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SCIENCE

Distillation -This technique involves boiling and condensation. In this

technique, the mixture is heated until one of the components boils evaporates.
Then the vapor is cooled and changed back into liquid form. The pure liquid
formed after distillation is called the distillate.

Filtration - A separation technique used to separate the components of a

mixture containing an in dissolved solid in a liquid. Filtration may be done cold
or hot, using gravity or applying vacuum, using a Buchner or Hirsch funnel or
a simple glass funnel. The exact method used depends on the purpose of the
filtration, whether it is for the isolation of a solid from a mixture or removal of
impurities from a mixtures.

Evaporation - A technique that is used in separating a mixture, usually a

solution of a solvent and a soluble solid. In this method, the solution is heated
until the organic solvent evaporates where it turns into a gas and mostly leaves
behind the solid residue.

Sieving - A mixture that contains solids of varying size can be separated by

sieving. In this technique, a sieve is used to separate the larger solid from
smaller or finer ones. Separation takes place due to the difference in the size of
particles.

Decantation - Mixtures that contain a solid and a liquid, in which the solid
does not dissolve, can be separated by decantation. In this technique, the
insoluble solid is allowed to settle at the bottom of the mixture. Then the liquid
is poured out, leaving behind the solid.

Magnetic Attraction - Mixtures that have components with magnetic

properties can be separated by magnetic attraction. Iron, nickel, and cobalt are
magnetic metals. When any of these metals are combined with non-magnetic
materials, they can be separated by using a magnet.

Chromatography - is an analytical technique commonly used for separating a

mixture of chemical substances into its individual components, so that the
individual components can be thoroughly analyzed.

Winnowing - When the grains are collected from the process of threshing, it
needs to be cleared out of husks and chaffs before it is turned into flour.
Normally the separation of the mixture is carried out with the help of wind or
blowing air. The husk and chaff are blown away by the strong wind when the
farmers drop the mixture from a certain height to the ground. The heavier
grains are collected at one place.

Centrifugation - is a method of separating molecules having different densities

by spinning them in solution around an axis (in a centrifuge rotor) at high
speed? It is one of the most useful and frequently employed techniques in the
molecular biology laboratory.
Sedimentation - is the process of allowing particles in suspension in water
settle out of the suspension under the effect gravity.

Separatory funnel - separation funnel, separating funnel, colloquially sep

funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to
separate the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of
different densities.

Paper Chromatography - technique for separating dissolved chemical

substances by taking advantage of their different rates of migration across
sheets of paper. It is an inexpensive but powerful analytical tool that requires
very small quantities of material.

Threshing - is the process of separating grain from the chaff. In this process, a
mixture of wheat and husk is dropped from a height. After that, the husk is
carried by the wind and forms a heap at some distance away. The husk being
lighter is carried away by the wind and forms a different heap.

Column Chromatography - is used to isolate active ingredients. It is very

helpful in separating compound mixtures. It is used to determine drug
estimation from drug formulations. It is used to remove impurities.