SOLUCIÓN PROBLEMA 3.

2
PROBLEM 3.2
KNOWN: Temperatures and convection coefficients associated with air at the inner and outer surfaces
of a rear window.
FIND: (a) Inner and outer window surface temperatures, Ts,i and Ts,o, and (b) Ts,i and Ts,o as a function of
the outside air temperature T∞,o and for selected values of outer convection coefficient, ho.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction, (3) Negligible radiation
effects, (4) Constant properties.
PROPERTIES: Table A-3, Glass (300 K): k = 1.4 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) The heat flux may be obtained from Eqs. 3.11 and 3.12,

qʹʹ =
T∞,i − T∞,o
=
40 C − −10 C ( )
1 L 1 1 0.004 m 1
+ + + +
ho k hi 65 W m ⋅ K 1.4 W m ⋅ K 30 W m2 ⋅ K
2

50 C
qʹʹ = = 968 W m 2 .
2
(0.0154 + 0.0029 + 0.0333) m ⋅K W

( )
Hence, with qʹʹ = h i T∞,i − T∞,o , the inner surface temperature is

qʹʹ 968 W m 2
Ts,i = T∞ ,i − = 40 C − = 7.7 C <
hi 30 W m 2 ⋅ K

(
Similarly for the outer surface temperature with qʹʹ = h o Ts,o − T∞,o find )
qʹʹ 968 W m 2
Ts,o = T∞,o − = −10 C − = 4.9 C <
ho 65 W m 2 ⋅ K
(b) Using the same analysis, Ts,i and Ts,o have been computed and plotted as a function of the outside air
temperature, T∞,o, for outer convection coefficients of ho = 2, 65, and 100 W/m2⋅K. As expected, Ts,i and
Ts,o are linear with changes in the outside air temperature. The difference between Ts,i and Ts,o increases
with increasing convection coefficient, since the heat flux through the window likewise increases. This
difference is larger at lower outside air temperatures for the same reason. Note that with ho = 2 W/m2⋅K,
Ts,i - Ts,o, is too small to show on the plot.
Continued …..
ESTE PROBLEMA NO EXISTE EN LA VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL, PERO PODÉIS RESOLVERLO A
PARTIR DE LOS DATOS QUE TENÉIS AQUÍ

PROBLEM 3.5
KNOWN: Thicknesses and thermal conductivities of refrigerator wall materials. Inner and outer air
temperatures and convection coefficients.
FIND: Heat gain per surface area.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional heat transfer, (2) Steady-state conditions, (3) Negligible
contact resistance, (4) Negligible radiation, (5) Constant properties.
ANALYSIS: From the thermal circuit, the heat gain per unit surface area is
T∞,o − T∞,i
qʹʹ =
(1/ h i ) + (Lp / k p ) + ( Li / k i ) + (Lp / k p ) + (1/ h o )

qʹʹ =
( 25 − 4 ) °C
( )
2 1/ 5 W / m 2 ⋅ K + 2 (0.003m / 60 W / m ⋅ K ) + (0.050m / 0.046 W / m ⋅ K )

21°C
qʹʹ = = 14.1 W / m 2 <
(0.4 + 0.0001 + 1.087 ) m2 ⋅ K / W
COMMENTS: Although the contribution of the panels to the total thermal resistance is negligible,
that due to convection is not inconsequential and is comparable to the thermal resistance of the
insulation.
 SOLUCIÓN PROBLEMA 3.13

PROBLEM 3.9
KNOWN: Thicknesses of three materials which form a composite wall and thermal
conductivities of two of the materials. Inner and outer surface temperatures of the composite;
also, temperature and convection coefficient associated with adjoining gas.
FIND: Value of unknown thermal conductivity, kB.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction, (3) Constant

properties, (4) Negligible contact resistance, (5) Negligible radiation effects.
ANALYSIS: Referring to the thermal circuit, the heat flux may be expressed as

qʹʹ =
Ts,i − Ts,o
=
(600 − 20 ) C
L A L B LC 0.3 m 0.15 m 0.15 m
+ + + +
k A k B k C 20 W/m ⋅ K kB 50 W/m ⋅ K
580
qʹʹ= W/m 2 . (1)
0.018+0.15/k B
The heat flux may be obtained from

qʹʹ=h T∞ − Ts,i = 25 W/m 2 ⋅ K (800-600 ) C

( ) (2)

qʹʹ=5000 W/m 2 .
Substituting for the heat flux from Eq. (2) into Eq. (1), find
0.15 580 580
= − 0.018 = − 0.018 = 0.098
kB qʹʹ 5000

k B = 1.53 W/m ⋅ K. <

COMMENTS: Radiation effects are likely to have a significant influence on the net heat
flux at the inner surface of the oven.
 SOLUCIÓN PROBLEMA 3.14

PROBLEM 3.12
KNOWN: Configurations of exterior wall. Inner and outer surface conditions.
FIND: Heating load for each of the three cases.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) One-dimensional conduction, (3) Constant properties, (4)
Negligible radiation effects.
PROPERTIES: (T = 300 K): Table A.3: plaster board, kp = 0.17 W/m⋅K; urethane, kf = 0.026 W/m⋅K;
wood, kw = 0.12 W/m⋅K; glass, kg = 1.4 W/m⋅K. Table A.4: air, ka = 0.0263 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) The heat loss may be obtained by dividing the overall temperature difference by the
total thermal resistance. For the composite wall of unit surface area, A = 1 m2,
T∞ ,i − T∞ ,o
q=
⎡⎣(1 h i ) + ( L p k p ) + ( Lf k f ) + ( L w k w ) + (1 h o )⎤⎦ A

q=
20 C − −15 C( )
⎡( 0.2 + 0.059 + 1.92 + 0.083 + 0.067 ) m 2 ⋅ K W ⎤ 1m 2
⎣ ⎦
35 C
q=
2.33 K W
= 15.0 W <
(b) For the single pane of glass,
T∞ ,i − T∞ ,o
q=
⎡⎣(1 h i ) + ( Lg k g ) + (1 h o )⎤⎦ A
35 C 35 C
q=
2
⎡( 0.2 + 0.002 + 0.067 ) m ⋅ K W ⎤ 1m 2
=
0.269 K W
= 130.3 W <
⎣ ⎦
(c) For the double pane window,
T∞ ,i − T∞ ,o
q=
⎡⎣(1 h i ) + 2 ( Lg k g ) + ( La k a ) + (1 h o )⎤⎦ A
35 C 35 C
q=
⎡( 0.2 + 0.004 + 0.190 + 0.067 ) m 2 ⋅ K W ⎤ 1m 2
=
0.461K W
= 75.9 W <
⎣ ⎦
COMMENTS: The composite wall is clearly superior from the standpoint of reducing heat loss, and the
dominant contribution to its total thermal resistance (82%) is associated with the foam insulation. Even
with double pane construction, heat loss through the window is significantly larger than that for the
composite wall.
 SOLUCION PROBLEMA 3.15

PROBLEM 3.13
KNOWN: Composite wall of a house with prescribed convection processes at inner and
outer surfaces.
FIND: (a) Expression for thermal resistance of house wall, Rtot; (b) Total heat loss, q(W); (c)
Effect on heat loss due to increase in outside heat transfer convection coefficient, ho; and (d)
Controlling resistance for heat loss from house.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction, (2) Steady-state conditions, (3)

Negligible contact resistance.

( )
PROPERTIES: Table A-3, T = ( Ti + To ) / 2 = ( 20 − 15) C/2=2.5 C ≈ 300K : Fiberglass
3
blanket, 28 kg/m , kb = 0.038 W/m⋅K; Plywood siding, ks = 0.12 W/m⋅K; Plasterboard, kp =
0.17 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) The expression for the total thermal resistance of the house wall follows
from Eq. 3.18.
1 Lp L L 1
R tot = + + b + s + . <
hiA k pA k bA ksA hoA
(b) The total heat loss through the house wall is
q = ΔT/R tot = ( Ti − To ) / R tot .
Substituting numerical values, find
1 0.01m 0.10m
R tot = + +
30W/m 2 ⋅ K × 350m 2 0.17W/m ⋅ K × 350m 2 0.038W/m ⋅ K × 350m 2
0.02m 1
+ +
0.12W/m ⋅ K × 350m 2 60W/m ⋅ K × 350m2
2
R tot = [9.52 + 16.8 + 752 + 47.6 + 4.76]× 10−5 C/W = 831×10−5 C/W
The heat loss is then,
q= ⎡⎣ 20- (-15 )⎤⎦ C/831×10-5 C/W=4.21 kW. <
2 -5
(c) If ho changes from 60 to 300 W/m ⋅K, Ro = 1/hoA changes from 4.76 × 10 °C/W to 0.95
-5 -5
× 10 °C/W. This reduces Rtot to 826 × 10 °C/W, which is a 0.5% decrease and hence a
0.5% increase in q.
(d) From the expression for Rtot in part (b), note that the insulation resistance, Lb/kbA, is
752/830 ≈ 90% of the total resistance. Hence, this material layer controls the resistance of the
wall. From part (c) note that a 5-fold decrease in the outer convection resistance due to an
increase in the wind velocity has a negligible effect on the heat loss.
 SOLUCIÓN 3.34
PROBLEM 3.37
KNOWN: Inner and outer radii of a tube wall which is heated electrically at its outer surface
and is exposed to a fluid of prescribed h and T∞. Thermal contact resistance between heater
and tube wall and wall inner surface temperature.
FIND: Heater power per unit length required to maintain a heater temperature of 25°C.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction, (3) Constant

properties, (4) Negligible temperature drop across heater.
ANALYSIS: The thermal circuit has the form

Applying an energy balance to a control surface about the heater,

qʹ = qʹa + qʹb
To − Ti T −T
qʹ = + o ∞
ln ( ro / ri ) (1/hπ Do )
+ R ʹt,c
2π k
( 25-5 ) C ⎡⎣ 25 − ( −10 )⎤⎦ C
qʹ= +
ln (75mm/25mm )
2π × 10 W/m ⋅ K
+ 0.01
W
(⎢⎣ )
m ⋅ K ⎡1/ 100 W/m 2 ⋅ K × π × 0.15m ⎤
⎥⎦

qʹ = ( 728 + 1649 ) W/m

qʹ=2377 W/m. <

COMMENTS: The conduction, contact and convection resistances are 0.0175, 0.01 and
0.021 m ⋅K/W, respectively,
 SOLUCIÓN PROBLEMA 3.54

PROBLEM 3.57
KNOWN: Thickness of hollow aluminum sphere and insulation layer. Heat rate and inner
surface temperature. Ambient air temperature and convection coefficient.
FIND: Thermal conductivity of insulation.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional radial conduction, (3)

Constant properties, (4) Negligible contact resistance, (5) Negligible radiation exchange at
outer surface.

PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Aluminum (523K): k ≈ 230 W/m⋅K.

ANALYSIS: From the thermal circuit,

T −T T1 − T∞
q= 1 ∞ =
R tot 1 − 2 + r2 − 1/ r3 +
1/r 1/ r 1/ 1
4π k A1 4π k I h4π r32

q=
( 250 − 20 ) C
= 80 W
⎡1/0.15 − 1/ 0.18 1/ 0.18 − 1/ 0.30 1 ⎤K
⎢ + + ⎥
⎢ 4π ( 230 ) 4π k I 2⎥W
⎣ 30 ( )( ) ⎦
4π 0.3

or

0.177 230
3.84 × 10−4 + + 0.029 = = 2.875.
kI 80

Solving for the unknown thermal conductivity, find

kI = 0.062 W/m⋅K. <

COMMENTS: The dominant contribution to the total thermal resistance is made by the
insulation. Hence uncertainties in knowledge of h or kA1 have a negligible effect on the
accuracy of the kI measurement.