FLUID MECHAICS

Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids
in motion (fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics) and the forces on them.

It has diversified field of study such as

 Surface tension,

 Fluid statics

 flow in enclose bodies, or

 Flow round bodies (solid or otherwise), flow stability, etc.

Fluids display properties such as:

not resisting permanent deformation, resisting only relative rates of deformation

in a dissipative, frictional manner, and
The ability to flow (also described as the ability to take on the shape of the
container).
Properties of Bulk Matter
Bulk matter consists of large numbers of atoms, molecules, or ions. Its physical
state may be solid, liquid or gas. A solid is a form of matter that adopts and
maintains a shape that is independent of the container it occupies.

Key Concepts
 Plastic is material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-
synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and so can be molded into
solid objects. Plastics materials: do not regain their original shape and size
when the deforming force is removed.

 Elasticity is the ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape

after being stretched or compressed; stretchiness. Elastic materials are
materials that regain their original shape and size when the deforming force
is removed. It is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to
return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed.

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 Deformation refers to any changes in the shape or size of an object due to an
applied force This deformation can be elastic or plastic depending on the
type of the substance, and the extent of stress applied

 A temporary shape change -elastic deformation. Plastic deformation of a

solid is permanent. Elastic deformation is reversible.

Stress and Strain

 The elastic properties of solid materials are described in terms of stress and
strain.
 Stress is the force per unit area that is causing some deformation on an
object.
 It has SI unit called the Pascal (Pa), the same as the unit of pressure.
 is the force applied to a material, divided by the material's cross-
sectional area.

Types of Stress

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1. Normal stress: when the direction of the deforming force is perpendicular to the
cross-sectional area of the body the stress is said to be Normal stress. Normal stress
can be further classified into two types based on the dimension of force.

i. Longitudinal stress: When two cross-sectional areas of the cylinder are

subjected to equal and opposite forces the stress experienced by the cylinder is
called longitudinal stress.

Longitudinal Stress = Deforming Force / Area of cross section = F/A

When a body is under longitudinal stress-

The deforming force will be acting along the length of the body.
Longitudinal stress results in the change in the length of the body, hence
thereby it affects slight change in diameter.
The Longitudinal Stress either stretches the object or compresses the object
along its length. Thus it can be further classified into two types based on the
direction of deforming force.

a. Tensile Stress: If the deforming force or applied force results in the increase
in the object’s length then the resulting stress is termed as tensile stress. For
example: When a rod or wire is stretched by pulling it with equal and
opposite forces (outwards) at both ends.

b. Compressive Stress: If the deforming force or applied force results in the

decrease in the object’s length then the resulting stress is termed as
compressive stress. For example: When a rod or wire is
compressed/squeezed by pushing it with equal and opposite forces (inwards)
at both ends.

ii. Bulk Stress or Volumetric stress: When the deforming force or applied force
acts from all dimension resulting in the change of volume of the object then such
stress in called volumetric stress or Bulk stress. In short, when the volume of
body changes due to the deforming force it is termed as Volume stress.

2. Shearing Stress or Tangential Stress: When the direction of the deforming

force or external force is parallel to the cross-sectional area, the stress

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experienced by the object is called shearing stress or tangential stress. This
results in the change in the shape of the body

 Strain

Strain-measures the amount of deformation by the applied stress and defined

as the change in configuration of a body divided by its initial configuration. Strain
is unit less quantity.

Strain is the deformation or displacement of a material that results from an

applied stress

It is the ratio of the change in size or shape to the original size or shape.

Types of Strain
i. Tensile or longitudinal strain: If the deforming force produces a change in
length alone, the strain produced in the body is called longitudinal strain or tensile
strain.

ii. Volumetric strain: If the deforming force produces a change in volume alone,
the strain produced in the body is called volumetric strain.

Shear strain: The shear strain is defined as the ratio , where is the
horizontal distance that the sheared face moves and h is the height of the object.

Elastic Properties of Solids

A strain is proportional to stress, if the stress is sufficiently small. In this regard,

the proportionality constant is known as elastic modulus, depends on the material
being deformed and on the nature of the deformation.

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This relationship between stress and strain is analogous to Hooke’s law

relationship between force and extension of a spring. The elastic modulus is

analogous to a spring constant.

We consider three types of deformation and define an elastic modulus for each:

1. Young’s modulus, which measures the resistance of a solid to a change in its

length
2. Shear modulus, which measures the resistance to motion of the planes within a
solid parallel to each other
3. Bulk modulus, which measures the resistance of solids or liquids to changes in
their volume
Elasticity in Length
1. Young’s Modulus: is the ratio of the tensile stress to the tensile strain. It
measures the resistance of a solid to a change in its length and typically used to
characterize a rod or wire stressed under either tension or compression.

Elasticity of Shape
2. Shear Modulus (S): with units of Pascal, is the ratio of shear stress to shear
strain. It is the measure of the resistance to motion of the planes within a solid
parallel to each other.

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Volume Elasticity
Bulk Modulus: is the ratio of the volume stress to the volume strain. Bulk
modulus measures the resistance of solids or liquids to changes in their volume.

A negative sign is inserted in this defining equation so that B is a positive number.

This maneuver is necessary because an increase in pressure (positive ) causes a
decrease in volume (negative ) and vice versa.

Strain Energy is energy stored in a stretched wire. If x is the stretch due to applied
force F,