Chapter 3

Basic FEA analysis

• Pascal triangle
• Shape functions
• Stiffness matrix and its properties
• Elimination approach
• Penalty approach
• Thermal effect based practical engineering problems.
FEM – Assembly of Global stiffness matrix.
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Analysis run / Solve:

• Formulation of element stiffness matrices

• Assembly of global stiffness matrix [K]
• formulation of load vector {F}
• Solution of [K]{u}={F} to get nodal displacements {u}
• (Solution of [K] – λ[M] in case of dynamic analysis)
• (Solution of [K] – λ[Kg] in case of buckling analysis)
• Calculation of elemental stresses

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Postprocessing / View results:

• View results (displacements, stresses, mode shapes, etc.)

• Interpret and validate results
• If required, re-formulate, and re-analysis

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Condition for selection of displacement model:
 Pascal Triangle
• Geometric invariance means for the selected interpolation model, the element displacement pattern
or shape should not change with a change in local coordinate system.
• That is, for the selected order of the polynomial interpolation model, the element displacement
variation should be independent of local co ordinate system.
• Geometric invariance is also known as the geometric isotropy or partial isotropy. This can be
achieved if polynomial is balanced in case all terms cannot be completed. This balanced‘
representation can be achieved with the help of Pascal triangle.
• Also, the components of the displacement function are assumed to be complete polynomial which
is taken care by Pascal Triangle.
• It helps to include appropriate number of terms in the displacement model. It also gives an idea
about the number of nodes required for completeness of the selected polynomial.
• Thus, Pascal triangle is a balanced graphical representation of the polynomial interpolation model
or displacement functions.
Pascal Triangle 2D
Pascal Triangle 3D
Pascal Triangle
Shape Functions
Where, N1 and N2 are shape functions, and u1 and u2 are
nodal displacements.
Thank You