Strength of Materials

Modern Technology College

Lecture 2: Stress and Strain
Eng. Hesham Almunjedi
Equilibrium
Free-Body Diagrams
• Free-Body Diagrams
We can greatly simplify the analysis of a very complex structure or
machine by successively isolating each element and studying and
analyzing it by the use of free-body diagrams.

• The diagram establishes the directions of reference axes, provides a

place to record the dimensions of the subsystem and the
magnitudes and directions of the known forces, and helps in
assuming the directions of unknown forces.
Free-Body Diagrams
Free-Body Diagrams
STRESS
• When some external system of forces or loads act on a
body, the internal forces (equal and opposite) resist the
external forces. This internal force per unit area at any
section of the body is known as a stress.
• It is denoted by a Greek letter sigma (σ).
• Mathematically,
Stress, σ = P/A
where P = Force or load acting on a body, and
A = Cross-sectional area of the body.
In S.I. units, the stress is usually expressed in Pascal (Pa)
such that 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
Types of Stress
• Normal Stress • Normal Stress
• Tensile force • Compressive force
• If the direction of σ is perpendicular • If σ is perpendicular into the surface it is
outward from the surface it is a a compressive stress.
tensile stress.
Types of Stress
2. Shear stress
• Shear stress is the resistance to deform due to perpendicular forces operating
along with the surface
• A force that is along with the surface and perpendicular to the surface is called
tangential force. In other words, when a body is subjected to two equal and
tangential forces acting on an object in opposite directions, the body tries to
shear off the section. And the stress-induced is the shear stress.
strain
• Whenever a force is applied to a body, it will tend to change the body’s
shape and size. These changes are referred to as deformation

• When a system of forces or loads act on a body, it undergoes some

deformation. This deformation per unit length is known as a strain.
• It is denoted by a Greek letter epsilon (ε).
• Mathematically,
Strain, ε = δl / l
where δl = Change in length of the body, and
l = Original length of the body.
Normal Stress and Normal Strain

P 2P P P
   stress     
A 2A A A
  2 
   normal strain     
L L 2L L
the tension or compression test.
• The strength of a material depends on its ability to sustain a load without undue
deformation or failure. This property is determined by experiment. One of the most
important tests to perform in this regard is the tension or compression test. Although
several important mechanical properties of a material can be determined from this test,
it is used primarily to determine the relationship between the average normal stress and
average normal strain in many engineering materials
 The Stress–Strain Diagram: Ductile Material
Proportional limit
The curve is actually a straight line throughout the elastic
region so that the stress is proportional to the strain.
Elastic limit
If the load is removed the specimen will still return back to
its original shape.
Yielding
The material will deform permanently. Notice that the
specimen will continue to elongate (strain) without any
increase in load.
Strain Hardening
A curve that rises continuously but becomes flatter until it
reaches a maximum stress.
Necking
A constriction or “neck” tends to form in this region as the
specimen elongates further.
The Stress–Strain Diagram: Brittle Material
• Brittle Material
Ductile vs Brittle Materials
• Ductile Materials. Any material • Brittle Materials. Materials that
that can be subjected to large exhibit little or no yielding
strains before it fractures is before failure are referred to as
called a ductile material. Mild brittle materials. Gray cast iron
steel is a typical example. is an example.
• engineers often choose ductile
materials for design because of
their ability of absorbing shock
or energy
Hooke’s Law
• the stress–strain diagrams for most engineering materials exhibit a
linear relationship between stress and strain within the elastic region.
Consequently, an increase in stress causes a proportionate increase in
strain.
It may be expressed mathematically as

Here E represents the constant of proportionality, which is called the

modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus
Vectors Addition of Forces
Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces
• When a force is resolved into two components along the x and y axes, the components
are then called rectangular components.
• The rectangular components of force F are found using the parallelogram law, so that F =
F𝒙 + F𝒚 . Because these components form a right triangle, their magnitudes can be
determined from figure (a)
• Instead of using the angle , however, the direction of F can also be defined using a small
“slope” triangle as in figure (b)

(a)
 Stress Problem
• The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the
maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading shown

• Solution
Strain Problem