School of Mechanical Engineering

6th semester BE (Mechanical Engineering)

Time: 75 Minutes Heat and Mass Transfer (15EMEC305) Max. Marks :40
Note :Answer any two full Questions ISA-I (17th May 2021)
Use of Heat and mass transfer data Handbook is permitted
Answer any two full question
1a Explain in brief the laws governing heat transfer. Distinguish between mass transfer and heat transfer. 05

A large 0.8m thick wall ( k = 1.28 W/mK, α= 5 × 10–5 m2/s ) initially at uniform temperature of 30°C is
1b
suddenly exposed to convective flame at 600°C with h= 60 W/m2 oC on both sides. The wall material
07
disintegrates on reaching a temperature of 200oC. Estimate the region of the wall that gets disintegrated
within a span of 20 minutes of exposure before the rescue team reaches the site.

1c A spherical composite wall (combined thickness of 90 mm) of an Autonomous Space Carrier (ASC) has
2 layers of equal thickness having thermal conductivities k1 :k2 as 1:2. The inner layer with inside radius
of 2m and k1 =0.005 W/moC. is exposed to interiors at 25oC with hi = 20 W/m2K. Evaluate the heat loss 08
to outer space at -25oC when ho = 40 W/m2 oC. Represent equivalent thermal circuit indicating the
interface temperature assuming negligible contact resistance.

2a Discuss significance of critical radius of insulation (rc) for electric cables and steam pipes. 05

Obtain expression for radiation heat transfer coefficient from first principles. “The process of heat
2b
transfer occurs in combined mode and not in isolated modes” Justify the statement with appropriate 07
illustrations
A copper cylinder 10 cm diameter, 20 cm long is removed from liquid nitrogen bath at -196 ° C and
2c
exposed to air at 25 ° C with convection coefficient of 20 W/m 2 K. Find the time required by cylinder to
attain the temperature of -110° C. Take thermo-physical properties as: C= 380 J/kg K, ρ=8800 kg/m 3, 08
k= 360 W/m-K.

Distinguish between Lumped system and space dependent transient heat transfer analysis. Relate
3a 05
dimensionless temperature distribution θ(t) / θo (t) in terms of dimensionless numbers- Bi and Fo.

3b
A long rod, 15 mm solid square section made of low carbon steel (45 W/m K) protrudes into air at 30°C
from a furnace wall at 150°C. If convective heat transfer coefficient is 20W/m2K. Locate the distance, 07
measured from the heated end of rod at which rod temperature reads 80oC. Also find the temperature
on the rod surface that is situated 80 mm from the base.

3c
An aluminum alloy fin (k=200 W/m-K) with a rectangular cross section 5 mm thick, 8 mm wide and 2.5
cm long protrudes from a wall. The base is at 230° C and ambient air temperature is 30 ° C. The heat 08
transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2-K. Find the heat loss and fin efficiency, if the heat loss from fin tip is
negligible.
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Scheme and Solution

6th semester BE (Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 75 Minutes Heat and Mass Transfer (15EMEC305) Max. Marks :40
Note :Answer any two full Questions ISA-I (17th May 2021)
Use of Heat and mass transfer data Handbook is permitted
Answer any two full question
1a  T 
Fourier’s law of heat conduction : Q x = −kA  
 x  x =0

(
Newton’s Law of Cooling Qconvection = hA Tw − T f )
03+02
(
Stefan-Boltzmann Law Q Radiation = A T1 − T2
4 4
)
Brief explanation to distinguish mass transfer and heat transfer processes:

driven by concentration gradient—driven by temperature gradient

Numerical solution: transient heat conduction through slab material

1b
Given Data:
2L= 0.8m ; k = 1.28 W/mK, α= 5 × 10–5 m2/s h= 60 W/m2 oC
Ti =30°C Tamb=600°C t=20 min =1200 s on both sides. Disintegration temperature- 200oC
Solution

hL 60  0.4 t 5  10 −5  1200
= = 18.75 ; = = 0.375
k 1.28 L2 0.4 2
From the graph of transient temperature history at mid plane Y-ordinate =0.70 07
To − Tamb T − 600
= 0.70 = o  To = 201o C
Ti − Tamb 30 − 600
From the graph of transient temperature history at any plane Y-ordinate =0.84 at x/L=1 (surface)
Tx / L − Tamb T − 600
= 0.84 = x / L  Tx / L = 264.84o C
To − Tamb 201 − 600
As the temperature between surface and mid plane of slab is greater than 200 oC there is a total
disintegration of the slab in the time duration of 20 min.

1c Numerical Solution: spherical composite wall Autonomous Space Carrier (ASC)

Given data: composite wall thickness = t1 + t2 = 90 mm= 9cm k1 :k2 as 1:2.

R1 = 2m; R2 =(R1 +t1)= 2 + 4.5 cm =2.045m ; R3 =R2+ t2= 2.045+ 0.045=2.09 m

k1 =0.005 W/moC k2 =2 k1 =2(0.005)= 0.01 W/moC

Ti= 25oC; hi = 20 W/m2K. To= -25oC ; ho = 40 W/m2 oC.

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02

Rci Rw1 Rw2 Rco

Ti=25oC T1 T2 T3 T0=-25oC

1 1
Rci = = = 9.9471  10 − 4 o C / W
(4    R1 )hi
2
(4    2 )20
2
02

1 1
Rco = = = 4.5544  10 − 4 o C / W
(4    R3 )ho
2
(4    2.09 )40
2

R2 − R1 (2.045 − 2)
Rw1 = = = 0.1751 o C / W
(4    k1 ) R1 R2 (4    0.005)4.09

R3 − R2 (2.09 − 2.045)
Rw 2 = = = 0.08378 o C / W
(4    k 2 ) R2 R3 (4    0.01)4.27405

Rtotal = Rci + Rw1 + Rw 2 + Rco = (9.9741 + 4.5544 )  10 −4 + 0.1751 + 0.08378 = 0.26033285 o C / W

Ti − To 25 − (−25) 02
Q= = = 192.06 W
Rtotal 0.26033285

Ti − To Ti − T1 T1 − T2 T2 − T3 T3 − T0
Q= = = = = = 192.06 W
Rtotal Rci Rw1 Rw 2 Rco

T1 = Ti − (Q  Rci ) = 25 − (192 .06  9.9471  10 −4 ) = 24 .81o C

T2 = T1 − (Q  R w1 ) = 24 .81 − (192 .06  0.1751) = −8.82 o C

T3 = T2 − (Q  R w 2 ) = −8.82 − (192 .06  0.08378 ) = −24 .91o C

To = T3 − (Q  Rco ) = −24 .91 − (192 .06  4.5544  10 −4 ) = −24 .9974  −25 o C 02

2a Brief explanation on critical radius of insulation (rc):k/h 01

Electric cables: enhances heat dissipation rins < rc 02

Steam pipes : conserves heat loss rins > rc 02

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Expression for radiation heat transfer coefficient (hr) from first principles.
2b
(
Q Radiation = A T1 − T2 = A T1 − T2 T1 + T2
4 4
) ( 2 2
)( 2 2
)
( )(T + T )(T −T )
04
= A T1 + T2
2 2
1 2 1 2

= hr A(T1 − T2 )
(
 h =  T1 + T2 T1 + T2  4T13
2 2
)( ) 02

“The process of heat transfer occurs in combined mode and not in isolated modes”
Statement is true. The natural processes involve all modes of heat transfer occurring simultaneously. 01
Solar Collector has all three modes of heat transfer occurring simultaneously

Numerical Solution- Copper cylinder transient heat conduction

2c
Given Data: D=10 cm; L= 20 cm ; Ti = -196 ° C; Tamb =25 ° C; h= 20 W/m2 K. T(t) = -110° C.
Thermo-physical properties as: C= 380 J/kg K, ρ=8800 kg/m 3, k= 360 W/m-K.

 T − T   hA   hRo 20  0.05
= = exp−  s  t  Bi = = = 0.00138
 o Ti −T    VC   2k 2  360
Bi < 0.1 Therefore LSA is applicable
− 110 − 25   20  
= 0.61085 = exp−    t
− 196 − 25   8800  0.025  380  
Taking natural logarithm on

  20  
− 0.4929 = −    t   t = 2060.322 s = 34.3387 min
  8800  0.025  380  
OR 03

As = Alateral + Acircular = 2Ro L + 2Ro2 = 2Ro (L + Ro ) = 2  0.05(0.20 + 0.05) = 0.07853m 2

V = Ro2 L =   0.05 2  0.2 = 0.001570m 3
hLs 20  0.0199
Bi = = = 0.001105 03
k 360
02
Bi < 0.1 LSA is applicable

− 110 − 25   20  0.07853  
= 0.61085 = exp−    t
− 196 − 25   8800  0.001570  380  
Taking natural logarithm on

  20  0.07853  
In (0.61085) = −    t
  8800  0.001570  380  
- 0.4929 = -(2.99157  10 -4 )t  t = 1647.6298s = 27.46 min
Distinguish between Lumped system and space dependent transient heat transfer analysis.
3a
Relate dimensionless temperature distribution θ(t) / θo (t) in terms of dimensionless numbers- Bi and Fo.
05
 T − T   hAs  
= = exp−   t = exp(− Bi  Fo)
 o Ti −T    VC  
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Numerical Solution- Low carbon steel fin –Long fin calculations

3b
Given data: sides of square =15 mm =0.015m
K= 45 W/m K; Tamb= 30°C Tbase = 150°C. h= 20W/m2K.
x= ? if T(x)= 80oC.
x=0.08 m; T(x) =?
Perimeter (P)= 4 L =0.060 m 01
Cross sectional Area=L2 =0.0152 =0.000225 m2
02
Fin parameter (m) = (hP/kA)0.5=[(20 x 0.060 )/( 45 x 0.000225)] 0.5 =10.8866 m-1
 ( x) T ( x) − T
= = exp− mx
o To −T 
 ( x) 80 − 30
= = 0.4166 = exp− 10.8866 x
o 150 − 30
Taking natural logarithm on both sides
-0.8756= -10.8866 x Therefore x=0.080429m = 8.0429 cm 02
Similarly T(0.08)
 ( x) T ( x) − 30
= = exp− 10.8866  0.08 = exp(−0.870928) = 0.41856
o 150 − 30 02

T ( x) = (0.41856  120) + 30 = 80.2272 o C

Numerical Solution: Aluminum alloy fin, end insulated fin
3c
Given Data:
k=200 W/m-K
Rectangular c/s 5 x 8 mm
L= 2.5 cm ;
To= 230° C; Tamb = 30 ° C. h= 25 W/m2-K.
Qfin =? and fin efficiency=?
Perimeter (P)= 2(t+W) =2(5+8) =26mm =0.026 m
Cross sectional Area=t x W= 5 x 8 = 40 mm2= 40x10-6 m2 01
Fin parameter (m) = (hP/kA)0.5=[(25 x 0.0260 )/( 200 x40x10-6)] 0.5 =9.0138 m-1
tanh(mL )
02
Q = (hPkA) 0.5
(To − Tamb ) tanh(mL )  fin =
mL

Q = (25  0.026  200  40  10 −6 ) 0.5 (230 − 30) tanh(9.0138  0.025)

03

= (0.0052) 0.5 (200) tanh (0.225345) = 3.1959 W

tanh(9.0138  0.025) tanh(0.225345) 0.22160
 fin = = = = 0.9833 = 98.33% 02
(9.0138  0.025) (0.225345) 0.225345