A2) Vocabulary Synonyms

Incorporate – f) join
Pivot – c) axis
Maintain – b) keep up
Principle – h) rule
Rear – d) back
Conventional – a) typical
Throughout – e) during the course of
Thrust – g) propulsion
B1) Discussion Questions

1) The “tail” has two primary functions, vertical stabilizer and horizontal
stabilizer. Note the common term “stabilizer” in both cases. The tail is there
for stability, to assist in motion control and to keep the flight relatively level
and smooth. But an airplane doesn’t necessarily need a tail. For instance, the
B-2 bomber.
2) Structural steel fabrication is the process of bending, cutting, and
modelling steel to form a structure. For structural steel fabrication pieces of
steel are put together to make different structures that are usually of
predefined sizes and shapes. It is a complex process that requires specialized
knowledge, skills, and resources to complete successfully.
3) Civil includes, private, commercial and government owned aircraft
primarily transporting cargo and passengers.
Military aviation includes, state-owned aircraft engaged in transport,
training, security and defense.
4) Aerodynamic Considerations: Aerodynamics is the way objects move
through air. The rules of aerodynamics explain how an airplane is able to fly.
Anything that moves through air is affected by aerodynamics, from a rocket
blasting off, to a kite flying. Any object moving through air interacts with the
medium at each point of the wetted surface, creating a pressure field around
the aircraft body.
 Structural Considerations: Creating just the aircraft shell, satisfying
only aerodynamic needs, has consequences during manufacture. It is simple
to create the drawings but not as easy to produce the hardware. Compromises
may be made in shaping an aircraft if doing so facilitates manufacturability,
which in turn saves cost more so in the commercial aircraft business, where
operational economic gains are more important than in pure aerodynamics.

Radar Detectability: Radar is an electronic system which calculates the

range, speed and bearing of objects by transmitting an electromagnetic pulse
at the object and listening for the echo. This pulse goes out ahead of the
aircraft until it encounters an object and reflects off of it. Then the signal
returns to the radar’s antenna.

Infrared Detectability: An infrared search and track system is a method

for detecting and tracking objects which give off infrared radiation (see
Infrared signature) such as jet aircraft.

Visual Detectability: Vision based aircraft detection technology may

provide a credible sensing option for automated detect and avoid in small to
medium size fixed wing unmanned aircraft systems.

Aural Signature: The noise generated by an aircraft is called the aural

signature of the aircraft. Aural signature or noise is very important for civil as
well as military grade aircraft. Some aircraft suffers retirement due to much
higher aural signatures.

Vulnerability Considerations: The aircraft attribute known as

vulnerability refers to the inability of the aircraft to withstand (the damage
caused by the) hostile environment. A very important aspect of vulnerability
reduction is that many design features are effective against a number of
different threat weapons.

Crashworthiness Considerations: Crashworthiness can be defined as

the ability of an aircraft and its internal systems to protect occupants from
injury in the event of a crash. It has been regarded as important as strength
and fatigue in de-signing aircraft structure, especially for a civil aircraft.
 Maintainability Considerations: Aircraft Maintainability is the ability of
the aircraft to meet operational objectives with a minimum expenditure of
maintenance effort under the operational and environmental conditions in
which scheduled and unscheduled maintenance are performed.

B2) Scanning

1- Empennage, 2nd line

2- Empennage, 3rd line
3- Empennage, 4th paragraph
4- Empennage, 5th paragraph
5- Empennage, last paragraph 2nd line
6- Landing gear, 1st and 2nd lines
7- Landing gear, 2nd paragraph, 1st and 2nd lines
8- Landing gear, last paragraph, 3rd and 4th lines
9- Powerplant, second line
10- Powerplant, last paragraph, third and fourth lines

D1) Choosing

1) C- vertical stabilizer
2) A- landing gear employing two main wheels and one nosewheel
3) C- provides a source of heat for the pilot and passenger
4) B- engine
5) C- to explain different components of aircraft structure
6) A- a propulsive force produced by a rotating propeller
7) D- airplane structure
8) B- the author describes some of the aircraft’s compartments

D2) True or False – Scanning

1) True – 3rd line

2) False – 30th and 31st lines
3) True – 15th line
4) Non mentioned
5) True – 24th and 25th lines
6) True – 29th line
7) False – 38th line

D3) Matching

Bulkhead – 5
Canard – 3
Radome – 1
Stringer – 6
Spar – 4
Stiffener - 2
D4) Vocabulary

1) Horizon
2) Incorporate
3) Cockpit
4) Taking off
5) Cover

D5) Check Your Comprehension

1) The empennage includes the entire tail group, consisting of fixed surfaces
such as the vertical stabilizer and the horizontal stabilizer. The movable
surfaces include the rudder, the elevator, and one or more trim tabs.
A second type of empennage design does not require an elevator. Instead, it
incorporates a one-piece horizontal stabilizer that pivots from a central hinge
point.
2) With the elevators down, lift is increased on the tail, pushing it up and
bringing the aircraft’s nose down. This will cause the plane to descend, as
when preparing for landing.
3) The antiservo tab moves in the same direction as the trailing edge of the
stabilator. The antiservo tab also functions as a trim tab to relieve control
pressures and helps maintain the stabilator in the desired position.
 4) The conventional landing gear consists of three wheels. Two main wheels
and the third wheel is located on the nose, it is called a nosewheel, and the
design is referred to as a tricycle gear.
All modern jet aircraft and most modern propeller aircraft use tricycle gear.
5) The purpose of the nacelle is to streamline the flow of air around the
engine and to help cool the engine by ducting air around the cylinders.

D6) Bring to Order

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Part 2)

1) Boeing Commercial Airplanes, a business unit of The Boeing Company, is

committed to being the leader in commercial aviation by offering airplanes
and services that deliver superior design, efficiency, and value to customers
around the world.
2) William Boeing who, in 1916, built the company's first airplane, a seaplane for
two with a range of 320 nautical miles (515 km).
3) Today, Boeing Commercial Airplanes offers a family of technologically
advanced airplanes, including one that can seat more than 500 and another
that boasts the longest range in the world, at more than 9,300 nautical miles
(14,966 km).
4) A next-generation jet that will set the standard for fuel-efficiency and
passenger comfort.
5) President and CEO of Boeing Company is James (Jim) F. Albaugh.
6) The business unit brought in revenues exceeding $28 billion in 2008.
7) The business unit comprises five airplane programs, VIP derivative airplanes,
extensive fabrication and assembly facilities, and a global customer support
organization.
8) Boeing 747 is improving on typical seating capacity, length, wingspan,
maximum takeoff weight, maximum speed, maximum range at MTOW,
maximum fuel capacity and engine thrust, but it's stopped on empty weight.