ANALYSIS FOR EXTERNAL

REACTIONS AND INTERNAL

STRESS RESULTANTS OF
STATICALLY DETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
CABLES AND ARCHES
Cables are often used in engineering
structures for support and to transmit loads
from one member to another.
• When used to support suspension roofs, bridges,
and trolley wheels, cables form the main load-
carrying element in the structure.
• In the force analysis of such systems, the weight of
the cable itself may be neglected; however, when
cables are used as guys for radio antennas,
electrical transmission lines, and derricks, the
cable weight may become important and must be
included in the structural analysis.
CABLES AND ARCHES
Two cases will be considered in the
sections that follow:
a cable subjected to concentrated loads
and
a cable subjected to a distributed load.
Provided these loadings are coplanar with
the cable, the requirements for
equilibrium are formulated in an identical
manner.
Cable Subjected to
Concentrated Loads
Cable Subjected to a
Uniform Distributed
Load
Illustrative Example 15.
Determine the tension in each segment
of the cable shown in the figure. Also,
what is the dimension h?
 @ Joint D

Ax
Dx

𝐶
𝑇𝐷 
2.5 2
1.5
Ay
Dx Dy

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
 
𝐶
𝑇𝐷 

+
𝐷
𝑇𝐶 

  = 2
𝐷 𝑦 𝑇
Dy 2.5 𝑐𝐷
+
∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0
 

  =
𝐷 𝑥
1.5
𝑇
2.5 𝑐𝐷
Illustrative Example 15.

𝑀
∑ 𝐴 1.5 2
 
=0  𝐷 ( 2 ) + 𝐷 ( 5.5 ) −8 ( 4 ) −3(2)

+
𝑥 𝑦
  𝑇 (2)+ 𝑇 ( 5.5 ) − 8 ( 4 ) − 3(2)
2.5 𝑐𝐷 2.5 𝑐𝐷
  = 1.5 𝑇
𝐷
Dx𝑥
2.5 𝑐𝐷 𝑇  𝑐𝐷=6.7857 𝑘𝑁

  Dy 2
𝐷 𝑦= 𝑇
2.5 𝑐𝐷
 Illustrative Example 15.
𝑇  𝑐𝐷=6.7857 𝑘𝑁

𝐷
@ Joint C

𝑇𝐶 
2.5
2
𝜃  1.5

Ax
2
∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
   
𝑇 𝐵𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑇 −8=0
2.5 𝑐𝐷

+
  2
Ay
Dx
( )
𝑇 𝐶𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+
2.5
(6.7857) −8=0

1.5
𝐶

∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0
𝑇𝐷 

   
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ (
2.5 )
+ −𝑇 𝐶𝐵 (6.7857)− 8=0
𝐷
𝑇𝐶 

Dy
𝑇  𝐶𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃=4.0714
 
 Illustrative Example 15.
@ Joint C
𝑇  𝑐𝐷=6.7857 𝑘𝑁

𝐷
𝑇𝐶 
2.5
2
𝜃  1.5

Ax
  2
𝑇 𝐶𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ ( ) 2.5
(6.7857) −8=0

Ay  

Dx  4.0714 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ ( ) 2.5
(6.7857)−8=0
𝐶
𝑇𝐷 
𝐷
𝑇𝐶 

 4.0714 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=2.5714

Dy 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝜃=32.2755°
 
  𝑇  𝐶𝐵 =4.0714 /𝑐𝑜𝑠32.2755 °
𝑇  𝐶𝐵 =4.8154 𝑘𝑁
 Illustrative Example 15.
𝑇  𝑐𝐷=6.7857 𝑘𝑁
@ Joint B
𝛽  𝑇  𝐶𝐵 =4.8154 𝑘𝑁
𝜃  𝜃=32.2755°
 
Ax

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
 
 𝑇 𝐵𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 − 𝑇 𝐵𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −3=0

+
𝑇  𝐵𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 −(4.8154)𝑠𝑖𝑛 32.2755− 3=0
 𝑇 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑇 𝐵𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =0
Ay 𝑇𝐷 
𝐶
Dx
+
∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0
 
𝑇
  𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 −(4.8154) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 32.2755=0
 
𝐷
𝑇𝐶 

𝑇  𝐵𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 −( 4.8154) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 32.2755− 3=0

Dy  4.0714 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 −(4.8154 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 32.2755 −3=0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
𝛽=53.8418
  °
  𝑇
  𝐵𝐴 =6.9005 𝑘𝑁
 Illustrative Example 15.
𝑇  𝑐𝐷=6.7857 𝑘𝑁 𝜃=32.2755°
 
𝑇  𝐶𝐵 =4.8154 𝑘𝑁 𝛽=53.8418
  °
𝑇
  𝐵𝐴 =6.9005 𝑘𝑁 h=2.7368
  𝑚
Ax Ax
  h
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝛽=
2
  h
Ay Ay 𝑇𝑎𝑛 53.8418=
2
Dx
𝛽=53.8418 ° h=2.7368
  𝑚
𝐶

 
𝑇𝐷 
𝐷
𝑇𝐶 

Dy
Illustrative Example 16.
Determine the tension in each
cable segment and the distance yD
 Illustrative Example 16.

@ Joint A

Ax
Ax 7
∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
   
𝐴 𝑦 =𝑇 𝐴𝐵 ( )

+
7 √  65 √ 65

Ay
Dx Ay 4 +
∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0
   
𝐴 𝑋 =𝑇 𝐴𝐵 (
4
√ 65
)

∑ 𝑀 𝐷7=0
 
𝑇𝐷 
 𝐴 𝑦 ( 12 ) −
𝐴 𝑥 ( 𝑦 𝐷 ) −2 ( 8 ) −4 (3)

+
Dy   4
 𝐸𝑞 . 1𝑇 𝐴𝐵 ( √ 65 ) 12 +𝑇 𝐴𝐵 ( √ 65 ) ( 𝑦 𝐷 ) −8 4 − 3(2)
( ) ( )
𝐷
𝑇𝐶 
 Illustrative Example 16.
 𝐸𝑞 . 1
  7 4
𝑇 𝐴𝐵 ( ) ( 12 ) +𝑇 𝐴𝐵 ( ) ( 𝑦 𝐷 ) −8 ( 4 ) − 3(2)
√ 65 √ 65
𝑇  𝐴𝐵 =2.9860 𝑘𝑁 @ Joint B
 𝑦 𝐷 =2.0999 𝑚
Ax 7 √  65
4

√ 29
2 
5
Dx
Ay
7 2
∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
   
( ) ( )
𝑇 𝐴𝐵 −𝑇 𝐵 𝐶 −2=0

+
𝐶
𝑇𝐷 
√ 65 √ 29
Dy 4 56
+
∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0
   
−𝑇
( √ 65 ) ( √29 )=0
+𝑇
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
𝐷
𝑇𝐶 

𝐵𝑦
  𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑡h𝑜𝑑
𝑇  𝐴𝐵 =2.9860 𝑘𝑁
𝑇  𝐵𝐶 =1.5956 𝑘𝑁
 Illustrative Example 16.
𝑇  𝐴𝐵 =2.9860 𝑘𝑁
 𝑦 𝐷 =2.0999 𝑚
@ Joint C
𝑇  𝐵𝐶 =1.5956 𝑘𝑁
𝑇  𝐶𝐷 =3.7155 𝑘𝑁

𝐷
Ax

𝑇𝐶 
0
24
7.5
6.9
√ 29
2 
3
5

Dx
Ay
2 6.9
∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
   
( ) ( )
𝑇 𝐶𝐵 +𝑇 𝐶𝐷 − 4=0

+
𝐶
𝑇𝐷 
√ 29 7.5240
Dy 5 3
+
∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0
   
−𝑇
( √ 29 ) 7.5240 )=0
𝐶𝐵 +𝑇 ( 𝐶𝐷
𝐷
𝑇𝐶 

𝑇  𝐶𝐷 =3.7155 𝑘𝑁
Illustrative Example 17.
Determine the maximum and
minimum tension in the cable.
 Illustrative Example 17.
160   160
 
sin 21.8014 ° = tan 21.8014 ° =
𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝑐

 = 430.8132 kN  𝑇 𝐶 =400 kN
 = 430.8132 kN  𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =400 kN

 =16(10)=160   2
tan 𝜃=
5
2  𝑚
𝜃¿21.8014°
 
5  𝑚
Illustrative Example 18.
The cable in the figure below supports a
girder which weighs 850 lb/ft.
Determine the tension in the cable at
points A, B, and C.
 Illustrative Example 18.
49791.81   49791.81
 
sin 53.782°= tan 53.782°=¿ ¿
𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝐵

𝑇
  𝐴 =61717.4 N 𝑇
  𝐵=36466.3 N

W
 
=850(58.5786)
  = 49791.81
  𝜃= 40
tan
58.5786
2
𝜃  ¿53.782°
 𝑥1 = 𝑥  𝑥2 =100 − 𝑥
 𝑥1 =58.5786
 40 = 20
2  𝑥 =𝑥=58.5786
(100 − 𝑥 ) 1
2
𝑥
 𝑥2 =100 − 𝑥=41.4214
 Illustrative Example 18.
  35208.19   35208.19 𝑇
  𝐴 =61717.4 N
sin 44 °= tan 44 °=¿ ¿
𝑇𝑐 𝑇𝐵  = 61717.4N
𝑇
  𝑐 =50684.2 N 𝑇
  𝐵=36459.2 N
𝑇
  𝑚𝑖𝑛 =36459.2 N
 
=850(41.4214)
W   = 35208.19

  𝜃= 20
tan
41.4214
2

 𝜃 ¿ 44 °

 𝑥1 = 𝑥  𝑥2 =100 − 𝑥

 𝑥2 =41.4214
 40 = 20
2  𝑥 =𝑥=58.5786
(100 − 𝑥 ) 1
2
𝑥
 𝑥2 =100 − 𝑥=41.4214
Illustrative Example 19.
The suspension bridge in the figure is constructed using
the two stiffening trusses that are pin connected at their
ends C and supported by a pin at A and a rocker at B.
Determine the maximum tension in the cable IH. The
cable has a parabolic shape and the bridge is subjected
to the single load of 50 kN.
 Illustrative Example 19.

∑ 𝑀 𝐵=0
 

+
 𝐴 𝑦 ( 24 )+ 𝐼 𝑦 ( 24 ) −50 ( 9 ) − 𝐼 𝑥 ( 12 ) + 𝐻 𝑥 ( 12 )
 𝐴 𝑦 + 𝐼 𝑦 =18.75 Iy
Iy Hy
Hx Ix
Ix
 𝐻 𝑥 =𝐼 𝑥 Ix
Hx Ix

Ax
Ay
Ax Ay
𝑀
∑ 𝐶
By  
=0
+
  =0
  ¿ ¿ 𝑦+𝐼 𝑦 ) ( 12 ) − 𝐼 𝑥 ( 8 )=0 ¿
(𝐴
(18.75)
  ( 12 ) − 𝐼 𝑥 ( 8 )=0
 𝐼 𝑥 =28.125
 Illustrative Example 19.

 𝐼 𝑥 =28.125
Iy Hy
Ix
Hx
Ix Ɵ
 𝐻 𝑥 =𝐼 𝑥 6
  8
Hx Ix tan 𝜃=
6
𝜃¿53.1301°
 

  28.128
Ax cos𝜃=
Ay By 𝑇𝐼
𝑇  𝐼 =46.88 kN
Illustrative Example 20
The trusses are pin connected and suspended from the parabolic
cable.

1. Find the Tension of the Cable at D.

2. Determine the equivalent horizontal uniform
distributed load that the cable can support.
3. Determine the maximum force in the cable when
the structure is subjected to the loading shown.
 Illustrative Example 20
∑ 𝑀 𝐶 =0
 

+
𝐴
  𝑦 ( 96 )+ 𝐷 𝑦 ( 96 ) − 5 ( 72 ) − 4 (24)− 𝐷𝑥 (36 ) +𝐸 𝑥 ( 36 )
 𝐴 𝑦 +𝐷 𝑦 =4.75 Ey Dy
Dy
Dx
Ex Dx
Dx  𝐸 𝑥 =𝐷 𝑥
Ex Dx

Ax

∑ 𝑀 𝐵=0
  Ay

+
Ax   =0
  ¿ ¿ 𝑦 +𝐷 𝑦 ) ( 48 ) − 120− 𝐸 𝑥 ( 14 )=0 ¿
(𝐴
Cy
Ay (4.75)
  ( 48 ) −120 − 𝐸 𝑥 (14 )=0
 𝐸 𝑥 =7.71 𝑘𝑁
 Illustrative Example 20
W=48w

 𝐸 𝑥 =7.71 𝑘𝑁
Dy Ey
Ex
Ex
Dx  𝐸 𝑥 =𝐷 𝑥
Ex Dx

Ɵ
24
  𝜃= 14
tan
24
Ax
𝜃¿30.2564°
 
  7.71
cos 𝜃=
Cy 𝑇𝐷
Ay
𝑇
  𝐷 =8.9259 kN
CABLES AND ARCHES
Arches
Like cables, arches can be used to reduce
the bending moments in long-span structures.
Essentially, an arch acts as an inverted cable, so
it receives its load mainly in compression
although, because of its rigidity, it must also
resist some bending and shear depending upon
how it is loaded and shaped.
CABLES AND ARCHES
Arches
In particular, if the arch has a parabolic
shape and it is subjected to a uniform
horizontally distributed vertical load, then from
the analysis of cables it follows that only
compressive forces will be resisted by the arch.
Under these conditions the arch shape is called
a funicular arch because no bending or shear
forces occur within the arch.
 Types of arches
• A fixed arch, is often made from reinforced
concrete. Although it may require less
material to construct than other types of
arches, it must have solid foundation
abutments since it is indeterminate to the
third degree and, consequently, additional
stresses can be introduced into the arch due
to relative settlement of its supports.
 Types of arches
• A two-hinged arch, is commonly made from
metal or timber. It is indeterminate to the first
degree, and although it is not as rigid as a
fixed arch, it is somewhat insensitive to
settlement.
• We could make this structure statically determinate
by replacing one of the hinges with a roller. Doing
so, however, would remove the capacity of the
structure to resist bending along its span, and as a
result it would serve as a curved beam, and not as
an arch.
 Types of arches
• A three-hinged arch, which is also made from
metal or timber, is statically determinate. Unlike
statically indeterminate arches, it is not affected
by settlement or temperature changes.
• Finally, if two and three-hinged arches are to be
constructed without the need for larger
foundation abutments and if clearance is not a
problem, then the supports can be connected
with a tie rod.
Types of arches
• A tied arch allows the structure
to behave as a rigid unit, since
the tie rod carries the horizontal
component of thrust at the
supports. It is also unaffected by
relative settlement of the
supports.
 Three-Hinged Arch
• To provide some insight as to how arches
transmit loads, we will now consider the
analysis of a three-hinged arch such as the
one shown in the following figures.
Illustrative Example 22.
Determine the horizontal and vertical
components of reaction at A, B, and C of the
three-hinged arch. Assume A, B, and C are pin
connected
 Illustrative Example 22.

∑ 𝑀 𝐴=0
 
∑ 𝑀 𝐶 =0
 

+
+
  𝑥 ( 5 ) +𝐵 𝑦 ( 11 ) − 4 ( 4 )=0  𝐸𝑞 . 1
𝐵   𝑥 ( 10 ) − 𝐵 𝑦 ( 15 ) −3 ( 8 )=0  𝐸𝑞 . 2
𝐵

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
  +
∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0
   
 𝐴 𝑋 =2.7243 𝑘
By using Elimination/ Substitution Method
+

By
𝐵
  𝑥 =2.7243 𝑘
 𝐴 𝑦 + 𝐵 𝑦 =4 𝐵  𝑦 =0.2162 𝑘
 𝐴 𝑦 =2.7243 𝑘
Bx
∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
 

+
Ax By 𝐵
  𝑦 =𝐶 𝑦
𝐶
  𝑦 =0.2162 𝑘
Ay

Cy
Illustrative Example 23.
The tied three-hinged arch is subjected to the
loading shown. Determine the components of
reaction at A and C, and the tension in the rod