MODULE 2:

FLEXURAL ANALYSIS
OF BEAMS
Reinforced Concrete Design
CEng 144

Engr. MARCELO T. ABRERA, Jr.

Instructor
LESSON 2.2
CONCRETE CRACKED –
ELASTIC STRESSES STAGE

Reinforced Concrete Design

CEng 144

Engr. MARCELO T. ABRERA, Jr.

Instructor
STAGE 2. CONCRETE CRACKED – ELASTIC STRESSES STAGE

Assume a concrete beam with tensile reinforcing is applied with

small transverse load, and that the load is gradually increased in
magnitude until the beam fails

As this takes place, the beam will go through three (3) distinct stages:
1. the Uncracked Concrete Stage
2. the Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses Stage
3. the Ultimate Strength Stage
STAGE 2. CONCRETE CRACKED – ELASTIC STRESSES STAGE

STAGE 1. the UNCRACKED CONCRETE STAGE

▪ tensile stress is less than the modulus of rupture

𝒇 < 𝒇𝒓
▪ bending moment is less than the cracking moment

𝑴 < 𝑴𝒄𝒓
▪ the beam’s concrete gross section can resist the load.
STAGE 2. CONCRETE CRACKED – ELASTIC STRESSES STAGE

STAGE 2. the CONCRETE CRACKED – ELASTIC STRESSES

STAGE

Cracks starts to develop when the tensile stress in the bottom of the beam becomes
equal to the modulus of rupture. Along with this, the actual moment becomes equal to
the cracking moment, 𝑀𝑐𝑟 .
This stage will continue as long as the compression stress in the top fibers is less than about one-half of
the concrete’s compression strength, 𝑓𝑐′ , and as long as the steel stress is less than the yield stress.

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 < 0.5𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦

STAGE 2. CONCRETE CRACKED – ELASTIC STRESSES STAGE
When the bending moment is sufficiently large to cause the tensile
stress in the extreme fibers to be greater than the modulus of rupture,
it is assumed that all of the concrete on the tensile side of the beam
is cracked and must be neglected in the flexure calculations.

MODULAR RATIO, 𝒏
▪ the ratio of the steel modulus to the concrete modulus

𝑬𝒔
𝒏=
𝑬𝒄
▪ Modular ratio is used to convert the area of steel with an equivalent area of
concrete
STAGE 2. CONCRETE CRACKED – ELASTIC STRESSES STAGE

TRANSFORMED-AREA METHOD

1. Transform the steel section.

2. Locate the neutral axis.
3. Compute the moment of inertia.
4. Compute the bending stresses.
STAGE 2. CONCRETE CRACKED – ELASTIC STRESSES STAGE

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

▪ Doubly Reinforced beam is a beam that has compression steel as well as
tensile steel.
▪ Compression steel is generally thought to be uneconomical, but occasionally its
use is quite advantageous. Compression steel will permit the use of appreciably
smaller beams than those that make use of tensile steel only. Reduced sizes
can be very important where space or architectural requirements limit the sizes
of the beams.
STAGE 2. CONCRETE CRACKED – ELASTIC STRESSES STAGE

TRANSFORMED-AREA METHOD IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

▪ As a consequence of creep in the concrete, the stresses in the compression bars
computed by the transformed-area method are assumed to double as time goes by.
▪ The compression steel
area is multiplied by 2𝑛 −
1.
▪ The transformed area of
the compression side
equals the gross
compression area of the
concrete plus 2𝑛𝐴′𝑠 minus
the area of the holes in
the concrete 1𝐴′𝑠 , which
theoretically should not
have been included in the
concrete part
STAGE 2. CONCRETE CRACKED – ELASTIC STRESSES STAGE

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2.3

① Compute the bending stress in the beam, in MPa, shown in the
figure by using the transformed-area method, 𝑓𝑐′ = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑛 = 9,
and 𝑀 = 94.90 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚.
② Determine the allowable resisting moment of the beam, in kN-
m, if the allowable stresses are 𝑓𝑐 = 9.30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑠 = 137.90 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
STAGE 2. CONCRETE CRACKED – ELASTIC STRESSES STAGE

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2.4

Compute the bending stresses, in psi, in the beam shown in the figure.
Use 𝑛 = 10 and 𝑀 = 118 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑓𝑡.
Thanks guys…

_sirMars_