DNR College of Engineering and Technology

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
by
M.THAMBI BABU

Assistant professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

 UNIT-1

SIMPLE STRESSES & STRAINS : Elasticity and plasticity – Types

of stresses & strains–Hooke’s law – stress – strain diagram for mild

steel – Working stress – Factor of safety – Lateral strain, Poisson’s

ratio & volumetric strain – Bars of varying section – composite bars

– Temperature stresses- Complex Stresses - Stresses on an

inclined plane under different uniaxial and biaxial stress conditions -

Principal planes and principal stresses - Mohr’s circle - Relation

between elastic constants.

 SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS
 
•INTRODUCTION
 
•Engineering science is usually subdivided into number of topics such as
• 
•Solid Mechanics
•Fluid Mechanics
•Heat Transfer
• 

•Properties of materials and soon Although there are close links between them in terms of the physical principles involved and methods of analysis employed.
• 

•The solid mechanics as a subject may be defined as a branch of applied mechanics that deals with behaviors of solid bodies subjected to various types of loadings. This is usually subdivided into further two streams i.e.

Mechanics of rigid bodies or simply Mechanics and Mechanics of deformable solids. 

•The mechanics of deformable solids which is branch of applied mechanics is known by several names i.e. strength of materials, mechanics of materials etc.
 
•Mechanics of rigid bodies:
 
•The mechanics of rigid bodies is primarily concerned with the static and dynamic behavior under external forces of engineering components and systems which are treated as infinitely strong and undeformable Primarily we
deal here with the forces and motions associated with particles and rigid bodies.
• 
•Mechanics of deformable solids:
• 
•Mechanics of solids:
• 
• 
•The mechanics of deformable solids is more concerned with the internal forces and associated changes in the geometry of the components involved. Of particular importance are the properties of the materials used, the
strength of which will determine whether the components fail by breaking in service, and the stiffness of which will determine whether the amount of deformation they suffer is acceptable. Therefore, the subject of mechanics
of materials or strength of materials is central to the whole activity of engineering design. Usually the objectives in analysis here will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deflections produced by loads. Theoretical
analyses and experimental results have an equal roles in this field.
• 
•Analysis of stress and strain :
• 
•Concept of stress: Let us introduce the concept of stress as we know that the main problem of engineering mechanics of material is the investigation of the internal resistance of the body, i.e. the nature of forces set up within
a body to balance the effect of the externally applied forces.
•  
•  
•  
•  
•  
•  
•  
•  
•
The externally applied forces are termed as loads. These externally applied forces may be due to any one of the reason.
•  
• due to service conditions
•  
• due to environment in which the component works
•  
– through contact with other members
•  
– due to fluid pressures
•  
– due to gravity or inertia forces.
•  
• As we know that in mechanics of deformable solids, externally applied forces acts on a body and body suffers a deformation. From equilibrium point of view, this action should be opposed or reacted by internal forces which are set up within the particles of material due to cohesion.
•  
• These internal forces give rise to a concept of stress. Therefore, let us define a stress Therefore, let us define a term stress
• Mechanics of solids:

• The mechanics of deformable solids is more concerned with the internal forces and associated changes in the geometry of the

components involved. Of particular importance are the properties of the materials used, the strength of which will determine whether

the components fail by breaking in service, and the stiffness of which will determine whether the amount of deformation they suffer is

acceptable. Therefore, the subject of mechanics of materials or strength of materials is central to the whole activity of engineering

design. Usually the objectives in analysis here will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deflections produced by loads.

Theoretical analyses and experimental results have an equal roles in this field.
 
• Analysis of stress and strain :
 

• Concept of stress: Let us introduce the concept of stress as we know that the main problem of engineering mechanics of material is the investigation of

the internal resistance of the body, i.e. the nature of forces set up within a body to balance the effect of the externally applied forces.
•
The externally applied forces are termed as loads. These externally applied forces may be due to any one of the reason.
• 
• due to service conditions
• 
• due to environment in which the component works
• 
–through contact with other members
• 
–due to fluid pressures
• 
–due to gravity or inertia forces.
• 
• As we know that in mechanics of deformable solids, externally applied forces acts on a body and body suffers a deformation. From equilibrium point of
view, this action should be opposed or reacted by internal forces which are set up within the particles of material due to cohesion.
• 
• These internal forces give rise to a concept of stress. Therefore, let us define a stress Therefore, let us define a term stress
SIMPLE STRESSES & STRAINS

(a) Elasticity and plasticity – Types of stresses & strains–Hooke’s law – stress

– strain diagram for mild steel – Working stress – Factor of safety – Lateral

strain, Poisson’s ratio & volumetric strain

 Elasticity and plasticity
Elasticity

•The property by which a body returns to its original shape after removal of
external load is called elasticity.

•A material is said to be isotropic if it is equally elastic in all directions. such

as steel ,copper, Aluminum etc which are perfectly elastic within certain
limits.

Plasticity
•It is property of material which retains the deformation produced under load
permanently .

•It is required property when a material is to be moulded into different shape.

Types of stresses
•STRESS
  —When a material is subjected to an external force, a resisting force is set up
within the component, this internal resistance force per unit area is called stress. SI
unit is N/m²(Pa).

Units :
• 1kPa=1000Pa, 1MPa=10^6 Pa,
• 1 Gpa=10^9Pa,
• 1 Terra Pascal=10^12 Pa
 

• In engineering applications, we use the original cross section area of the specimen
and it is known as conventional stress or Engineering stress
TYPES OF DIRECT STRESS (Tensile stress)
—Consider a bar subjected to a tensile force P at its ends. Let
A= Cross sectional area of the body
L=Original length of the body
 l = Increase in length of the body due to its pull P
σ = Stress induced in the body ,e= Tensile strain
Consider a section X-X which divides the body into two halves
 TYPES OF DIRECT STRESS (Tensile stress)
The left part of the section x-x, will be in equilibrium if P=R

(Resisting force). Similarly the right part of the section x-x will be in

equilibrium if P=R (Resisting force)

Tensile stress (σ)= Resisting force/ Cross sectional
area

=Applied force/Cross sectional area

=P/A (N/m²)
TYPES OF STRESSES : (1) normal stress and
(2) shear stress.

Normal stresses : We have defined stress as force per unit area. If the stresses are normal to the areas
concerned, then these are termed as normal stresses. The normal stresses are generally denoted by a
Greek letter (σ)

This is also known as uniaxial state of stress, because the stresses acts only in one
direction however, such a state rarely exists, therefore we have biaxial and triaxial state of
stresses where either the two mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts or three
mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts as shown in the figures below :
Tensile or compressive Stresses:

The normal stresses can be either tensile or compressive whether the

stresses acts out of the area or into the area

Sign convections for Normal stress

Direct stresses or normal stresses
- tensile +ve
- compressive –ve
Shear Stresses:
•Let us consider now the situation, where the cross – sectional area of a block of material is subject to a distribution
of forces which are parallel, rather than normal, to the area concerned. Such forces are associated with a shearing
of the material, and are referred to as shear forces. The resulting stress is known as shear stress.

•The resulting force intensities are known as shear stresses, the mean shear stress being equal to

•Where F is the total force and A the area over which it acts. As we know that the particular stress generally holds
good only at a point therefore we can define shear stress at a point as
 STRAIN
• When a body is subjected to some external
force , then there is some change of
dimension of body.
• It is the ratio of change in dimensions of body
to the original dimension is know as strain .
Hooks Law

It states that within elastic limit stress is proportional to strain.

Mathematically

Where E = Young’s Modulus

Hooks law holds good equally for tension and compression.

Poisson’s Ratio;

The ratio lateral strain to longitudinal strain produced by a single stress is known as Poisson’s ratio. Symbol
used for poisson’s ratio is  or 1/ m .

Modulus of Elasticity (or Young’s Modulus)

Young’s modulus is defined as the ratio of stress to strain within elastic limit.

8
Relation between elastic constants:
•Elastic constants: These are the relations which determine the deformations produced by a given
stress system acting on a particular material. These factors are constant within elastic limit, and
known as modulus of elasticity E, modulus of rigidity G, Bulk modulus K and Poisson’s ratio μ.
Stress-strain diagram for uniaxial loading of ductile and brittle materials.

Stress – Strain Relationship

Stress – strain diagram for mild steel

Standard specimen are used for the tension test.

There are two types of standard specimen's which are generally used for this purpose, which have
been shown below:

Specimen I:

This specimen utilizes a circular X-section.

Specimen II:

This specimen utilizes a rectangular X-section.

lg = gauge length i.e. length of the specimen on which we want to determine the mechanical
properties.The uniaxial tension test is carried out on tensile testing machine and the following steps
are performed to conduct this test. 13
 (i) The ends of the specimen are secured in the grips of the testing machine.

(ii)There is a unit for applying a load to the specimen with a hydraulic or mechanical drive.

(iii)There must be some recording device by which you should be able to measure the final output in the form of Load or
stress. So the testing machines are often equipped with the pendulum type lever, pressure gauge and hydraulic capsule and
the stress Vs strain diagram is plotted which has the following shape.

A typical tensile test curve for the mild steel has been shown below

SALIENT POINTS OF THE GRAPH:

(A)So it is evident form the graph that the strain is proportional to strain or elongation is proportional to the load giving a
st.line relationship. This law of proportionality is valid upto a point A.
or we can say that point A is some ultimate point when the linear nature of the graph ceases or there is a deviation from
the linear nature. This point is known as the limit of proportionality or the proportionality limit.
(B)For a short period beyond the point A, the material may still be elastic in the sense that the deformations are completely
recovered when the load is removed. The limiting point B is termed as Elastic Limit .
(C)and (D) - Beyond the elastic limit plastic deformation occurs and strains are not totally recoverable. There will be thus
permanent deformation or permanent set
 when load is removed. These two points are termed as upper and lower yield points respectively. The stress at the
yield point is called the yield strength.
A study a stress – strain diagrams shows that the yield point is so near the proportional limit that for most purpose
the two may be taken as one. However, it is much easier to locate the former. For material which do not posses a
well define yield points, In order to find the yield point or yield strength, an offset method is applied.
In this method a line is drawn parallel to the straight line portion of initial stress diagram by off setting this by an
amount equal to 0.2% of the strain as shown as below and this happens especially for the low carbon steel.

(E)A further increase in the load will cause marked deformation in the whole volume of the metal. The maximum load which the
specimen can with stand without failure is called the load at the ultimate strength.
The highest point ‘E' of the diagram corresponds to the ultimate strength of a material.
su = Stress which the specimen can with stand without failure & is known as Ultimate Strength or Tensile Strength.
su is equal to load at E divided by the original cross-sectional area of the bar.
(F)Beyond point E, the bar begins to forms neck. The load falling from the maximum until fracture occurs at F. Beyond point E,
the cross-sectional area of the specimen begins to reduce rapidly over a relatively small length of bar and the bar is said to
form a neck. This necking takes place whilst the load reduces, and fracture of the bar finally occurs at point F.
Nominal stress – Strain OR Conventional Stress – Strain diagrams:
Stresses are usually computed on the basis of the original area of the specimen; such stresses are often referred to
as conventional or nominal stresses.
True stress – Strain Diagram:
Since when a material is subjected to a uniaxial load, some contraction or expansion always takes place. Thus,
dividing the applied force by the corresponding actual area of the specimen at the same instant gives the so called
true stress.
Percentage Elongation: 'd ':
The ductility of a material in tension can be characterized by its elongation and by the reduction in area at the cross
section where fracture occurs.
It is the ratio of the extension in length of the specimen after fracture to its initial gauge length, expressed in
percentage.

lI = gauge length of specimen after fracture(or the distance between the gage marks at fracture)
lg= gauge length before fracture(i.e. initial gauge length)
For 50 mm gage length, steel may here a % elongation d of the order of 10% to 40%.

Ductile and Brittle Materials:

Based on this behaviour, the materials may be classified as ductile or brittle materials

Ductile Materials:

It we just examine the earlier tension curve one can notice that the extension of the materials over the plastic
range is considerably in excess of that associated with elastic16
loading. The Capacity of materials to allow these
large deformations or large extensions without failure is termed as ductility. The materials with high ductility are
termed as ductile materials.
 Brittle Materials:

A brittle material is one which exhibits a relatively small extensions or deformations to

fracture, so that the partially plastic region of the tensile test graph is much reduced.

This type of graph is shown by the cast iron or steels with high carbon contents or
concrete.

17
Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials
Strength
Toughness
Hardness
Hardenability
Brittleness
Malleability
Ductility
Creep and Slip
Resilience
Fatigue

Elasticity: Property of material by virtue of which it can regain its shape after removal
of external load

Plasticity: Property of material by virtue of which, it will be in a state of permanent

deformation even after removal of external load.

Ductility: Property of material by virtue of which, the material can be drawn into wires.

Hardness: Property of material by virtue of which the material will offer resistance to
penetration or indentation.
 RELATION AMONG ELASTIC CONSTANTS

Relation between E, G and µ :

Let us establish a relation among the elastic constants E,G and . Consider a cube of material of side ‘a' subjected to the
action of the shear and complementary shear stresses as shown in the figure and producing the strained shape as
shown in the figure below.

0
Assuming that the strains are small and the angle A C B may be taken as 45 .

Therefore strain on the diagonal OA= Change in length / original length

Since angle between OA and OB is very small hence OA OB therefore BC, is the change in the length of the
diagonal OA
Now this shear stress system is equivalent or can be replaced by a system of direct
stresses at 450 as shown below. One set will be compressive, the other tensile, and both
will be equal in value to the applied shear strain.
 We have introduced a total of four elastic constants, i.e E, G, K and µ. It turns out that not
all of these are independent of the others. Infact given any two of then, the other two
can be found.

irrespective of the stresses i.e, the material is incompressible.

When µ = 0.5 Value of k is infinite, rather than a zero value of E and volumetric strain is zero, or in
other words, the material is incompressible.
Relation between E, K and :

Consider a cube subjected to three equal stresses

as shown in the figure below

The total strain in one direction or along one edge due to the application of
hydrostatic stress or volumetric stress is given as
Relation between E, G and K :

Relation between E, K and G :

From the already derived relations, E can be eliminated
 
PROB 2:
A light alloy specimen has a diameter of 16mm and a gauge Length of 80 mm. When tested in tension, the
load extension graph proved linear up to a load of 6kN, at which point the extension was 0.034 mm. Determine
the limits of proportionality stress and the modulus of elasticity of material.
2
Note: For a 16mm diameter specimen, the Cross – sectional area A = 200 mm
This is according to tables Determine the limit of proportion try stream & the modulus of elasticity for the
material.
2 2
Ans: 30 MN /m , 70.5 GN /m
solution:
 1.TEMPERATURE STRESSES

Thermal stresses are the stresses induced in a body due to change in temperature. Thermal stresses are set up in a
body, when the temperature of the body is raised or lowered and the body is not allowed to expand or contract
freely. But if the body is allowed to expand or contract freely, no stresses will be set up in the body.

Consider a body which is heated to a certain temperature. Let

L = Original length of the body,
T = Rise in temperature,
E = Young's Modulus,
a = Co-efficient of linear expansion,
𝛿l= Extension of rod due to rise of temperature.

If the rod is free to expand, then extension of the rod is given by

𝛿L = a.T.L

This is shown in Fig. 2.7 (a) in which AB represents the original length and BB' represents the increase in length due
to temperature rise. Now suppose that an external compressive load, P is applied at B' so that the rod is decreased
in its length from (L + a.T.L) to L as shown in Figs. (b) and (c).

19
And load or thrust on the rod = Stress x Area = a.T.E x A
If the ends of the body are fixed to rigid supports, so that its expansion is prevented, then compressive stress and strain will be
set up in the rod. These stresses and strains are known as thermal stresses and thermal strain.

Thermal stress is also known as temperature stress. And thermal strain is also known as temperature
strain.
Stress and Strain when the Supports Yield:
If the supports yield by an amount equal to d, then the actual expansion
= Expansion due to rise in temperature - 𝛿 = α.T.L - 𝛿

20
 1.THERMAL STRESSES IN COMPOSITE BARS

Composite bar consisting of two members, a bar of brass and another of steel. Let the composite bar be heated through
some temperature. If the members are free to expand then no stresses will be induced in the members. But the two members
are rigidly fixed and hence the composite bar as a whole will expand by the same amount. As the co-efficient of linear
expansion of brass is more than that of the steel, the brass will expand more than the steel. Hence the free expansion of
brass will be more than that of the steel. But both the members are not free to expand, and hence the expansion of the
composite bar, as a whole, will be less than that of the brass, but more than that of the steel. Hence the stress induced in the
brass will be compressive whereas the stress in steel will be tensile as shown in Fig. Hence the load or force on the brass will
be compressive whereas ton he steel the load will be tensile.

21
Now load on the brass = Stress in brass x Area of brass= sb x Ab
And load on the steel = Stress in brass x Area of brass= ss x As
For the equilibrium of the system, compression in copper should be equal to tension in the steel or
Load on the brass = Load on the steel

Also we know that,

sb x Ab = ss x As
actual expansion of steel = Actual expansion of brass (i)
But actual expansion of steel = Free expansion of steel + Expansion due to tensile stress in steel

Substituting these values in equation (i), we get

Where T = Rise of temperature.

And actual expansion of copper = Free expansion of copper - Contraction due to compressive
stress induced in brass

22
Now load on the brass = Stress in brass x Area of brass= sb x Ab
And load on the steel = Stress in brass x Area of brass= ss x As
For the equilibrium of the system, compression in copper should be equal to tension in the steel or
Load on the brass = Load on the steel

Also we know that,

s b x A b = s s x As
actual expansion of steel = Actual expansion of brass (i)
But actual expansion of steel = Free expansion of steel + Expansion due to tensile stress in steel

Substituting these values in equation (i), we get

And actual expansion of copper = Free expansion of copper - Contraction due to compressive
stress induced in brass

Where T = Rise of temperature.

22
WORKED EXAMPLE

A metallic bar 300 mm x 100 mm x 40 mm is subjected to a force of 5 kN (tensile), 6 kN (tensile) and 4 kN

(tensile) along x, y and z directions respectively. Determine the change in the volume of the block. Take E = 2
x 105 N/mm2 and Poisson's ratio = 0.25.

Solution:
Given: Dimensions of bar= 300 mm x 100 mm x 40 mm

x = 300 mm, y = 100 mm and z = 40 mm V= xyz = 300 x 100x40 = 1200000 mm3

Load in the direction of x=5KN; Load in the direction of y =6KN; Load in the direction of z = 4KN

23
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION – MOHR'S STRESS CIRCLE
The transformation equations for plane stress can be represented in a graphical form
known as Mohr's circle. This grapical representation is very useful in depending the
relationships between normal and shear stresses acting on any inclined plane at a point in a
stresses body.
To draw a Mohr's stress circle consider a complex stress system as shown in the figure

The above system represents a complete stress system for any

condition of applied load in two dimensions
The Mohr's stress circle is used to find out graphically the direct
stress < and sheer stress<< on any plane inclined at < to the plane
on which < x acts.The direction of < here is taken in anticlockwise
direction from the BC.
 STEPS:
In order to do achieve the desired objective we proceed in the following manner
(i) Label the Block ABCD.
(ii)Set up axes for the direct stress (as abscissa) and shear stress (as ordinate)
(iii)Plot the stresses on two adjacent faces e.g. AB and BC, using the following
sign convention.
Direct stresses<< tensile positive; compressive, negative Shear
stresses – tending to turn block clockwise, positive
– tending to turn block counter clockwise, negative
[ i.e shearing stresses are +ve when its movement about the centre of the element
is clockwise ]
This gives two points on the graph which may than be labeled as respectively
to denote stresses on these planes.
(iv)Join .
(v) The point P where this line cuts the s axis is than the centre of Mohr's
stress circle and the line joining is diameter. Therefore the circle can now be drawn.
Now every point on the circle then represents a state of stress on some plane through
C.
Proof
Q1 For a given loading conditions the state of stress in the wall of a
cylinder is expressed as follows:
(a) 85 MN/m2 tensile
(b) 25 MN/m2 tensile at right angles to (a)
(c) Shear stresses of 60 MN/m2 on the planes on which the stresses (a) and
(b) act; the sheer couple acting on planes carrying the 25 MN/m2 stress is clockwise in
effect.
Calculate the principal stresses and the planes on which they act. What would be the
effect on these results if owing to a change of loading (a) becomes compressive while
stresses (b) and (c) remain unchanged
Solution:
The problem may be attempted both analytically as well as graphically. Let us first
obtain the analytical solution
Again the principal stresses would be given by the equation.

Thus, the two principle stresses acting on the two mutually

perpendicular planes i.e principle planes may be depicted on the element
as shown below:
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION:
Mohr's Circle solution: The same solution can be obtained using the
graphical solution i.e the Mohr's stress circle,for the first part, the block
diagram becomes

Construct the graphical construction as per the steps given earlier.

 Taking the measurements from the Mohr's stress circle, the various quantities computed are
< 1 = 120 MN/m2 tensile
< 2 = 10 MN/m2 compressive
< 1 = 340 counter clockwise from BC
< 2 = 340 + 90 = 1240 counter clockwise from BC
Part Second : The required configuration i.e the block diagram for this case is shown along with
the stress circle.
< 2 = 106 MN/m2 compressive
< 1 = 66015' counter clockwise from BC
< 2 = 156015' counter clockwise from BC
Salient points of Mohr's stress circle:
1. complementary shear stresses (on planes 900 apart on the circle) are equal in
magnitude
2. The principal planes are orthogonal: points L and M are 1800 apart on the
circle (900 apart in material)
3. There are no shear stresses on principal planes: point L and M lie on normal
stress axis.
4. The planes of maximum shear are 450 from the principal points D and E are
900 , measured round the circle from points L and M.
5. The maximum shear stresses are equal in magnitude and given by points D
and E
6. The normal stresses on the planes of maximum shear stress are equal i.e.
points D and E both have normal stress co-ordinate which is equal to the two
principal stresses.
 As we know that the circle represents all possible states of normal and
shear stress on any plane through a stresses point in a material. Further we
have seen that the co-ordinates of the point ‘Q' are seen to be the same as
those derived
Strain Energy

Strain Energy of the member is defined as the internal work done in defoming the body by the
action of externally applied forces. This energy in elastic bodies is known as elastic strain energy :
Strain Energy in uniaxial Loading

Let as consider an infinitesimal element of dimensions as shown in Fig .1. Let

the element be subjected to normal stress σx.
The forces acting on the face of this element is σx. dy. dz
where
 dydz = Area of the element due to the application of forces, the element
deforms to an amount = σx dx

Assuming the element material to be as linearly elastic the stress is directly

proportional to strain as shown in Fig . 2.
From Fig .2 the force that acts on the element increases linearly from zero until it attains its full value.

For a perfectly elastic body the above work done is the

internal strain energy “du”.
Modulus of resilience :
From the stress – strain diagram, the area under the complete
curve gives the measure of modules of toughness. It is the
materials.

Ability to absorb energy upto fracture. It is clear that the

toughness of a material is related to its ductility as well as to its
ultimate strength and that the capacity of a structure to withstand
an impact Load depends upon the toughness of the material used
1) The ratio between tensile stress and tensile strain or compressive stress and compressive strain is termed as
a) Modulus of elasticity.
b) Bulk modulus of elasticity.
c) Modulus of rigidity.
d) None of these.
ANSWER: a) Modulus of elasticity.

2) When a square or rectangular block subjected to a shear load is in equilibrium, the shear stress in one plane is always associated
with a complementary shear stress in the other plane at ……………….degrees to it.
a) 90
b) 180
c) 60
d) 45
ANSWER: a) 90
 
3) Strain in a direction at right angles to the direction of applied force is known as
a) Volumetric strain
b) Shear strain
c) Lateral strain
d) None of these
ANSWER: c) Lateral strain
 
4) Young’s modulus will be …………..if the radius of a wire stretched by a load is doubled.

a) Become one-fourth
b) Doubled
c) Halved
d) Unaffected

ANSWER: d) Unaffected
 
 5) The impact strength of a material is an index of its

a) Toughness
b) Hardness
c) Tensile strength
d) None of these

ANSWER: a) Toughness
 
6) The value of Poisson’s ratio depends upon

a) Magnitude of load
b) Material of test specimen
c) Cross-section and dimension of the specimen
d) None of these

ANSWER: b) Material of test specimen

7) Fracture will confirm to ……………shape, when mild steel is subjected to tensile
loading.
 

a) Star
b) Granular
c) Cup and cone
d) None of these

ANSWER: c) Cup and cone

8) The impact strength of a material is an index of its

a) Toughness
b) Hardness
c) Resistance to corrosion
d) None of these

ANSWER: a) Toughness

9) If a compression test is carried on a cast iron specimen the fracture will occur

a) Along an oblique plane

b) Unpredictable
c) Perpendicular to axis of load
d) Along the axis of load

ANSWER: a) Along an oblique plane

10) A ‘Notched bar test’ provides which of the following mechanical properties?

a) Hardness
b) Impact strength
c) Resilience
d) Endurance limit

ANSWER: b) Impact strength

11) A bar of cross-sectional area A is subjected to a tensile force P. The normal

stress on an oblique plane will be maximum when the inclination ‘Φ’ of the plane
to the axis of the bar is

a) 90°
b) 45°
c) 5°
d) 25°

ANSWER: a) 90°
16) A bar of square cross-section is subjected to an axial tensile load. A plane
normal to the axis of loading will have

a) Minimum normal stress and maximum shear stress

b) Maximum normal stress and zero shear stress
c) Minimum normal stress and zero shear stress
d) Maximum normal stress and maximum shear stress

ANSWER: b) Maximum normal stress and zero shear stress

17) When a material is subjected to a tensile load, then in order to avoid the shear
failure of a material along a plane inclined at 45° to the direction of the tensile
stress, the material should have its shear strength at least

a) Equal to its tensile strength

b) Equal to its compressive strength
c) Equal to principal stress
d) Equal to half the tensile strength

ANSWER: d) Equal to half the tensile strength

 PREVIOUS QUESTION
1.Define the terms factor of safety October/November(2019)

2.Distinguish the Impact and Shock loading ? October/November(2019)

3.Draw the stress – strain diagram for Brittle and Ductile materials with suitable
examples? ? October/November(2019)

4.Two vertical rods one of steel and the other of copper are each rigidly fixed at
the top and 50cm apart. Diameters and lengths of each rod are 2cm and 4cm
respectively. A cross bar fixed to the rods at the lower ends Carries a load of
5000N such that the cross bar remains horizontal even after loading. Find the
stress in each rod and position of the load on the bar. Take Es= 2.x 105N/mm2,
Ec= 1x 105N/mm2 October/November(2017)

5.Define the following October/November(2017)

i) Poisson’s ratio ii) shear modulus iii) Volumetric strain