Welded Connections;

 BasicProcess;
• processofjoiningmetalpiecesbyheatingthemtoasuitabletemperaturetoproducea
plasticorfluidstatesuchthatthematerialscoalesceintoonematerial
• heatingmetaltofusiontemperaturewithorwithoutadditionofweldmetals
 Weldabilityof StructuralSteel;
• measureoftheeaseofproducingacrack–freeandsoundstructuraljoint
Welded Connections;
 ForgeWelding;
• consistsofsimplyheatingthepiecesabovecertaintemperatureandhammeringthem
together
 ResistanceWelding;
• metalpartsarejoinedbymeansofheatandpressurewhichcausesfusionofparts
• heat is generated by electrical resistance to a current of high amperage and low
voltagepassingthroughsmallareaofcontactbetweenpartstobeconnected
 FusionWelding;
• metalisheatedtofusiontemperaturewithorwithoutadditionofweldmetal
• methodofconnectingpiecesbymoltenmetal
 oxyacetylenewelding
 electricarcwelding
Welded Connections;

 MetalArcWelding;
• ShieldedMetalArcWelding SMAW
• SubmergedArcWelding SAW
 FluxCoredArcWelding FCAW
 Metal–ArcInertGas MIG Welding
 Tungsten–ArcInertGas TIG Welding
Welded Connections;
 FactorsAffectingtheQualityofWeldedConnections;
• obtaining a satisfactory welded connection requires the combination of many
individual skills, beginning with the actual design of the weld and ending with the
weldingoperation
 properelectrodes,weldingapparatusandprocedures
Welded Connections;
 FactorsAffectingtheQualityofWeldedConnections;
• obtaining a satisfactory welded connection requires the combination of many
individual skills, beginning with the actual design of the weld and ending with the
weldingoperation
 properelectrodes,weldingapparatusandprocedures
 properedgepreparation
Welded Connections;
 FactorsAffectingtheQualityofWeldedConnections;
• obtaining a satisfactory welded connection requires the combination of many
individual skills, beginning with the actual design of the weld and ending with the
weldingoperation
 properelectrodes,weldingapparatusandprocedures
 properedgepreparation
 controlofdistortion
Welded Connections;
 PossibleDefectsinWelding;
• unless good techniques and procedures are used, possible defects may result within
theweld.Somecommondefectsare;

 undercut  excessiveconvexity
 porosity  excessiveconcavity
 incompletefusion  excessiveweldreinforcement
 overlap  incompletepenetration
 underfill  excessivepenetration
 spatter  unacceptableweldprofile

overlap
undercut
Welded Connections;

 InspectionandControl;
• since such close supervision is not possible on every weld made, the following items
willserveasaguidelinetoachievegoodstructuralwelds
 establishgoodweldingprocedures
 useonlyprequalifiedwelders
 usequalifiedinspectorsandhavethempresent
 usespecialinspectiontechniqueswhennecessary
Welded Connections;

 Economicsof WeldedBuilt-UpMembersandConnections;
• welded connections offer the designer more freedom to be innovative in his design
concepts as designer is not bound to use standard sections but may use built-up
sectionsdeemedtobemostadvantageous
• welded connections eliminate generally the use of holes in members except possibly
for erection purposes. Since it is usually the holes located at the ends that governs the
design of a bolted tension members, a welded connection will generally results in a
memberwithasmallercross-section
Welded Connections;

 Economicsof WeldedBuilt-UpMembersandConnections;
• welded connections can sometimes reduce field construction costs by the fact that
members may be shifted slightly to accommodate minor errors in fabrication or
erection. Also, members may be shortened by cutting and rejoined by suitable
welding,aswellaslengthenedbysplicingapieceofthesamecross-section
• welded connections are usually neater in appearance, providing a less cluttered effect
incontrasttoboltedconnections
Welded Connections;

 Typesof Joints;
• the type of joint depends on factors
suchassizeandshapeofthemembers
coming into the joint, the type of
loading, the amount of joint area
available and the relative costs for
varioustypesofwelds.
Welded Connections;

 LapJoint;
• lap joint is the most common type of welding process due to its principal advantages,
namely;
 DifferenceinThickness;
 anadvantageoflapjointsistheeaseinwhichplates ofdifferent thickness can
bejoined
 EaseofFitting;
 pieces being joined do not require preciseness in fabricating. The pieces can
be slightly shifted to accommodate minor errors in fabrication or to make
adjustmentsinlength.
 EaseofJoining;
 edges of the pieces being joined does not need special preparation. Lap joints
utilizefilletweldandarethereforeequallywellsuitedtoshoporfieldwelding
• lapjointisfillet–welded
Welded Connections;
 ButtJoint;
• butt joint is used mainly to join the ends of flat plates of the same or nearly the same
thickness
• principal advantage of this type is to eliminate the eccentricity developed in single lap
joints
• when used properly, butt joints minimize the size of a connection and are usually
moreaestheticallypleasingthanbuilt-upjoints
• principal disadvantage lies in the fact that the edges to be connected must usually be
speciallyprepared beveledorgroundflat andverycarefullyalignedpriortowelding
• littleadjustmentispossibleandthepiecesmustbecarefullydetailedandfabricated
• buttjointisgroove–welded
Welded Connections;
 TeeJoints;
• used to fabricate built-up sections such as tees, I-shapes, plate girders, bearing
stiffeners,hangers,bracketsandingeneral,piecesframingatrightangles
 CornerJoints;
• corner joints are used principally to form built-up rectangular box sections such as
thoseusedforcolumnsandforbeamsrequiredtoresisthightorsionalforces
• canbefillet–weldedorgroove–welded
 EdgeJoints;
• edge joints are generally not considered as structural but are most frequently used to
keeptwoormoreplatesinagivenplaneortomaintaininitialalignment
Welded Connections;
 WeldingRods;
• to specify the proper type of welding rod or electrode, design engineer should be
familiar with the electrode numbering system established by the American Welding
Society AWS andtheAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials ASTM asfollows;
Eaaabc
where: E – electrode
aaa – two–orthree–digitnumberspecifyingultimate
tensilestrengthofweldmaterial
b – digitindicatingsuitabilityofweldingposition

1 – suitableforallpositions
2 – suitableforhorizontalfilletsandflatpositioning

c – digitindicatingcurrentsupply

for the design engineer, the information that must be indicated in the design is
whethertheelectrodeisE60,E70orwhatever
Welded Connections;
 WeldingRods;
EXAMPLE: E7018means
Tensilestrength 70ksi
1 meanscanbeusedinallpositions
8 meansitisiron-powder,low-hydrogenelectrodeused
withA.CorD.Cbutonlyinreversepolarity
Welded Connections;
 TypesofWelds;
• weldsareclassifiedaccordingtotheirshapeandmethodofdepositioninto:
 GrooveWeld;
 ismadeinopeningbetweentwopartsbeingjoined
Welded Connections;
 TypesofWelds;
• weldsareclassifiedaccordingtotheirshapeandmethodofdepositioninto:
 FilletWeld;
 triangularinshape,joinssurfaceswhichareatananglewithoneanother
Welded Connections;
 TypesofWelds;

• weldsareclassifiedaccordingtotheirshapeandmethodofdepositioninto:

 PlugWeld;

 madebydepositingweldmetalinacircularholeinoneoftwolappedplaces
Welded Connections;
 TypesofWelds;
• weldsareclassifiedaccordingtotheirshapeandmethodofdepositioninto:
 SlotWeld;
 similartoplugbuttheholeiselongated
Welded Connections;
 ClassificationofWelds;
• Flat ; executedfromabove,weldfaceapproximatelyhorizontal
• Horizontal ; similartoflatweldbutweldishardertomake
• Vertical ; longitudinalaxisofweldisvertical
• Overhead ; weldingisdonefromundersideofthejoint
Welded Connections;
 NomenclatureofWelds;
• thepartofweldassumedtobeeffectiveintransferringstressis “throat”
• facesofweldincontactwith thepartsjoinediscalledits “legs”
• forequal–leggedfilletweldthroatis “0.707s”,wheresislegsize
Welded Connections;

 StandardWeldingSymbols
• FilletWeld
Welded Connections;

 StandardWeldingSymbols
• GrooveWeld
Welded Connections;

 StandardWeldingSymbols
• PlugandSlotWeld
Welded Connections;

 StressesinWelds
• welds may be stressed in tension, compression, shear, or a combination of tension,
compression and shear, depending upon the direction and position of load relative to
weld
• loadinfigureisresistedbyshearingforceonthethroatofeachfilletweld
• customary to take the force on a fillet weld as a shear on the throat irrespective of the
directionofloadrelativetothroat
• tests have shown that a fillet weld transverse to the load is much stronger than a fillet
weldofsamesizeparalleltotheload
Welded Connections;

 StressesinWelds
• loadsharingbetweenlongitudinalandtransversefilletweldsdepend eitheron:
 proportionaltotheirlengthifweldsareofsamesize
 proportionaltotheareafordifferentsizeweld
Welded Connections;

 StressesinWelds
• any abrupt discontinuity or change in section of member such as notch or a sharp
reentrantcorner,interruptsthetransmissionofstressalongsmoothlines
 jointiselongatedindirectionofloadtoproduceamoreuniformtransferofstress
 these concentrations are of no consequence for static loads, but they are
significantwherefatigueisinvolved
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• GrooveWelds;
 EffectiveArea;

 effectiveareaofagrooveweldshallbeconsideredastheeffectivelengthofthe
weldtimestheeffectivethroatthickness
 effectivelengthofagrooveweldshallbethewidthofthepartsjoined
 effective throat thickness of a complete penetration groove weld shall be the
thicknessofthethinnerpartjoined
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• GrooveWelds;
 EffectiveArea;
 effective throat thickness of a partial penetration groove weld shall be as
showninTable510-1
 effective thickness of a partial penetration groove weld shall be as shown in
Table510-1

Effective Throat Thickness of Partial Penetration Groove Welds

Included Angle at Root of Effective Throat
Welding Process Welding Position
Groove Thickness
Shielded Metal Arc
J or U joint
Submerged Arc
depth of chamfer
Bevel or
Gas Metal Arc all
V joint 600
Bevel or depth of chamfer minus
Flux Cored Arc
450 V joint 600 3.0 mm
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• GrooveWelds;
 EffectiveArea;
 effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld when flush to the surface of
thebaror90o bendinaformedsectionshallbeasshowninTable510-2
 larger effective throat thickness than those in Table 510-2 are permitted,
provided that such larger effective throat thickness could be consistently
provided

Effective Throat Thickness of Flare Groove Welds

Type of Weld Radius R of Bar or Bend Effective Throat Thickness

Flare bevel groove all 5/16 R

Flare V-groove all 1/2 Ra

a use 3/8 R for Gas Metal Arc Welding exceptshort circuiting transfer process whenR 12 mm
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• GrooveWelds;
 EffectiveArea;
 minimum effective thickness of a partial penetration groove weld shall be as
showninTable510-3

Minimum Effective Throat Thickness of Partial Penetration Groove Welds

Material Thickness of Thicker Part Joined Minimum Effective Throat Thickness
mm mm
to 6 inclusive 3
over 6 to 12 5
over 12 to 20 6
over 20 to 38 8
over 38 to 57 10
over 57 to 150 12
over 150 16
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• GrooveWelds;
 EffectiveArea;
 minimum effective throat thickness is determined by the thicker of the two
parts joined, except the weld size need not exceed thickness of thinnest part
joined
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• FilletWelds;
 EffectiveArea;
 effective area a fillet weld shall be taken as the effective length times the
effectivethroatthickness
 effective length offillet welds, except fillet welds in holes and slots, shall be the
overalllengthofthefull-sizefillets,includingreturns
 effectivethroatthicknessofafilletweldshallbetheshortestdistancefromthe
root of the joint to the face of the diagrammatic weld, except for fillet welds
made by the submerged arc process, the effective throat thickness shall be
taken equal tothe leg size for10 mm andsmallerfillet welds and equal tothe
theoreticalthroatplus3.0mmforfilletsweldslargerthan10mm
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• FilletWelds;
 EffectiveArea;
 for fillet welds in holes and slots, the effective length shall be the length of the
centerline of the weld along the center of the plane through the throat. In the
case of overlapping fillets, the effective area shall not exceed the nominal
cross–sectionalareaoftheholeslotintheplaneofthefayingsurface
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• FilletWelds;
 Limitations;
 minimumsizeoffilletweldsshallbeasshowninTable510-4.Minimumweld
size is dependent upon the thicker of the two parts joined, except that the
weldsizeneednotexceedthethicknessofthethinnerpart

Minimum Size of Fillet Welds

Material Thickness of Thicker Part Joined Minimum Size of Fillet Weld
mm mm
to 6 inclusive 3
over 6 to 12 5
over 12 to 20 6
over 20 8
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• FilletWelds;
 Limitations;
 sizeoffilletweldsthatispermittedalongedgesofconnectedpartsshallbe;
o material less than 6 mm thick, not greater than the thickness of the
material
o material6 mm or morein thickness, not greaterthanthethickness of the
material minus 1.6 mm, unless the weld is especially designated on the
drawingstobebuiltouttoobtainfull–throatthickness
o minimum effective length of fillet welds designated on the basis of
strength shall not be less than 4 times the nominal size, or else the size of
theweldshallbeconsiderednottoexceed¼ofitseffectivelength
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• FilletWelds;
 Limitations;
 sizeoffilletweldsthatispermittedalongedgesofconnectedpartsshallbe;
o if longitudinal fillet welds are used alone in end connections of flat bar
tension members, the length of each fillet weld shall not be less than the
perpendiculardistancebetweenthem
o transverse spacing of longitudinal fillet welds used in end connections of
tension members shall not exceed 200 mm, unless the member is
designedonthebasisoftheeffectivenetarea
o effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding shall not be
lessthan4timestheweldsize,withaminimumof38mm
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• FilletWelds;
 Limitations;
 sizeoffilletweldsthatispermittedalongedgesofconnectedpartsshallbe;
o inlapjoints,theminimumlapshallbe5timesthethicknessofthethinner
partjoined,butnotlessthan25mm
o slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts
or members shall, wherever practicable, be returned continuously
aroundthecornersforadistancenotlessthan2timesthenominalsizeof
theweld
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• PlugandSlotWelds;
 EffectiveArea;
 the effective shearing area of plug and slot welds shall be considered as the
nominal cross–sectional area of the hole or slot in the plane of the faying
surface
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• PlugandSlotWelds;
 Limitations;
 plug or slot welds are permitted to transmit shear in lap joints or to prevent
bucklingoflappedpartsandtojoincomponentpartsofbuilt-upmembers
 diameterforthe holeforaplugweldshallnotbelessthanthethicknessofthe
part containing it plus 8 mm, rounded to the next larger odd 1.6 mm, nor
greater than the minimum diameter plus 3 mm or 2½ times the thickness of
theweld
 minimum center–to–center spacing of plug welds shall be 4 times the
diameterofthehole
 minimumspacingoflinesofslotweldsinadirectiontransversetotheirlength
shallbe4timesthewidthoftheslot
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• PlugandSlotWelds;

 Limitations;

 minimumcenter-to-centerspacinginalongitudinaldirectiononanylineshall
be2timesthelengthoftheslot
 length of the slot for a slot weld shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of the
weld
 width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it
plus8mm,norshallitbelargerthan2¼timesthethicknessoftheweld
 ends of the slot shall be semicircular or shall have the corners rounded to a
radius not less than the thickness of the part containing it, except those ends,
whichextendtotheedgeofthepart
Welded Connections;

 EffectiveAreaandLimitationof Welds;
• PlugandSlotWelds;
 Limitations;
 thicknessofplugorslot weldsinmaterial16 mm orlessinthickness, shallbe
equaltothicknessofmaterial.Inmaterialover16mmthick,thicknessofweld
shallbeatleast½thethicknessofmaterialbutnotlessthan16mm
Welded Connections;

 NominalStrengthofWelds;
• weldsmustbesizedaccordinglyandbeformedfromthecorrectelectrodematerial
• filletweldsareassumedtotransmitloadsthroughshearstressontheeffectiveareano
matterhowfilletsareorientedonthestructuralconnection
 GrooveWelds;
Pcap teFy – foraxialforce
Pcap te 0.40Fy – forshear
where: Pcap – nominalstrengthofweld
te – effectivethroatthickness
Fy – yieldstressofthebasemetal
Welded Connections;

 FilletWelds;
• forSMAWProcess;
te 0.707a a a
te te
ab
te a b
a2 b2

• forSAWProcess;
when t 10mm, when t 10mm,
te t te 0.707t 3mm
Pcap Ag 0.60Fy – forbasemetal
Pcap Aw 0.30Fu – forweldmetal
Welded Connections;

 BalancedConnection;
• inthedesignofweldsconnectingtensionorcompression members
 weldsshouldbeasstrongas the members they connect
 connection should not introduce significant eccentricity of loading
 however, in some cases, members subject to direct axial forces are
unsymmetrical and causeeccentricities
 designingconnectiontoeliminateeccentricityis“balancingtheweld”

F1

F2 T

F3
EX. Determine the allowable tensile capacity of the
connection shown using 12–mm weld, E70 electrodes,

300 mm
P

200 mm
A36steelplates.UseSMAWandSAWprocess.

12 mm

200 mm

 tensilecapacityofplate,
12 200 0.6 248
Pcap Ag 0.60Fy 357.12kN
1000
forE70electrodes, Fu 485.0MPa

 usingSMAWprocess,
0.707 12 2 200 200 0.3 485
Pcap Aw 0.30Fu 740.65kN
1000
2 0.707 12 200 0.4 248
Pcap As 0.40Fy 336.65kN
1000
 designcapacity, Pcap 336.65kN
EX. Determine the allowable tensile capacity of the
connection shown using 12–mm weld, E70 electrodes,

300 mm
P

200 mm
A36steelplates.UseSMAWandSAWprocess.

12 mm

200 mm

 usingSAWprocess,

since, t 10mm,

te 0.707t 3mm 0.707 12 3 11.48mm

11.484 2 200 200 0.3 485
Pcap Aw 0.30Fu 1002.55kN
1000
2 11.484 200 0.4 248
Pcap As 0.40Fy 455.69kN
1000
 designcapacity, Pcap 357.12kN
EX.Aweldedconnectionissubjectedtoatensileloadof800kN.
Both plates are 15 mm thick. Using E70 electrodes, SMAW

200 mm
800 kN
processandA36steel,findthelengthrequiredtoresisttheload.

L 15 mm

forE70electrodes, Fu 485.0MPa

usingSMAWprocess,

Pcap Aw 0.30Fu
0.707 15 2L 200 0.3 485
800 ; L 159.23mm
1000
Pcap As 0.40Fy
0.707 15 2L 0.4 248
800 ; L 220.32mm
1000
 req’dlength, L 220.32mm
EX.Designthefilletweldsforthelapjointshown.UseE60electrodesandA36steel.UseSMAWprocess.

12 mm

400 mm
250 mm
400 kN 400 kN

16 mm

since, t 6.0mm,

te t –1.6 12–1.6 10.4mm

forE60electrodes, Fu 415.0MPa

Pcap As 0.40Fy
10.4 2L 0.4 248
400 ; L 193.86mm
1000
 adapt, L 200.0mm
EX.Designthefilletweldsforthelapjointshown.UseE60electrodesandA36steel.UseSMAWprocess.

12 mm

400 mm
250 mm
400 kN 400 kN

16 mm

5tmin 5 12 60.0mm
since, 25mm L 5tmin ,  ok

L1 2te 2 10.4 20.80mm

 adapt, 200–mmweldoneachsidewith21–mmendreturns

D 10.4mm

2D 20.8mm
200 mm
EX.Onelegofan8 x 8 x½ angleis to beconnectedwithside a
welds and a weld at the end of the angle to a plate behind, to
developaloadof600kN.UsingE60electrodesandA36steel, F2
F3
determinethelengthofweldsusing;
600 kN
a. staticloading
600 kN
b. dynamicloading F1
b
PropertiesofL8xL8x½;

A 5000mm2 d 200mm bf 200mm

t 12.5mm y̅ 55.63mm

forE60electrodes, Fu 415.0MPa

fortheangle,
5000 0.60 248
Pcap Ag 0.60Fy 744.0kN
1000
since, Pcap Pact ,  sectionisok

since, t 6.0mm,
EX.Onelegofan8 x 8 x½ angleis to beconnectedwithside a
welds and a weld at the end of the angle to a plate behind, to
developaloadof600kN.UsingE60electrodesandA36steel, F2
F3
determinethelengthofweldsusing;
600 kN
a. staticloading
600 kN
b. dynamicloading F1
b
PropertiesofL8xL8x½;

A 5000mm2 d 200mm bf 200mm

t 12.5mm y̅ 55.63mm

 fromstaticloading,

Pcap Aw 0.30Fu
10.9 L 0.3 415
600 ; L 442.14mm
1000
442.136 200
a b 121.07mm
2
 adapt, a b 130mm
EX.Onelegofan8 x 8 x½ angleis to beconnectedwithside a
welds and a weld at the end of the angle to a plate behind, to
developaloadof600kN.UsingE60electrodesandA36steel, F2
F3
determinethelengthofweldsusing;
600 kN
a. staticloading
600 kN
b. dynamicloading F1
b
PropertiesofL8xL8x½;

A 5000mm2 d 200mm bf 200mm

t 12.5mm y̅ 55.63mm

 fromdynamicloading,

L 2 125 200 450.0mm

a b 200 450;

a b 250 – eqn.1
10.9 0.3 415
Pweld 1.36kN/mm
1000
EX.Onelegofan8 x 8 x½ angleis to beconnectedwithside a
welds and a weld at the end of the angle to a plate behind, to
developaloadof600kN.UsingE60electrodesandA36steel, F2
F3
determinethelengthofweldsusing;
600 kN
a. staticloading
600 kN
b. dynamicloading F1
b
PropertiesofL8xL8x½;

A 5000mm2 d 200mm bf 200mm

t 12.5mm y̅ 55.63mm

 fromdynamicloading,
∑ MNA 0;

a 1.36 200–55.63 200 1.36 100–55.63 –b 1.36 55.63 0

195.91a–75.49b –12042.02 – eqn.2

solvingeqns.1and2simultaneously,

a 25.17 mm, b 224.83 mm

Ex. A 200 mm wide plate is to be used in a lap joint to carry a
tensileloadof580kN.Inordertoinsureatighterjoint,aplugweld

200 mm
580 kN
was used. Using A36 steel and E60 electrodes, design the welded
connection.

tp
L

 fortheplate,

P Ag 0.60Fy
200 tp 0.60 248
580 ; tp 19.49mm
1000
 adapt, tp 20.0mm

since, tp 6.0mm,

te tp –1.6 20–1.6 18.40mm

 adapt, te 18.0mm

forE60electrodes, Fu 415.0MPa
Ex. A 200 mm wide plate is to be used in a lap joint to carry a
tensileloadof580kN.Inordertoinsureatighterjoint,aplugweld

200 mm
580 kN
was used. Using A36 steel and E60 electrodes, design the welded
connection.

tp
L

since, tp 16mm,
tp 20
tw 10.0mm
2 2
since, tw 16mm,

 adapt, tw 16mm
D tp 8 20 8 28.0mm

2.25tw 2.25 16 36.0mm

since, D 2.25tw ,  adapt, D 28.0mm

Pcap Aw 0.30Fu
0.30 415
580  28 2L 200 16 ; L 1.60mm
1000
 L
EX. An C10 x 20 channel is to be connected by E70 fillet welds. Clearance
limitationspermit thetwomembers tooverlap by 150 mmonly. Calculatethe
distance,L,requiredsothatthemaximumtensioninthechannelis500kNifit
500 kN
consistofA36steel. y

TryofC10x20; A 3794mm2 d 254mm

bf 69.57mm tf 11.07mm
tw 9.63mm
150 mm

since, t 6.0mm,

te t –1.6 9.63–1.6 8.03mm

 adapt, te 8.0mm,

y tw 8 9.63 8 17.63mm

y 2.25te 2.25 8 18.0mm

 adapt, y 18.0mm

Pcap Aw 0.30Fu
8 2 L 150 200 0.30 485
500 ; L 93.643mm
1000
EccentricShearConnections;

 suchcasesarecomplicatedbythefactthatload–deformationbehaviourisafunctionofan
anglebetweendirectionofresistanceandaxis
P
f’ – stressduetodirectshear
A
Tr
f” – stressduetotorsionalmoment
J
where: r – radialdistancefromthecentroidtopointofstress
J – polarmomentofinertia

shear and torsion pure torsion shear and bending

ex
Py
Py
Px
Px
ey
d
effective
connection Lw cross-section
EX. A bracket shown on the figure is welded by a fillet weld to a 50 kN
column section. It carries an eccentric load of 50 kN acting at 100 100 mm
mmfromthefilletweld.Determinethesizeofthefilletweldtocarry
theloadusingA36steelandE60electrode.

200 mm
fx

fy

assumea1.0-mmfilletweld,

M Pe 50 0.10 5.0kN–m

bh3 1 200 3
I 666666.7mm4
12 12
Mc 5.0 x 106 100
fx 750.0N/mm2
I 666666.667
V 50 x 103
fy 250.0N/mm2
A 1 200
EX. A bracket shown on the figure is welded by a fillet weld to a 50 kN
column section. It carries an eccentric load of 50 kN acting at 100 100 mm
mmfromthefilletweld.Determinethesizeofthefilletweldtocarry
theloadusingA36steelandE60electrode.

200 mm
fx

fy

R fx 2 fy 2 750 2 250 2 790.6N/mm2

Pcap Aw 0.30Fu 0.707 1.0 0.30 415 88.02N/mm

R 790.569
treqd 8.98mm
Pcap 88.022

 adapt, tweld 10.0mm

EX.AbracketisweldedtoacolumnflangebyusingE70 150 100
electrodes. The fillet welds are laid out in two line each
80 kN d y
with 10-mm fillet weld size. It carries a load of 80 kN cg
located at a distance of 100 mm from edge of flange.

150 mm
x
Checkadequacyofconnection.

A 2 10 150 3000.0mm2

2 150 10 3
Ix 2 150 10 75 2 1.7x107 mm4
12
2 10 150 3
Iy 5.6x106 mm4
12
J Ix Iy 16.90 5.625 1x106 2.3x107 mm4

M Pe 80 0.175 14.0kN–m
EX.AbracketisweldedtoacolumnflangebyusingE70 150 100
electrodes. The fillet welds are laid out in two line each
80 kN d y
with 10-mm fillet weld size. It carries a load of 80 kN cg
located at a distance of 100 mm from edge of flange.

150 mm
x
Checkadequacyofconnection.

 fromtorsion,

My 14 x 106 75
fx1 46.62N/mm2
J 22.525 x 106
Mx 14 x 106 75
fy1 46.62N/mm2
J 22.525 x 106
 fromshear,
Px 0
fx2 0
A 2 10 150
Py 80 x 103
fy2 26.667N/mm2
A 2 10 150
EX.AbracketisweldedtoacolumnflangebyusingE70 150 100
electrodes. The fillet welds are laid out in two line each
80 kN d y
with 10-mm fillet weld size. It carries a load of 80 kN cg
located at a distance of 100 mm from edge of flange.

150 mm
x
Checkadequacyofconnection.

fres fx 2 fy 2 46.615 0 2 46.615 26.667 2

86.85N/mm2
2 10 150 86.852
P Afres 260.56kN
10000
2 10 150 0.30 485
Pcap Aw 0.30Fu 436.50 kN
1000
since, P Pcap ,  connectionisadequate
EX. Determine the fillet weld size for the 300 mm 100 kN
bracketshown,usingE70electrodes. 2 d y
1 x

250 mm
12 mm plate

100 mm

assume, 1.0–mmthickweld,

A 2 100 250 450.0mm2

2 100 50
x̅ 22.22mm
450
3
1 250 3 100 1
Ix 2 1 100 125 2 4.4x106 mm4
12 12
3
250 1 3 1 100
Iy 1 250 22.22 2 2 1 100 27.78 2
12 12
0.4x106 mm4

J Ix Iy 4.43 0.44 1x106 4.9x106 mm4

EX. Determine the fillet weld size for the 300 mm 100 kN
bracketshown,usingE70electrodes. 2 d y
1 x

250 mm
12 mm plate

100 mm

 fromshear,
1
Px 100 44.72kN
5
2
Py 100 89.44kN
5
Pv 89.44 x 103
fy1 198.76N/mm2
A 450
Ph 44.72 x 103
fx1 99.38N/mm2
A 450
EX. Determine the fillet weld size for the 300 mm 100 kN
bracketshown,usingE70electrodes. 2 d y
1 x

250 mm
12 mm plate

100 mm

 fromtorsion,

T Pe 89.442 377.78 –44.721 125 28199.4kN–m

Ty 28199.40 x 103 125

fx2 723.51N/mm2
J 4.872 x 106
Tx 28199.40 x 103 77.78
fy2 450.19/mm2
J 4.872 x 106
EX. Determine the fillet weld size for the 300 mm 100 kN
bracketshown,usingE70electrodes. 2 d y
1 x

250 mm
12 mm plate

100 mm

fres fx1 fx2 2 fy1 fy2 2

99.38 723.51 2 198.76 450.19 2 1047.30N/mm2

Pcap Aw 0.30Fu 1.0 0.30 485 145.50N/mm

fres 1047.30
treqd 7.198mm
Pcap 145.50

 adapt, tweld 7.50mm

EX.Specifytheweldsizeandtheangularsectionsupporting 50 mm
an eccentric load of 50 kN as shown. Use E70 electrodes
withSMAWprocessandA50steelforbasematerial. 50kN 20 mm

250 mm
200 mm

M 50 0.05 2.50kN–m

Fb 0.75Fy 0.75 345 258.75MPa

6M 6 2.50 x 106
tf 17.03mm
bFb 200 258.75

 adapt, tf 17.03mm
EX.Specifytheweldsizeandtheangularsectionsupporting 50 mm
an eccentric load of 50 kN as shown. Use E70 electrodes
withSMAWprocessandA50steelforbasematerial. 50kN 20 mm

250 mm
200 mm

consider1.0–mmwidthoffilletwelds,

At 2 250 20 1.0 540.0mm2

2 1 250 125 2 1 20 250.5
y̅ 134.30mm
540
3 3
1.0 250 20 1
Ix 2 1 250 9.30 2 2 1 20 116.20 2
12 12
3187513mm4
EX.Specifytheweldsizeandtheangularsectionsupporting 50 mm
an eccentric load of 50 kN as shown. Use E70 electrodes
withSMAWprocessandA50steelforbasematerial. 50kN 20 mm

250 mm
200 mm

 frombending,

Mc 2.50 x 106 116.20

fx 91.14N/mm2
I 3187512.593
 fromshear,

Pv 50 x 103
fy 92.59N/mm2
A 540

fres fx 2 fy 2 91.14 2 92.59 2 129.92N/mm

Pcap Aw 0.30Fu
0.707 tw 540 0.30 485
129.92 ; tw 2.34mm
1000