(c) Explain how diagram 1 shows a uniform magnetic field.

2023 Jan P-1P

(2)

The field lines are straight

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- evenly spaced
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- parallel
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2023 Jan P-1P
(ii) Describe how the teacher could measure the count rate from a radioactive
source and correct the count rate for background radiation.
(4)

Measure the count rate from the source using a Geiger-Muller tube and counter
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Then, measure the count rate without the source (to get count rate for background
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

radiation )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Measure the background count several times and calculate mean

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Subtract the background count from the original readings

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2023 Jan P-1P
(c) Diagram 2 shows the path of the ray of light as it travels through the optical fibre.

Diagram 2

Explain the path of the ray of light as it travels through the optical fibre.
(3)
The light ray undergoes total internal reflection as the light ray travels from
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

more dense to less dense medium and angle of incidence is greater than
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

the critical angle.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 6 marks)

 2023 Jan P-1P
Mass
Star Colour
in solar masses

Sirius blue-white 2

Polaris yellow-white 5

Betelgeuse red 17

Rigel blue 21

(a) Explain which of these stars has the highest surface temperature.
(2)

Rigel because colour of star depends on surface temperature.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Red (coolest) -----------------------> Blue (hottest)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (i) Explain how the atoms exert a pressure on the walls of the container. 2023 Jan P-1P
(3)
The atoms collide with the walls of the container which exerts a force
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

on the walls. Pressure is force on an area so the atoms exert pressure.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain why the pressure of the gas in the container decreases as its
temperature decreases.
The volume of the container does not change.
(2)

As temperature decreases, the average kinetic energy of atoms inside

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

the container decreases. This causes them to collide with the walls of
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

container with less force and less frequently.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (ii) Explain how the balloon reaches terminal velocity.
2023 Jan P-1PR
You should use ideas about forces acting on the balloon in your answer.
(3)

When released, both weight and drag acts on the balloon but weight is greater
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

than drag. This resultant force causes acceleration. Drag increases with speed
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

and so acceleration decreases. When acceleration becomes zero,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

weight = drag at terminal velocity

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (a) Describe the difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.
2023 Jan
(2)
P-1PR

Fission is the splitting of a nucleus (into two daughter nuclei and releasing
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

neutrons and energy in the process.)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fusion is the joining of two nuclei (to form a single nucleus)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (ii) State the name of a detector the teacher could use to detect the radiation
from each source. 2023 Jan P-1PR
(1)
Geiger-Muller tube (and counter)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (b) The firework makes a sound with constant frequency.
2023 Jan P-1PR
As the firework moves upwards, people on the ground notice that the frequency
of the sound they hear changes.
This is called the Doppler effect.
Explain how the Doppler effect causes the observed frequency of sound to
change for the people on the ground.
(4)

As the firework moves upwards, the wavefronts spread out behind the firework
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(towards the ground) which in turn causes the wavelengths between each sound
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

wave to increase. As per v=f for a constant speed of waves, when wavelenth
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

increases, frequency must decrease. Thus, observed frequency decreases.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 10 = 12 marks)

 (b) Describe how the orbit of a comet compares with the orbit of a planet. 2022 June P-1P
(3)

Orbit of a comet is more elliptical (while orbit of planet is more circular)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Orbit path of comet is longer

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
!Choose any 3
Speed of comet varies but speed of planet does not
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Both planet and comet orbit a star

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Star is at centre of planet's orbit but not at centre of comet orbit

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Plane of comet's orbit is different to plane of planet's orbit?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

 2022 June P-1P
(d) Sound waves and light waves can have different frequencies and wavelengths.
Describe three other differences between sound waves and light waves.
You may draw diagrams to support your answer.
(3)

Sound wave is longitudinal while light wave is transverse

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Light wave is an electromagnetic wave but sound is not

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Light can travel through a vacuum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Light travels faster (in air)than sound

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Light slows down in denser medium while sound speeds up

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 14 marks)

 (a) Force and velocity are examples of vector quantities.
2022 June P-1P
State what is meant by the term vector quantity.
(1)
A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2022 June P-1P
7 (a) State what is meant by the term electric current.
(1)
Rate of flow of charge (or) Amount of charge flowing per unit time
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (a) State what is meant by the principle of conservation of energy.
2022 June P-1P
(1)

Energy cannot be created or destroyed (it can only be transferred from one
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

store to another)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (c) The actual speed of the car when it has fallen 18 m is lower than the value 2022 June P-1P
calculated in (a).
Describe the energy transfers occurring from immediately before the car was
released to when the car has fallen 18 m.
Refer to stores and transfers in your answer.
(4)

Immediately after it was dropped, energy is transferred mechanically from its

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gravitational store to its kinetic store and does so as it drops.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Energy is also transferred to the thermal store of the car and its surroundings
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

mechanically and by radiation as well.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 10 = 10 marks)

 2022 June P-1PR
6 Diagram 1 shows a simple loudspeaker.
The coil is connected to an alternating current (a.c.) supply.

tube
magnet
N

paper cone
N

coil on tube

Diagram 1

(a) Describe how the loudspeaker produces sound.

(4)

When an alternating current is passed through the coil, a changing magnetic

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

field is produced around the coil. This interacts with the magnetic field from
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

the permanent magnet, producing a force on the coil. This causes the coil to
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

oscillate which in turn causes the paper cone to vibrate. The cone forces air
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
to vibrate and thus longitudinal waves are formed.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2022 June P-1PR
(c) Diagram 3 shows the loudspeakers connected in series to a cell.
Diagram 4 shows the loudspeakers connected in parallel to the same cell.

1.5 V 1.5 V

0.30 A 1.2 A

Diagram 3 Diagram 4

Comment on how the total resistance of the loudspeakers in diagram 3 compares

with the total resistance of the loudspeakers in diagram 4.
(4)
In diagram 4, cell voltage is no longer shared between the loudspeakers as
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

voltages in parallel are the same.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Therefore, the current through each speaker doubles which means the
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

current from the power supply is four times higher. As R=V/I, when current
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

increases by four times, total resistance is a quarter of that from the series
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

case
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 15 marks)

 2022 June P-1PR
7 Radon is a radioactive gas that contributes to background radiation.
(a) Describe what is meant by the term background radiation.
(2)
Radiation from sources in the environment
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Radiation that exists around us all the time

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The graph shows the activity of a sample of radon‑222.

1200

1000

800
Activity
in kBq
600

400

200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time in days

(i) State what is meant by the term half‑life.

(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
*P70952A01628* 
7 Radon is a radioactive gas that contributes to background radiation.
(a) Describe what is meant by the term background radiation.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The graph shows the activity of a sample of radon‑222.

1200

1000

800
Activity
in kBq
600

400

200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time in days

(i) State what is meant by the term half‑life. 2022 June P-1PR
(2)

The time taken for the activity of a sample to halve

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

! Tis better- short and to the point

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
*P70952A01628* 
 2022 June P-1PR
(ii) Diagram 2 shows the boat moving towards an observer.

boat observer

Diagram 2

Explain why the frequency of the water waves measured by the observer is

larger than the frequency of the water waves created by the boat.
(3)
This is due to the doppler effect. The wavefronts of waves towards the
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

observer get squashed together and so the wavelengths between wavefronts

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

decrease.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

As v=fλ , for a constant speed of waves, when wavelength decreases, frequency

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

must decrease.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 11 = 10 marks)

 2022 Jan P-1P
(d) Describe an investigation that could be used to determine the shape of the
magnetic field around a bar magnet.
(3)

Place multiple plotting compasses around the bar magnet

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Markdown the direction the arrow is pointing and j

oin the arrows
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

to form a continuous field line

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Repeat the process for another line.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

The graph shows how the speed of this object varies with time. 2022 Jan P-1P
2.5

2.0

C
B
1.5
Speed
in m / s
1.0

0.5

A
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time in seconds
 2022 Jan P-1P
(iii) Explain the shape of the graph from A to C.
You should use ideas about forces to help your answer.
(4)

At A, downward force is greater than upward force so resultant force is

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

downwards so object accelerates from A to B. However. drag increases

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

as speed increases so the resultant force decreases so acceleration from

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A to B also decreases. Just after B, acceleration becomes zero and

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

downward force = upward force. Terminal velocity is achieved in region BC

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2022 Jan P-1P
9 A student investigates how the extension of a spring varies when the mass attached
to the spring is changed.
(a) The diagram shows most of the equipment the student uses in the investigation.

clamp

spring

clamp
stand
mass

Describe a method the student could use for the investigation.

Your description should include the measurements taken and how the student
could obtain accurate results.
(5)
Measure the original length of spring using a ruler
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Measure the loaded length for a range of masses

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Extension = loaded length - original length

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Avoid parallax error by looking at eye level

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Repeat and find average

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Red light has a longer wavelength than violet light. 2022 Jan P-1P

red light
violet light

red and violet

light

Diagram 2

(b) Deduce a possible relationship between the wavelength and the refractive index
for colours of the visible spectrum.
bends toward normal (3)

Red refracts less than violet and so red has a lower refractive index than
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

violet.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Therefore, refractive index decreases with increasing wavelength

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 10 = 8 marks)

(b) The diagram shows part of the electric motor inside the fan. 2022 Jan P-1P

permanent axle
magnet
X Y

N S
W Z
coil

+ −
 2022 Jan P-1P
(i) Explain why the coil starts to rotate when there is a current in the coil.
(4)

When current flows in the coil, a magnetic field is produced around the coil which
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

interacts with the magnetic field from the permanent magnet. This produces a force
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

on the coil. The forces act in opposite directions at opposite ends of the coil so it
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

rotates
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2022 Jan P-1PR
7 (a) Describe an experiment to determine the refractive index of a glass block.
In your answer you should include
• a labelled diagram
• the apparatus needed
• the method used
(6)

Set up the raybox and shine a thin light beam through the glass block
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

at an angle to the normal.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Trace around the glass block, markdown the path the light raytakes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

including the incident and refracted rays.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Measure the angle ofincidence and angle ofrefraction using the protractor
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Then, repeat for different angles ofincidence byadj

usting the raybox
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Using the values ofincident and refracted angles, plot a graph ofsin i against
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

sin r with refractive index (n)being the gradient.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (b) Give two uses of total internal reflection. 2022 Jan P-1PR
(2)

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Optical fibres
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Periscope
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 7 = 8 marks)

 2021 Nov P-1P
2 This question is about electric current.
(a) State what is meant by the term electric current.
(1)

Rate of flow of charge

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (e) Cobalt‑60 also emits gamma radiation. 2021 Nov P-1P
Cobalt‑60 is produced in a nuclear reactor.
Discuss the hazards involved and the precautions taken when disposing of cobalt‑60.
(4)

Cobalt-60 is radioactive and remains radioactive for some time.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The radiation from it can cause cancer.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Radiation is gamma radiation so it is highly penetrating

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

There is a risk of contamination of land and water

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

It needs to be shielded by lead shieldings

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Use machines to remove it from the reactor

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

It must not be disposed in landfills but in special facilities underground.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 15 marks)

 2021 Nov P-1P
7 The diagram shows the construction of a simple loudspeaker.

paper tube

N magnet

N
coil of wire

a.c. power supply

loudspeaker cone

A coil of wire is wrapped around a paper tube attached to the loudspeaker cone.
When there is an alternating current (a.c.) in the coil, the cone moves.
Explain how the loudspeaker produces a sound wave.
(5)

When alternating current is flowing in the coil, a magnetic field is produced

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

around the coil which interacts with the magnetic field from the permanent
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

magnet. This produces a force on the coil. As a.c. is used, the direction of
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

magnetic field is also constantly changing and so the direction of force

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

produced on the coil and thus on the loudspeaker cone is also changing.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

This causes the cone to vibrate which causes the air particles to vibrate as well,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

producing sound waves.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 7 = 5 marks)

 2021 June P-1P
(c) The magnet is made of a magnetically hard material.
Describe what is meant by the term magnetically hard.
(2)

Magnetic materials that are difficult to magnetise and difficult to demagnetise

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

It retains its magnetism.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)

 (ii) Describe what is meant by the term nuclear fission. 2021 June P-1P
(2)

It is the splitting of a large unstable nucleus into two daughter nuclei, releasing
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... .................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

neutrons and energy in the process

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... .................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... .................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... .................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... .................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... .................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 2021 June P-1P
(iii) Describe what is meant by the term chain reaction.
(2)

Each of the neutrons produced during fission are absorbed by other nuclei
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

which again causes fission in other nuclei (and thereby releasing further
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

excess neutrons)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2021 June P-1P
(iii) Explain the effect, if any, of increased driver tiredness on the thinking distance
and on the braking distance of the car.
(4)

Thinking distance increases

thinking distance .................................................................................................... due to increased reaction time
............................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No effect on braking distance due to no effect on braking time

braking distance ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nor force
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (b) Uranium-235 is an isotope of uranium that can decay by emitting an alpha particle.
2021 June P-1P
(i) Describe what is meant by the term isotope.
(2)
Nuclei with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Lamp X has seven identical bulbs that are connected in series. 2021 Jan P-1P
(a) Give a disadvantage of connecting the bulbs in series.
(1)
If one bulb breaks, all bulbs turn off
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Suggest an advantage of connecting the bulbs in series.

(1)

-less likely to overheat -all bulbs controlled by a single switch

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (a) State which wire in the hair dryer should be in series with the fuse. 2021 Jan P-1P
(1)

live wire
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The fuse is an electrical safety feature used in mains-operated domestic appliances.
State two other electrical safety features that can be used in mains-operated
domestic appliances.
(2)

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .double insulation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ..................................................................................................... ..................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .earth wire
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ..................................................................................................... ..................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 2021 Jan P-1P
(d) Explain how a fuse protects a domestic appliance.
(3)

A fuse contains a thin metal wire that melts and breaks the circuit when
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

current becomes too high (so no more current flows)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 13 marks)

 2021 Jan P-1P
(b) The air near the bar receives energy by heating.
Explain how a convection current is formed in the air near the bar.
(4)

The temperature of the air near the bar increases.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The air expands, becomes less dense and the warm air rises.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cool air from the surroundings replaces warmed air.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eventually, the warm air cools, contracts, and sinks back down
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Process is repeated
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 10 = 6 marks)

 2021 January P-1PR
(iii) Explain how the pressure of the gas changes as its temperature increases.
Include ideas about particles in your answer.
(3)

As temperature increases, the average kinetic energy of particles increases

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

and so they move around randomly faster. They collide with each other and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

the walls of the container with greater force. As P=F/A, increased force
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

means increased pressure for the same area.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 2021 January P-1PR
9 The diagram shows two students holding a piece of string with a box attached.
The box has a buzzer inside and can move along the string.

student A student B
box with buzzer

The buzzer in the box emits a loud sound of constant frequency.

The box moves away from student A at a constant speed.
Explain why the sound heard by student A has a different frequency to the sound
emitted by the buzzer.
(5)

This is due to the Doppler effect.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The wavefronts are emitted at a constant frequency by the buzzer. However,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

as the buzzer moves, wavefronts coming towards student A get stretched

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

while being squashed at the other end of the buzzer. Therefore, the
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

wavelengths appear larger to student A. For a constant speed of waves,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

v=f , as wavelength increases, frequency must decrease.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 9 = 5 marks)

 2020 June P-1P
(b) State two properties that all waves have in common.
(2)
TE IN THIS AREA

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .All
. . . . . . . . . .waves transfer energy without transferring matter
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All waves can reflect or refract

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
All waves have amplitude/wavelength/frequency (Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)
 2020 June P-1P
4 (a) (i) State Hooke’s Law.
(2)
RITE IN THIS AREA

Hooke's law states that the extension is directly proportional to the force
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

applied up to the limit of proportionality.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 O NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
(b) Describe an experiment that a scientist could use to demonstrate that the emission
from technetium-99 is gamma radiation. 2020 June P-1P
Include details of a safety precaution in your answer.
(5)
Use a Geiger-Muller tube to detect radiation and a counter to display the
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

count rate.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Measure count rate with the source

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Measure count rate without the source to find background count

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Subtract to find corrected count rate

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Repeat readings to find mean

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

If the emission is gamma, only lead can reduce the count rate significantly
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neither paper nor aluminum will affect the count rate

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

For safety, minimize exposure time and stay as furthest away as possible
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

and use tongs.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wear gloves and lead apron.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2020 June P-1P
(ii) The Doppler effect occurs when there is relative motion between the source
of waves and the observer of the waves.
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Explain how the Doppler effect causes a change in the observed frequency
of the waves.
(3)
If the source is moving away, wavefronts spread out and so wavelength increases
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

If the source is approaching, wavefronts get squashed together and so wavelength

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

decreases. As v=fλ, for a constant speed of waves when wavelength increases,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

frequency decreases and vice versa.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2020 June P-1PR
6 A student needs to identify a sample of an unknown liquid.
She decides to do this by finding the density of the liquid.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(a) Describe how the student should measure the mass of the liquid.
(2)

Place and measure the mass of empty container on a balance

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Then, measure the mass after adding the liquid. Then, find the difference
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

which is the mass of the liquid.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Describe how the student should use a measuring cylinder to obtain an accurate
measurement of the liquid’s volume.
(2)

Place the measuring cylinder on a horizontal surface

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE I
Then, take reading from the bottom of meniscus and look from eye level
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

to avoid parallax error.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2020 Jan P-1PR
8 A scientist investigates different samples of rock.
(a) The scientist wants to calculate the density of a rock sample.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

She needs to measure the mass and the volume of the rock.
Describe how to obtain accurate measurements of the mass and the volume of the rock.
You may draw a diagram to support your answer.
(5)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
Use a balance to measure the mass first
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

because a wet rockweighs more

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Use the displacement method to measure volume

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Make sure the rockis fullysubmerged in the water in the measuring cylinder
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Avoid parallax error bytaking values at eye level

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Make sure no water splashes out

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
*P62042A01628*
9 A deioniser is a device used in rooms where workers build sensitive electronic circuits.
The deioniser contains a small block of polonium-210.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(a) (i) Complete the equation that shows the alpha decay of polonium-210 into lead-206.
(2)

210 206
84 Po → 82 Pb + α

(ii) The alpha particle ionises air molecules in the room.

2020 Jan P-1PR
State what is meant by the term ionisation.
(1)

Removal of electrons from an atom

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Explain why workers in the same room as the deioniser are not at risk from the
alpha radiation it emits.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

18
*P62042A01828*
 2019 June P-1P

Factors that affect thinking distance include: -tiredness of driver

-age of driver

-alcohol consumption

-distraction of driver
Factors that affect braking distance include: -condition of brakes and tyres
-condition of road

-slope of road
 2019 June P-1P

Use the variable resistor to varythe current

Use the ammeter to measure current and the voltmeter to measure the voltage

Repeat and find average for reliability

Plot a graph ofcurrent against voltage

Switch offcurrent between readings

 2019 June P-1P

A change in direction of a wave when it changes medium

(in speed
in wavelength)
 2019 June P-1P

W hen the angle ofrefraction is 90, the light is refracted along the boundary.
 2019 June P-1P

to absorb neutrons

to slow down neutrons

concrete (or lead)

provides material for fusion uranium

 2019 June P-1P

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different

number of neutrons

Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two daughter nuclei

Fusion is the joining together of two small nuclei to form a large nucleus

In the stars

Nuclei move too slowly at low temperatures and nuclei collide less often at

low pressures. Nuclei repel each other (due to electrostatic repulsion of protons )

so they cannot get close enough to undergo fusion.

 2019 June P-1P

Before the dough is dropped , it has energy in its gravitational store and no energy

in its kinetic store.

As it drops, energy in its gravitational store is transferred mechanically to its kinetic store
Just before it hits the floor, there is more energy in its kinetic store and less in its

gravitational store.

After it has hit the floor, the thermal and elastic store of the dough has increased

and the kinetic store becomes zero.

The thermal store of the surroundings has increased.

Energy has been transferred to the surroundings by radiation.

 2019 June P-1PR
2 Some of the energy stored in the nuclei of atoms can be used to generate electricity.
(a) A nuclear fission power station generates electricity.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(i) State the role of the moderator in a nuclear fission power station.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Some of the daughter nuclei produced in nuclear fission are highly radioactive
and emit high energy neutrons when they decay.
Explain which feature of a nuclear fission reactor reduces the risks from these
high energy neutrons.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) The daughter nuclei can cause contamination and irradiation.

2019 June P-1PR

Describe the difference between contamination and irradiation.

(2)

Contamination is when a non-radioactive object comes into contact with a

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

radioactive material
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Irradiation is when radiation is present.

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (b) Nuclear fusion is another process that could be used to generate electricity.
(i) Describe the process of nuclear fusion.
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State where nuclear fusion occurs naturally.

(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2019 June P-1PR

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(iii) Generating electricity from nuclear fusion is very difficult as the conditions
needed are hard to achieve and maintain.
Explain the conditions required for nuclear fusion.
(3)

Very high temperature is required to increase the kinetic energy of nuclei

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Very high pressure is needed because nuclei need to be close enough to collide
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

since nuclei repel each other (due to electrostatic repulsion of protons)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 11 marks)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

7
*P60184A0736* Turn over
Astrophysics

BLANK PAGE
 A star'
s colour is related to its surface temperature

Note!All questions regarding stellar evolution are answered purely based on my

understandings (which isn't that great :)). Therefore, there may be some mistakes
here and there.
Pls let me know of any mistakes and I' ll gladly fixthem.

Oh and I'm still not sure which

one to use.
But to be safe rather than BLANK PAGE
sorry, my advice would be to
just choose the one below.
Do correct me if I'm mistaken.
(I thinkedexcel does accept
flow diagrams but Im not
completely sure )
 2023 Jan P-1P
(b) Discuss the evolution of the stars Rigel and Sirius.
(6)
Both stars began as a giant cloud of dust and hydrogen gas known as nebula
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

then, became protostars. W hen nuclear fusion begins in its core, they are
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

main sequence stars.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

After this stage, since Sirius is a low mass star, it will become a red giant and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

eventually become a white dwarf

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Since Rigel is a high mass star, it will become a red supergiant, then explode
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

in a supernova to become a neutron star.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 8 = 8 marks)

 (d) Describe the evolution of the Sun from the first stage of its evolution to the final
stage of its evolution. 2023 Jan P-1PR
(4)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 12 marks)

 (b) A star has a much larger mass than the Sun.
2022 June P-1PR
Describe the evolution of this star after it has left the main sequence.
(3)

After leaving the main sequence, it expands and becomes a red supergiant
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eventually the core collapses and the star explodes as a supernova

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

At the centre of this explosion, a neutron star or if the star is really massive,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a blackhole is left behind.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2022 Jan P-1PR
(b) The life cycle of a star begins in a nebula.
Describe how a main sequence star is formed from a nebula.
(3)
The nebula is a giant cloud of hydrogen gas and dust.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The force of gravity within a nebula causes the cloud to collapse

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The temperature of the cloud increases, creating a protostar.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Once it becomes hot enough, nuclear fusion occurs within its core and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

thereby a main sequence star is created.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Describe how a main sequence star becomes a white dwarf.

(4)
Once the hydrogen fusion reactions in the core stop, the core shrinks and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

collapses .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The temperature of the core increases.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Helium fusion begins around the core and the star expands to become a red
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

giant.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

During this phase, surface temperature of a star decreases

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eventually, the helium fusion stops and the core collapses

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The rest of the star is released as a planetary nebula

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A white dwarf is formed.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2020 June P-1P
3 This question is about stars.
(a) Describe the stages in the evolution of a star similar in mass to the Sun.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(4)
It starts from a giant cloud of hydrogen gas and dust known as a nebula.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Force of gravity pulls particles together to form a protostar.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Once fusion reactions begin, the protostar becomes a main sequence star.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eventually it becomes a red giant once fusion reactions stop and restart
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

again. Then, it eventually becomes a white dwarf.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

W hen the white dwarf cools down, it becomes a blackdwarf.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (b) Describe how a star is formed in a nebula. 2020 June P-1PR
(2)
The gas particles attract each other and causes the cloud of gas to collapse.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The temperature of the gas increases high enough for nuclear fusion to start
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Rigel is a main sequence star.

A star joins the main sequence when nuclear fusion of hydrogen starts in its core.
Describe the process of nuclear fusion in a star.
(3)
Fusion is when two small nuclei j
oin together to form a large nucleus, during
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

which energy is released that keeps the core of star hot.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS A

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2020 Jan P-1PR
4 Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star.
Betelgeuse has a mass that is much larger than the Sun.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Describe the evolution of Betelgeuse through its entire life cycle.
(5)
nebula protostar main sequence red supergiant

supernova

Neutron star (or)blackhole

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

It starts as a giant cloud of hydrogen gas and dust known as a nebula.

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Force of gravity then pulls the particles together, increasing the density
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

to form a protostar.
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

W hen temperature reaches high enough, fusion begins and it becomes a

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

main sequence star.

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eventually fusion stops and restarts again, causing the star to expand and
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

it becomes a red supergiant.

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Eventually the star collapses (contracts rapidly)and explodes as a supernova
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

leaving behind a neutron star (or a blackhole)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 5 marks)

10
*P62042A01028*