within the proportional limit and will obey

SERVICE (LOAD) LIMIT DESIGN - WORKING STRENGTH Hooke's Law.

DESIGN (WSD) Actual Stress ≤ Allowable Stress
Working Stress Analysis for Concrete Beams
The beam will go into the following three stages: Allowable Stresses
1. Uncrack Concrete Stage – at this stage, the Concrete
gross section of the concrete will resist the
bending which means that the beam will behave like Flexure, Extreme fiber
stress in compression 𝑓𝑐 = 0.45𝑓𝑐′
a solid beam made entirely of concrete.
2. Crack Concrete Stage – Elastic Stress range Steel Reinforcement
3. Ultimate Stress Stage – Beam Failure
Grade 280 or Grade 350
reinforcement 𝑓𝑠 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Concrete Beam Crack Stages
STAGE 1: Uncrack stage Grade 420 reinforcement or
1. Applied Moment 𝑀 is less than cracking moment, greater and welded wire 𝑓𝑠 = 170 𝑀𝑃𝑎
fabric (plain or deformed)
𝑀𝑐𝑟
2. No cracking occurs.
3. The gross section resists bending Modulus of Elasticity
4. The tensile stress of concrete is below rupture Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
For weight of concrete, wc between 1500 and 2500
STAGE 2: Boundary between crack and uncrack stages kg/m3
1. Applied moment, 𝑀 is equal to cracking moment, 𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐1.5 0.043√𝑓𝑐′
𝑀𝑐𝑟 For normal weight concrete
2. Crack begins to form 𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓𝑐′
3. The gross section resists bending Modulus of Elasticity of Steel Reinforcement
For non-prestressed reinforcement
4. The tensile stress of concrete reached the
rupture point 𝐸𝑠 = 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

STAGE 3: Crack concrete stage Modular Ratio

1. Actual moment, 𝑀 is greater than cracking
moment, 𝑀𝑐𝑟
2. Elastic stress stage
3. Cracks developed at the tension fiber of the
beam and spreads quickly to the neutral axis
4. The tensile stress of concrete is higher than
the rupture strength
5. Ultimate stress stage can occur at failure
Working Stress Design: A Service Load Design
Method
Working Stress Design is called Alternate Design
Method by NSCP (National Structural Code of the
Philippines) and ACI (American Concrete
Institute, ACI).
Notation
𝒇𝒄 = allow. comp. stress of conc
𝒇𝒔 = allow. tens. stress of steel reinforcement
𝒇′𝒄 = comp. strength of conc
𝒇𝒚 = yield strength of steel reinforcement
𝑬𝒄 = elastic modulus of conc
𝑬𝒔 = elastic modulus of steel
𝒏 = modular ratio
𝑴 = applied design moment
𝒅 = distance from extreme concrete fiber to
centroid of steel reinforcement
𝒌𝒅 = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme
fiber of concrete
𝒋𝒅 = distance between compressive force C and
tensile force T
𝝆 = ratio of the area of steel to the effective
area of concrete
𝑨𝒔 = area of steel reinforcement
It shall be permitted to take the modular
𝑬𝒔
ratio, 𝒏 = as the nearest whole number (but
𝑬𝒄
not less than 6).
Modular Ratio for Beams with Compression Steel
In doubly reinforced flexural members, an
effective modular ratio of 𝟐𝒏 shall be used to
transform compression reinforcement for stress
computations.
Assumptions in WSD
1. Plane section remains plane before and after
bending.
2. Concrete stress varies from zero at the
neutral axis to a maximum at the extreme
fiber.
3. Concrete do not carry tensile stress. All
tensile stress will be carried by steel
reinforcement.
4. The steel and concrete are perfectly bond so
that no slippage between the two will occur.
MODE OF DESIGN
1. Under-Reinforced Design – tension steel
reinforcement strength reached while the
concrete strength has not yet reached.
2. Balanced Design – tension steel
reinforcement strength and concrete strength
simultaneously
3. Over-Reinforced Design - concrete strength
reached while the tension steel
reinforcement strength has not yet reached.

Design Principle
The design concept of WSD is based on Elastic
Theory in which the stress-strain diagram is
SITUATION 1 - A reinforced concrete beam 350 mm
x 550 mm with tensile reinforcement of 5 – 20mm
is simply supported over a span of 5.5 m. Using
steel covering of 75 mm, concrete strength is 28
MPa and yield strength of re-bars is 280 MPa
1. Determine the cracking moment of inertia.
2. Determine the moment capacity of the beam.
3. Describe the mode of design.
A. Under Reinforced Design
B. Balanced Reinforced Design
C. Over Reinforced Design
D. Over designed

SITUATION 2 - A reinforced concrete beam 350mm x

600 mm with compression reinforcement of 2-28mm
and with tensile reinforcement of 4–28 mm is
simply supported over a span of 6 m. Using steel
covering of 75 mm, concrete strength is 20.7 MPa
and yield strength of re-bars is 420 MPa
4. Determine the cracking moment of inertia.
5. Determine the moment capacity of the beam.
6. Check the adequacy of the beam if the uniform
live load applied is 30 kN/m over the simple
span.
A. The section is adequate
B. The section is inadequate
C. The information is insufficient
D. None of the above

SITUATION 3 - Given a beam with sections shown in

STRUCT-RCD1-001 and has a simple span of 5.0 m
carries a superimposed uniform load of 40 kN/m
and a concentrated load of 70 kN at the midspan.
Concrete weighs 23.6 kN per cubic meter. The
allowable concrete strength is 9.315 MPa and
allowable steel strength is 160 MPa. The beam is
reinforced with 5-28mmΦ at the bottom.

STRUCT-RCD1-001

7. Determine the distance from the neutral axis

to the outer compression fiber.
8. Determine the transformed moment of inertia at
the neutral axis.
9. Determine the design moment capacity of the
beam.