Properties of

Steel
Structural Steel

• Refers to a number of steels that, because

of their economy and desirable mechanical
properties, are suitable for load – carrying
members in structures.
 Recall the
Stress – Strain
Curve for Ductile
Materials
 Maximum Yield Point
Stress (f)
Lower Yield Point
Upper Yield Point

Elastic Limit
Fracture Point

Proportional Limit

 
E=
The relationship between
stress and strain is linear
O  
Strain (
up to the proportional Elastic Plastic Strain Necking and
limit; the material is said Hardening Failure
to follow Hooke’s law
 Properties of Steel
1. Yield Stress, Fy
• unit tensile stress at
which the stress – strain
curve exhibits a well – The proportional
defines increase in strain limit, elastic limit, and the upper and
lower yield points are all very close to
(deformation) without an one another
increase in stress and are treated as a single point called
the yield point, defined by the stress Fy.
 Properties of Steel
2. Tensile Strength, Fu
• unit stress that the
material achieves in a
tension test.
The other point of interest to the structural engineer is the maximum
value of stress that can be attained, called the ultimate tensile strength,
Fu
 Properties of Steel
3. Modulus of Elasticity, E
• the slope of the initial
straight – line portion of the
stress – strain diagram. It is
usually taken as 200, 000
Mpa for design calculation
for all structural steel.
 Properties of Steel
4. Ductility
• the ability of the material to Ductility can be measured by
undergo large inelastic deformations
without fracture. the elongation, defined as:
 Properties of Steel
5. Toughness
• the ability of the
material to absorb
energy and is
characterized by the
area under a stress –
strain curve.
Properties of Steel
6. Weldability
• the ability of steel to be welded without
charging its basic mechanical properties.
 Properties of Steel
6. Malleability
• the ability of a
material to be reshaped
in all directions without
cracking
 Properties of Steel
6. Hardness
• the ability of a material to
resist scratching, wear and
tear and indentation
 Properties of Steel
6. Conductivity
• the ability of a
material to conduct
electricity
 Properties of Steel
7. Poisson’s ratio
• the ratio of the transverse
strain to longitudinal strain.
Poisson’s ratio is essentially
the same for all structural
steels and has a value of
0.3 in the elastic range.
 Properties of Steel

8. Shear Modulus/ Modulus

of Rigidity
• the ratio of the shearing
stress to shearing strain
during the initial elastic
behaviour.
Table 1 – 1 : Typical Properties of A36 Steel
Modulus of elasticity, E 200,000 MPa
Yield
Yield Strength,
Strength, Fy
Fy 248
248 MPa
MPa
Tensile
Tensile Strength,
Strength, Fu
Fu 400
400 MPa
MPa
Endurance Strength 207 MPa
Endurance Strength 207 MPa
Density, 7780 kg/
Poisson’ ratio, 0.3
Shear Modulus, G 0.3
77,200 MPa
Shear Modulus,
Coefficient G
of thermal expansion, 77,200 MPa
11.7 x
 Structural Shapes
Shape Designation
Wide Flange Beam W
American Standard beam S
Bearing Piles HP
Miscellaneous (those that cannot be classified as W, S or HP) M
Channel C
Angle L
Structural Tee (cut from W or S or M) WT or ST
Structural tubing TS
Pipe Pipe
Plate PL
Bar bar

E.g. W 40 x 436 refers to W – shape with an over all depth of approximately 40 inches that weight 436 lb/ft
 Types of Construction
Type 1. Rigid Frame (Continuous
Frame), assumes that beam – column
connections have sufficient rigidity to
hold virtually unchanged the original
angles between intersecting
members.
Also called moment frame systems. It
is an unbraced system, that is capable
of resisting both vertical and lateral
loads by the bending of beams and
columns.
 Types of Construction

Type 2. Simple Framing

(unrestrained, free – ended), assumes
that, in so far as gravity loading is
concerned, ends of beams and girders
are connected for shear only and are
free to rotate under gravity load.
 Types of Construction

Type 3. Semi – rigid framing

(partially restrained), assumes that
the connections of beams and girders
possess a dependable and known
moment capacity intermediate in
degree between the rigidity of Type 1
and flexibility of Type 2.
Load and Stresses
1. Dead Load and Live Load
The dead load to be assumed in design consists of
weight of steelwork and all material permanently
fastened or supported by it.
The live load must be that stipulated by the
applicable code under which the structure is being
designed or that dictated by the conditions involved.
Load and Stresses
2. Impact Loads
For structures carrying live loads which induce impact, the
assumed live load must be increased sufficiently by the
percentages provided in Table 1 – 3.
Table 1 – 3 : Impact Loading Factors
Supports for: Live Load increase
Elevators 100%
Cab – operated travelling crane support girders and their connections 25%
Pendant – operated traveling crane support girders and their connections 10%
Light machinery, shaft or motor driven 20%
Reciprocating machinery or power driven units 50%
Hangers supporting floors and balconies 33%
 Light machinery, shaft or motor driven Reciprocating machinery or power driven
units
Pendant – operated traveling crane
support girders and their connections

Cab – operated travelling crane support

girders and their connections Hangers supporting floors and balconies
 Load and Stresses
3. Wind and Seismic Stresses
Allowable stresses may be increased 1/3 above the values
otherwise provided when produced by wind or seismic
loading, acting alone or in combination with the design dead
and live loads, provided the required section computed on
this basis is not less than that required for the design dead
and live load and impact (if any) computed without the 1/3
stress increase, and further provided that stresses are not
otherwise required to be calculated on the basis of reduction
factors applied to design loads in combinations.
A structure may be subjected to different combinations of
Loads.
• As per IS: 800, the permissible stresses is taken as follows;
When the effect of wind or seismic load is taken in to account,
the permissible stresses in steel are increased by 33 1/3 %.

Allowable bending Stresses , Fb

= 0.67 Fy
0.33 is kept as the safety of factor for
unforeseen loading.
Properties of Areas
• Centroid of an Area
The centroid of an area is analogous to the center of
gravity of a homogenous body. It is often descried as
the point at which a thin homogenous plate would
balance.
Properties of Areas
• Location of the centroid of an area bounded by
the x and y – axes and the function y = f(x) can
be found by integration using the following
equatios:
 
=
 
=
Properties of Areas
• Centroid of a
complex area
 Properties of Areas
• Center of Gravity of Flat Plates
 
The center of gravity of
flat plate consisting of
sub plates having
weights of , , and so on
is:
 Properties of Areas
• Moment of Inertia (Second Moment of Area)
It measures the ability of the beam to resist bending.
The moment of inertia about the x – and y – axes and
the function y = f(x) can be found by integration using
the following equations.
Properties of Areas
• Transfer Formula for Moment of Inertia (Parallel
axis Theorem)
Properties of Areas
• Polar Moment of Inertia, J
It measures the ability of the area to rests torsion
or twisting.
Properties of Areas
• Radius of Gyration –radial distance of a point to the
axis of rotation
An imaginary distance from the centroidal axis at
which the entire area can be assumed to exist without
affecting the moment of inertia.
With reference to the plane area in
the Figure as shown, determine the
following.
1. The area of the plane in sq. mm
2. the x – coordinate of the centroid.
3. The y – coordinate of the centroid.
4. Moment of Inertia at the x –a xis
5. Moment of Inertia at the centroidal
axis.
6. Determine the radius of gyration
7. Determine the section modulus
The composite section shown in the Figure is made up of C 15 x 50
and W 21 x83. Determine the properties of the composite section
Determine the properties of the double angle in the Figure. The section is
made of 2 L150 x 90 x 12 with long legs back to back and spacing s= 6mm
A tee Section is made up of 300mm x
150 mm flange and a 30 mm x 160mm
web. Determine the properties of the
section.
Locate the Centroid of the Shaded Area
For the shaded area
shown in the Figure,
determine the following:
a. The area of the shaded
portion in square mm
B. The x – coordinate of
the of the centroid in mm
C. The y – coordinate of
the centroid in mm.
Properties of Areas
Properties of Areas
Properties of Areas
For the angular section shown, determine the
following:
1. the location of centroid from the X and Y –
axes
2. the centroidal moments of inertia Igx and Igy
3. the moments of inertia Ix and Iy
4. the products of inertia Ixy and (Ixy)G
5. the polar moment of inertia Jg and Jo
6. the maximum and minimum moments of
inertia about the axes and its rotation through
O.
7. the moment of inertia about and axis
through O making an angle of 20 degrees with
the horizontal.