Stress and Strain

 Concept, examples, characteristics

 Types of stress and strain

111 RIDAA SHAH

11 2 P R A J A K TA N A I K
11 3 N AT H A N E A L PA R E I R A
11 4 SIMRAN MANGAOKAR
11 5 A L I C I A PA R E I R A N E T O
Stress
Stress is the external force applied to an object made of an elastic
material that produces a change in the shape and size of the
object.

Key word – elastic

In physics elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting
influence.

The mathematical symbol for stress is SIGMA

The unit for stress is pascal (Pa)
Strain
Strain is the ratio of change in length to the original length of an object
or body.

Key word - ratio

As we recall from chapter 1 “Units and Dimensions” ratios
don’t have dimensions and if there are no dimensions it has no
units.
TYPES OF STRESS
 There are three types of stress :

1) Longitudinal stress

2) Tangential stress or shearing stress

3) Hydraulic stress
1) LONGITUDINAL STRESS
When the length of the body changes its length by normal stress that is applied is
known as longitudinal stress
 Formula = F/A
 Unit : N/m²
Longitudinal stress is categorized into two stress

a) Tensile stress
b) Compressive stress
A) TENSILE STRESS
 The force per unit area is defined as tensile stress.
 Tensile force is the stretching force acting on the material.
 Example: string stretched downward or upward
B) COMPRESSIVE STRESS
 When a force is applied on the body the shape of the body changes.
 When the compressive stress is applied the length of the body decreases.
 Example: string compressed or object is compressed.
2) TANGENTIAL STRESS
 The restoring force per unit area developed due to the applied tangential force is
known as tangential stress.
 When two equal and opposite deforming forces are applied parallel to the cross-
sectional area of an object, there is relative displacement between the opposite
forces of the body.
 T=F/A
 Unit=N/m²
3) HYDRAULIC STRESS
 Hydraulic stress is the internal restoring force per unit area.
 The body develops internal restoring forces that are equal and opposite to the
forces applied by the fluid.
 Stress is not physically same as pressure because in pressure the external force per
unit area is considered and in stress internal force per unit area is considered.
EXAMPLES OF STRESS AND STRAIN
 Stretching a rubber band creates stress which
produces strain.

 Cables of crane experience stress.

 River beds experience stress due to flow of water which can lead to erosion.
 A thread being pulled.
 Stress on a submarine in the depths of the ocean
 When scissors cut paper, the paper undergoes strain and comes apart.
 The ground experiences stress when walking or running.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STESS AND STRAIN
 Curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation
can be regarded as stress-strain curve.
 Stress and strain refers to the relationships between axial normal stress and axile normal
strain of materials measured in a tension test.
 For small deformations the stress and strain are proportional to each
other. This is known as Hooke’s law
stress ∝ strain
stress = k x strain
Where k is the proportionality constant and is known as modulus of elasticity.
 The stress and strain can be normal, shear, or mixture, also can be uniaxial,
biaxial, or multiaxial, even change with time. The form of deformation can be
compression, stretching, torsion, rotation, and so on.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRESS

 In liquids and gases, only deformations that change the volume generate persistent
elastic stress.

 Significant stress may exist even when deformation is negligible or non-existence.

 Stress that exceeds certain strength limits of the material will result in permanent
deformation (such as plastic flow, fracture, cavitation) or even change its crystal
structure and chemical composition.
 Stress may exist in the absence of external forces; such built-in stress is
important, for example, in prestressed concrete and tempered glass.

 Stress may also be imposed on a material without the application of net

forces, for example by changes in temperature or chemical composition, or by
external electromagnetic fields.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAIN
 A strain is in general a tensor quantity.
 A given strain can be can be decomposed into normal and shear
components.
 Strains are dimensionless and are usually expressed as a decimal fraction, a
percentage or in parts-per notation.
 Strains measure how much a given deformation differs locally from a rigid-body
deformation.
 If there is an increase in length of the material line, the normal strain is called
tensile strain, otherwise, if there is reduction or compression in the length of the
material line, it is called compressive strain.
TYPES OF STRAIN

There are three types of strain:

1) Normal strain or longitudinal strain

 Normal strain is the ratio of change in length of a

body to the original length of the body. It is also
known as longitudinal strain because it is
concerned with the change in length of the body
and its original length.

 Mathematically it can be expressed as:

S1=ΔL/ L
2) Shearing strain
 Shearing strain as defined as the angular distortion
produced in the body which means that it is the ratio of
the displacement of the surface of the body and the
height of the body, but remember that the surface of the
body is the one on which the stress is acting

 Mathematically it c a n be expressed as:

3) Volumetric strain or bulk strain

 Volumetric strain is the ratio of the c h a n g e in

volume of a body a n d its original volume. It
is also known as bulk strain because it
considers the whole volume of the body.

 Mathematically it c a n be expressed as:

S3=ΔV/V