UNIT-8

Properties of Bulk matter

8.1 Elastic behavior
8.2 Fluid statics
8.3 Fluid dynamics
8.4 Heat, temperature and
thermal expansion
 8.1 Elastic behavior
 Define the terms
 elastic limit, stress , strain and modulus
 Identify types of modulus
1. Young’s modulus,
2. shear modulus and
3. Bulk modulus
 State Hooke’s law.
 Carry out calculations involving stress, strain,
Young’s modulus and the energy stored in a stretched
material.
 8.1 Elastic Behaviors (Elasticity)
Elasticity is the property of matter by virtue of which the deformed body returns to its initial
configuration after the deforming force is removed.

• A body which is not deformed under the application

of an external force is said to be perfectly rigid body.
Example: Concrete
• A body which is deformed under the application of
an external force is said to be perfectly elastic body.
Example: Rubber
 Deformation- out of shape
• Forces can deform a body (push it out of shape).
• We need two equal but opposite forces to cause a body to
deform.
• A single force would merely cause it to start moving with
increasing speed.
• Any deformation may be elastic, or it may be plastic.
1. Elastic deformations (Temporary deformation)
when forces that caused deformation are removed, body goes back
to its original dimensions.
Example: ductile materials
2. Plastic deformations (Permanente deformation)
where irreversible changes occur when the body is being deformed
Example: brittle materials
Kinds of deformations - depends on the way
the forces are applied.
There are four types of deformation
1. Tensile deformation (a change in length)
when two equal and opposite forces act at both ends of a rod the body may
elongate.
this type of deformation undergoes a change in length but no change in shape .
2. Shear deformation (a change in shape)
a body may twist side way due to the action of two equal and opposite forces
this type of deformation undergoes a change in shape but no change in volume
3. Torsional deformation
when the body is squeezed on opposite direction it occurs.
4. Compression deformation (a change in volume )
when the body is shrink and becomes compacted,
this type of deformation undergoes a change in volume but no change in shape
Kinds of deformations
 Hook’s law
- describe about the relation b/n size of
deforming force and the size of deformation.

He states that :
“the force applied to a material is directly proportional to its extension, up to the elastic limit”
Force α extension
• F = kx
Where:
F is the force applied
to an elastic material
x is the length of extension
k is the constant of proporti
onality (referred to as the spring
constant)

Note: Elastic materials have restoring force!

Restoring Force= - Applied Force up to elastic limit!!!!
 Important points on Hook’s Law
A- elastic limit
a point at which extension
and applied force are proportional
B- Limit of proportionality :
a point at which extension
and applied force are no
longer proportional
C- yield point : a point where there is a sudden
increase in extension
 Elastic limit- maximum stretching point of
material.
• All bodies behave as perfectly elastic bodies up to a
certain limit of the applied force called the elastic
limit.
Example: brittle materials have low elastic limit
• Elastic limit : a point beyond which all materials are
permanently deformed
• Elastic limit of a material is determined by the
following two factors,
a) The applied force and
b) The nature of the material of which the body is made.
 Stress - Strain and Elastic Modulus

Stress
 is a quantity that is proportional to the force
causing a deformation;
 more specifically, stress is the external force acting
on an object per unit cross-sectional area.
Stress =
 It is measured by Newton per square metre (N/m2)
 It is also called Pressure but not necessarily pressure.
• The result of a stress is strain!!!!
  Strain - which is a measure of the degree of
deformation.
• Strain:
- Ratio of elongation of a material to the original length
- unit deformation Lo e
e
strain 
Lo L

e : elongation
Lo : unloaded(original) length of a material

Elongation:

e  L  Lo
L : loaded length of a material
The relation b/n Stress and strain

• For sufficiently small stresses,

strain is proportional to stress

• The constant of proportionality depends on the

material being deformed and on the nature of
the deformation. We call this proportionality
constant the elastic modulus!!
Elastic modulus

• It is defined as the ratio of the stress to the

resulting strain:

• The elastic modulus in general relates what is

done to a solid object (a force is applied) to
how that object responds (it deforms to some
extent).
 Types of deformation and define an Elastic
modulus for each
1. Young’s modulus (Elasticity in Length)
• which measures the resistance of a solid to a change in
its length
2. Shear modulus (Elasticity in shape)
• a measure of the ability of a substance to resist
deformation caused by a force parallel to one of its
Surfaces
3. Bulk modulus (Elasticity in volume),
• a measure of the ability of a substance to resist
changes in volume when under increasing pressure
from all sides
Young’s modulus (Elasticity in Length),
• it related with the tensile deformation.
Tensile stress =
Tensile Strain =
•Young Modulus(Y)= =
•Its unit is Pascal(Pa=N/m2)
 Shear modulus (Elasticity in shape),

•It related with the shear deformation.

Shear stress =
Shear Strain =
•Shear Modulus(S)= =
•Its unit is Pascal(Pa=N/m2)
 Shear will occur if the base of the body is fixed and
the deforming force causes it to tilt out of shape
 Bulk modulus (Elasticity in volume),
 relates to a gas or a liquid which is subjected
to an increased pressure acting on it
•

 related with compression deformation

Bulk- stress = change in pressure = ∆P
Bulk -Strain = = = NEGATIVE

• Bulk Modulus(B)= =
•Its unit is Pascal(Pa=N/m2)
Note that:
1. Solid materials have all modulus.
2. Liquids have only a bulk modulus.
 However, no shear modulus and no Young’s
modulus are given for liquids because a liquid
does not sustain a shearing stress or a tensile stress.
 If a shearing force or a tensile force is applied to a
liquid, the liquid simply flows in response
 Strain energy
 If you stretch a wire, you have to exert a force
and move a distance.
 You have done work, and the energy from
your body has there by been converted into
strain energy in the wire.
Strain energy in a stretched wire = F x
Summary
In this section you have learnt that:
• The elastic limit is the point beyond which all materials are
permanently deformed.
• Tensile stress is tensile force divided by cross-sectional area
A of the wire.
• Tensile strain is the extension x divided by the wire’s original
length, L.
• Shear stress is the force divided by the cross-sectional area being
sheared.
• Young’s modulus is the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain over
the range for which Hooke’s law applies.
• Hooke’s law states that the extension is proportional to the
applied force.
• Shear modulus is shear stress divided by shear strain
• The energy stored in a stretched wire
 Exercise
1. A block of iron is sliding across a horizontal floor. The
friction force between the block and the floor causes the
block to deform. To describe the relationship between stress
and strain for the block, you would use
(a) Young’s modulus (b) shear modulus
(c) bulk modulus (d) none of these.
2. A trapeze artist swings through a circular arc. At the
bottom of the swing, the wires supporting the trapeze are
longer than when the trapeze artist simply hangs from the
trapeze, due to the increased tension in them. To describe
the relationship between stress and strain for the wires, you
would use
(a) Young’s modulus (b) shear modulus
(c) bulk modulus (d) none of these..
3. A spacecraft carries a steel sphere to a planet
on which atmospheric pressure is much higher
than on the Earth. The higher pressure causes
the radius of the sphere to decrease. To describe
the relationship between stress and strain for
the sphere, you would use
(a) Young’s modulus (b) shear modulus
(c) bulk modulus (d) none of these
4. Which one of the following laws best describes the
behavior of elastic materials? (UEE:2007)
A. Gay Lussac’s law. C. Newton’s second law
B. Hook’s law. D. Newton’s law of gravitation
5. When a load of 500 kg is hanging from a steel wire of
length 3 m and cross sectional area 0.20 cm2, the wire
stretches beyond its no-load length. If the Young’s
modulus for the wire made of steel is Y = 2 x 1011 Pa, what
is the change in length of the wire beyond its no-load
length? (UEE: 2006).
A. 3.75 mm. B. 2.75 mm.
B. 1.75 mm. D. 0.75 mm.
6. The definition of Young’s Modulus is given by :( UEE:
2008).
C. Force per unit area. C. Ratio of stress to strain.
D. Ratio of strain to stress. D. force per unit elongation.
7. Which one of the following statements is
correct? (UEE: 2008).
A. Elastic materials retain their shape after

deformation.
B. Plastic materials can recover the original
size or shape after being distorted.
C. Plastic materials change their shape by
pressure.
D. Elastic materials cannot recover the
original size or shape after being distorted.
8. Which of the following refers to the definition
of strain as ratio? (UEE: 2009).
A. Extension to the original length.
B. Stress to Young modulus.
C. Force applied to area of the object normal to the force.

D. Tensile to applied force

9. Which of the following figure indicates tensile
deformation? (UEE:2010)

A B C D
10. Which of the following statement is correct about
elastic behavior of materials?(UEE: 2011)
A. For sufficiently small stress, stress is proportional
to strain.
B. In tensile stress the force is parallel to the cross-
sectional area, where as in shear stress, the force is
proportional to the area.
C. All materials do not necessarily have elastic limit.
D. With plastic materials, the body goes to original
dimensions after removal of the force that caused
deformation.