythinkconcr
eteaboutactualphysi
calobj
ectsrat
herthanobstr
uctr
easoni
ng(deepthinki
ng)
.

Thechil
disnolongeregocentr
ic,
sotheybegi
ntothi
nkofot
her
sandappr
eci
atet
hatt
hei
r
act
ionshaveanimpactboththemsel
vesandother
s.

Gi
rlsst
arthel
pinginwashi
ngut
ensi
l
s,cooki
ngwher
easboy
stakeongenderr
olesofl
ooki
ng
af
terani
mals,diggi
ngext
ra

NOTE

Att
hisst
agechi
l
drencan’
tsol
vet
hei
rpr
obl
emst
hatneedabst
ractr
easoni
ng.

FORMALOPERATI
ONMALSTAGE(
12-
ADULTHOOD)

Thisstageheischaract
erizedbymor eabst
ractr
easoni
ng(t
hinki
ng)i.
e.theabi
l
ityt
of or
mul at
e,
hypothesi
sandsystematicall
ytestt
hem outinor
dertoaddr
essclearprobl
emse.g.chil
drencan
answerabstr
actproblemsabout ,

Whatwoul
dhappeni
f?

Orwhathappensi
fonehasunpr
otect
edsex?

Theycanaswel
lunder
standt
her
eal
meani
ngofdeat
h
Chi
l
drenar
ether
efor
eabl
etodi
sti
ngui
shbet
weeni
deal
andr
eal
.

TYPESOFPERSONALI
TYBYJUNG
Ther
ear
e2t
ypesofper
sonal
i
ty

 Nor
mal
per
sonal
i
ty

 Abnor
mal
per
sonal
i
ty

NORMALPERSONAALI
TY

a)ETROVERTS

Anext
rov
erti
saf
ri
endl
yper
sonwhoenj
oyst
alki
ng,
bei
ngar
oundt
hecompanyofot
her
s

Char
act
eri
sti
cs

 Theyar
efr
iendl
yandsoci
abl
e

 Theyar
enoteasi
l
yupsetbydi
ff
icul
ti
es

 Theyt
akedeci
sionsear
lyandactont
hem qui
ckl
y

 Theyar
eint
erest
edi
nthewor
ldar
oundt
hem

 Thei
rbehav
iori
sinf
luencedmor
ebyphy
sical
sti
mul
ati
ont
hant
hei
rinnert
hought
sand
i
deas

 Thesepeoplear
eusual
l
ypol
i
tici
ans,
lawy
ers,
teacher
s,soci
alwor
ker
s,sal
esand
i
nsuranceagent
s

b)I
NTROVERTS
 Theyar
equi
etpeopl
ewhoar
eener
gizedbyspendi
ngt
imeal
one.

Char
act
eri
sti
cs

Theyar
eint
erest
edi
nthei
rownf
eel
i
ngs,
emot
ionsandr
eact
ions

Pr
eferwor
kingal
oneandav
oidsoci
alcont
act

Theyar
eshyandr
eser
ved

Soci
all
ywi
thdr
awn

Theyar
esensi
ti
veandunabl
etoadj
usteasi
l
ytosoci
al;
sit
uat
ions

Suchpeopl
ear
e;sci
ent
ist
s,phi
l
osopher
s,aut
hor
,poetext
ra

c) AMBI
VERTS

Thesehav
ebot
hchar
act
eri
sti
csofext
rov
ert
sandi
ntr
over
ts

Theyl
ovespendi
ngt
imewi
thpeopl
ebutgett
ir
edaf
terspendi
ngt
oomucht
imear
ound
peopl
e

Theyar
ecapabl
eofdoi
ngthingsal
onebutspendt
oomucht
ime;
thi
sput
sthem i
nto
depr
essi
onandunpr
oduct
ivemood.

Theyl
ovei
nter
act
ingwi
thpeopl
ebutpur
posef
ulway
s

Theydowel
li
nadapt
ingt
oanysi
tuat
iont
heyar
epl
acedi
n

SUMMARY

EXTROVERTS I
NTROVERTS

Theext
rover
tsareint
erest
edi
nthei
nthe Areinter
estedinthemselves,thei
rown
worl
daroundthem feeli
ngsemot i
onsandareunabl eto
adjusteasi
l
yt osocial
sit
uations

Theyaresoci
abl
e,f
ri
endl
y,noteasi
l
yupset Soci
all
ytheyar
eal
oofandwi
thdr
awn
bydif
fi
cult

Ar
emenofact
ionr
athert
hanr
efl
ect
ion Ar
eshyandr
eser
ved

Successfulinadj
ustingt
ot her
eali
tiesof Pref
erworki
ngalone,
avoi
dsocial
thei
renv i
ronment,soci
all
yacti
ve,mor e cont
acts.Worr
yalotandareeasi
l
y
i
nterestedinleav
ingagoodi mpressionon embraced
others

Theirbehavi
ori
sinfl
uencedmoreby Arepersonswhoseekmanifestat
ionsof
physicalst
imul
ati
onthanbythei
rinner thei
rli
fethr
oughi
nneract
ivi
ties
t
hought
sandi
deas

Pol
it
ici
ans,soci
alwor
kers,
lawy
ers, Phi
l
osopher
s,sci
ent
ist
s,wr
it
ersext
ra
i
nsuranceagent
s,sal
esmenextr
a

ABNORMALPERSONALI
TY

Theseusual
l
yrequi
ret
reat
ment

1)SCHI
ZOI
DS

Theyar
eext
remel
yint
rov
ert
ed

Theyusual
l
yav
oidpeopl
e(gr
oup)

Ar
eemot
ional
l
ycol
d

Theychoosesol
i
tar
yjobsandact
ivi
ti
es

Hav
enocl
osef
ri
endsexceptf
ir
stdegr
eer
elat
ives

Theymi
ghtdaydr
eam

2)PARANOI
DS

Theyar
esosuspi
ciousandconcer
nedt
hatot
herpeopl
ehav
ehi
ddenmot
ives

Theyt
akeev
ery
thi
ngt
ooser
ious(
hav
enosenseofhumor
)

Hav
enoabi
l
ityt
owor
kwi
thot
her
s

Usual
l
ythemsel
vesf
rom soci
algr
oup

3)OBSESSI
VE

Thesepeopl
ear
eusuallyext
remel
yor
der
lyandal
way
sdoaccor
dingt
orul
ehence
theyar
eperf
ect
ioni
sts

Ar
ehi
ghl
yresponsi
bleandal
way
spunct
ual

Usual
l
yfi
ndgr
eat
erdi
ff
icul
tinadopt
ingt
onewchanges

Theyar
esor
igi
dandgov
ernedbyr
out
ine

Theyeasi
l
ybr
eakdownwhenexposedt
ost
ress

4)CYCLOTHYMI
C

Areusual
l
ychar
act
eri
zedbymoodswi
ngsf
rom mi
l
ddepr
essi
ont
ohy
pomani
aand
backagai
n
 Somet
imest
heyar
eint
rov
ert
ed,
soci
alandemot
ional
l
ycol
d.

5)ANXI
OUS

Thesepeopl
ear
echr
oni
cal
l
ypessi
mist
ic

Theyusual
l
yhav
echr
oni
cwor
ry;
compl
ainal
otabouthowunf
airot
her
shav
etr
eat
ed
them

Usual
l
ytheyhav
enohopenohopef
ort
hef
utur
e

PSYCHOPATHI
C

 Theyar
eusual
l
ysoci
al,
conv
inci
ngandcar
ing

 Theymakef
ri
endsqui
ckl
yandqui
ckl
ydr
opt
hem

 Theyar
eabnor
mal
l
yaggr
essi
ve

 Theyhav
enosy
mpat
hyorempat
hy

 Theyeasi
l
ymani
pul
ateot
her
s

 Theyar
eof
tencr
imi
nal
s

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFPERSONALI
TY

TEMPERAMENTCHARACTERI
STI
CS(
BYHI
PPOCRATES)

Thi
sist
heher
edi
tar
yaspectofper
sonal
i
ty

I
tisadocument/
qual
i
tyofmi
ndt
hatchar
act
eri
zessomebody

a)SANGUI
NE

 Theyar
eusual
l
yref
err
edt
oast
alker
s

 I
spl
easur
eseeki
ng?

 Soci
al,
war
m hear
tedandl
i
vel
y

 Hav
esenseofhumorandar
echeer
ful

 Ver
ypl
easantandcr
eat
ive

 Theyar
eeasi
l
yat
tract
ed,
att
ractot
her
sandsomakemanyf
ri
ends

 Theydon’
thol
dgr
udges

 Theyl
ovet
rav
ell
i
ng
  Theyal
way
slov
egr
oupact
ivi
ti
es

Negat
ivesaboutt
hem;

 Ar
eof
tendi
sor
gani
zedt
heyar
erest
less

 Theyf
orgetobl
i
gat
ion

 Chr
oni
clat
ecomer
s’di
ff
icul
ttocont
rol

 Theyar
eusual
l
ysuscept
ibl
etosmoki
nganddr
ugabuse

 Theycan’
ttol
erat
ebor
edom

 Hat
erout
inej
obsandact
ivi
ti
es

 Theyar
eonl
yqui
etwhensl
eepi
ng

 NOTE;

 Theyar
eal
soknownasr
elat
ionalext
rov
ert
s

b)CHOLERI
CS

Theyar
esoambi
ti
ousandl
eaderl
i
ke

Thi
sist
hest
rongestoft
heext
rov
ert
edt
emper
ament
s

I
tsot
hernamei
sdoerordr
iver

Theyusual
l
yinst
il
lthei
rval
uesi
not
her
sanddesi
ret
ocont
rol
other
s

Theyaresoi
nsensi
ti
veandr
elyont
hei
rownr
easoni
ngt
heydon’
teasi
l
ygi
veup
andaregoodi
nmi l
i
tary

Negat
ivesaboutt
hem

Theydon’
teasi
l
ytr
ustot
her
s

Theycar
elessaboutot
her
sandar
eusual
l
yaggr
essi
ve

Theyar
ebossy
,shor
ttemper
ed,
impat
ient
,easi
l
yanger
ed

Theyenj
oyar
gument
sandar
eunsy
mpat
het
ic

NOTE

Theyar
eal
soknownasor
gani
zat
ional
ext
rov
ert
s

c) PHLEGMATI
CS
  Theydesi
reuni
tyandst
eadi
ness

 Mostoft
hesear
efemal
es

 Theyar
eeasygoer
s,sy
mpat
het
icandkeepemot
ions

 Ar
ebesti
nposi
ti
onofmedi
ati
on

 Usual
l
yhav
emanyf
ri
endsandt
ryt
oav
oidconf
li
ctasmuchaspossi
ble

 Ar
epeacef
ul,
acceptandaf
fect
ionat
e

 Lov
etocont
ri
but
etot
hei
rsoci
etyandar
ewat
cher
sofpeacei
nacount
ry

Negat
ivesaboutt
hem

 Easi
l
yjudgeot
her
s

 Passi
vel
y

 St
ayuni
nvol
ved(
lacki
nter
est
,unconcer
ned)

 Ar
eof
tensel
fi
sh

 Sl
owatdeci
sionmaki
ng

 Theywor
ryaboutev
ery
thi
ng

NOTE

I
tisaneut
ral
temper
ament

I
t’
sal
soknownasr
elat
ional
int
rov
ert
s

d)MELANCHOLI
C

Thel
oveaper
fectcount
ryandsot
heyar
e

Theyar
eint
rov
ert
sandt
hought
ful
,usual
l
yref
err
edt
oast
hinker
s

Theyar
ever
ycr
eat
iveser
ious,
anal
yti
cal
,tal
ent
edandpur
posef
ul

Usual
l
ytheymakegr
eatdoct
ors,
mini
ster
s,soci
alwor
ker
s,nur
ses

Ext
remel
yor
gani
zedandsmar
t

Ext
remel
yloy
alt
ofr
iendshi
p

Theyar
eresul
tor
ient
ed

Theyar
eper
fect
ioni
sts
NEGATI
VE

Theyusual
l
yhav
elowest
eem

Theyar
eeasi
l
yembar
rassed

Theyar
evi
cti
msofdepr
essi
on

Theyof
tenseenegat
iveat
tri
but
esofl
i
fe

NOTE

Theyar
eref
err
edt
oasor
gani
zat
ional
int
rov
ert
s

BODYBUI
LTCHARACTERI
STI
CS(
BYKRETSCHMER)

Theyar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
nto3

Aest
het
ics

At
hlet
ics

Py
kni
cs

ASTHENI
C(SLENDERBUI
LT)

Theyar
etal
l
,thi
n,sensi
ti
ve,
shy
,qui
et,
int
rov
ert
ed

ATHLETI
C(muscul
arandst
rong)

Theyar
ewel
ldev
eloped

Hav
emuscul
arbodi
es

Theyar
etal
l
,huge,
act
iveandaggr
essi
ve

Theyar
eint
rov
ert
ed

PYKNI
CS

Theyar
eusual
l
yfatandshor
t
Theyar
eroundbodi
ed

Theyar
esoci
al,
goodnat
ured,
easygoi
ngandj
oll
y

EGODEFENCEMECHANI
SMS
1)Thesear
emet hodsofatt
empti
ngt oprot
ectsel
fandcopewi
thbasi
cdr
ives
oremoti
onal
l
ypai nf
ult
hought
s,feeli
ngsorevent
s

Egodef
ensemechani
smscanal
sober
efer
redt
oasdef
ensemechani
sms

Theyareconsider
edaspr
otect
ivebar
ri
erst
omanagei
nst
inctbandaf
fecti
n
st
resscondit
ions.

Or2)t
hesearecopy
ingtechni
quest
hatr
educeanxi
etyar
isi
ngf
rom unaccept
abl
e
orpot
ent
ial
l
yharmfuli
mpulses

THETYPESOFDEFENCEMECHANI
SMSI
NCLUDE;

1)REPRESSI
ON

I
trefer
stounconsciousandi nv
oluntar
yf or
get
tingofpai
nfulideas,
events
andconf
li
ctse.g.forget
ti
ngsexual abusel
ikerapebecauseitcauses,
tr
aumaandanxi et
y ,
apersonf or
getti
ngthedataofaccidents

2)DENI
AL

I
tistheunconsci
ousr
efusal
toadmi
tt
eunaccept
abl
eideasor
behavi
ors

I
tsr
efusalt
oacknowl
edget
heexi
stenceofar
eal
sit
uat
ionorany
f
eel
ingassoci
atedwi
thi
te.
g.

Apersonwhodeni
est
heHI
V/AI
DSposi
ti
ver
esul
tsandsay
sthest
ri
ps
ar
efault
y

Toomuchdeni
all
eadst
orepr
essi
on,
depr
essi
on,
disor
der
s
3)DI
SPLACEMENT

Thisi
sunconsci
ousl
ydi
schar
gingouti
mpul
sestoal
essthr
eat
eni
ng
tar
gete.
g.sl
appi
ngadolli
nst
eadofhit
ti
ngaper
son.
e.g.

Ahusbandcomeshomeandy
ell
sathi
swi
feaf
terhehashadabadday
atwor
k.

Toomuchdi
spl
acementl
eadst
o;

Lossoff
ri
ends

Rel
ati
onshi
psandconf
usi
oni
ncommuni
cat
ion

4)REACTI
ONFORMATI
ON

I
tref
erst
otal
ki
ngt
heopposi
tebel
i
efbecauset
het
ruebel
i
ef

Causesanxi
etye.
g.ay
ounggir
lfor
cef
ull
ymarri
esanol
dman,
deci
des
toshowhim andl
oveyetl
ovey
etshetr
ulyhat
eshi
m.

Toomuchr
eact
ionf
ormat
ionl
eadst
o;

Fai
l
uret
oresol
vei
nter
nal
conf
li
cts

5)RATI
ONALI
SATI
ON

Iti
sthepr ocessinwhichanindi
vidualj
ustif
ieshisfai
lureandsocial
l
y
unacceptablebehavi
orbygivi
ngsoci al
lyapprovedreasonse.g.a
studentwhof ail
sexamsandcompl ai
nsthathostil
elif
eisunconducive
andsohasr esul
tedint
ofai
lure.

Toomuchr
ati
onal
i
zat
ionl
eadst
osel
fdecept
ion.

6)SUBLI
MATI
ON

I
tisact
ingoutunaccept
abl
eimpul
sesi
nasoci
all
yaccept
abl
eway

7)COMPASATI
ON

I
trefer
stoconsciousl
ycoveri
ngupforaweaknessbyoveremphasi
zi
ng
ormakingupdesirabl
etr
ait
se.g.anuglygi
rlwhocan’
tcompet
ewith
thebeaut
if
ulsi
sterscompensatesbyreadi
nghard

Toomuchofi
tleadst
omodesti
nst
inct
ual
sat
isf
act
ion

8)PROJECTI
ON
 I
tisunconsci
ouslyorconsci
ousl
ybl
amingsomeoneel sef
orones
di
ffi
cul
ti
ese.gasurgeonwhosepati
entdoesn’
trespondtotr
eat
ment
wellmayblametheassist
ingnur
seoft
hatday.Toomuchofi tl
eadst
o

Fai
l
uret
olear
ntot
akeper
sonal
responsi
bil
i
ty

9)I
NTELLECTUALI
ZATI
ON

Iti
nvol
vespayingatt
enti
ontoexter
nalr
eali
tytoav
oidexpressi
onof
i
nnerfeel
ingsandstressi
sexcessi
vel
yplacedonir
rel
evantdetai
l
sto
avoi
dperceiv
ingthewholee.
g.

10)Apersonshowi
ngnoser
iousemot
ionswhendi
scussi
ngaser
iouscar
acci
dent

NOTE.
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