THE PARTICULATE

1 NATURE OF MATTER

2 STATES OF MATTER

MATTERS 3 PHYSICAL AND

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
AND ITS
PROPERTIES EXTENSIVE AND
4 INTENSIVE PROPERTIES

WAYS OF CLASSIFYING
5 MATTER

METHODS OF SEPARATING
6 MIXTURES INTO THEIR
COMPONENT SUBSTANCES
1

THE PARTICULATE
NATURE OF MATTER
THREE PHASES OF
MATTER:
1. SOLID
2. LIQIUD
3. GASSES
SOLID
• Solid’s are made up of
molecules that are close
to one another and are
sometimes joined in a
certain arrangement.
• Solids have definite
volume and shape
because their molecules
cannot move freely.
LIQUIDS
• Liquids have molecules
that have greater
distances from one
another, unlike the solid
molecules.
• Liquids do not have any
particular shape, but
follow the shape of the
container.
 GAS
• The molecules of gases are
much further apart than in both
liquids and solids.

• they have no shape or volume

of their own but always fill the
container they are in.

• Like liquids, gases can also

flow.
2

STATES OF MATTER
A. MACROSCOPIC
• In this approach, a certain quantity of matter is
considered without taking into account the events
occurring at the molecular level
• Classical thermodynamics uses this approach
• The analysis of macroscopic system requires
simple mathematics.
• Few properties are required to describe a system.
B. MACROSCOPIC

•Macroscopic approach is simpler and is

useful in solving most engineering
practical problems.
A. MICROSCOPIC VIEW
• In this approach, every quantity of matter is
considered by taking into account the events
occurring at the molecular level.
• Statistical thermodynamics uses this approach
• In microscopic approach very advanced
mathematical models are required to
understand the behaviors of the molecular and
atomic phenomenon.
• Large number of variables are required to
B. MICROSCOPIC VIEW

• Microscopic approach is complicated and

is useful for explaining many atomic and
molecular based properties.
3

PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTY

•Something you can observe

without changing the
composition of matter.
•It may either extrinsic or
intrinsic.
WHAT IS EXTRINSIC AND
INTRINSIC PROPERTIES?
Extrinsic properties Intrinsic properties
• Describes the appearance • Requires you to measure
of the material including something in the material,
texture, shape, size, such as density, boiling
luster, and the like. point, color, taste, and
• May be altered without solubility.
causing changes in the • Specific to a particular
intrinsic properties. material.
•When one or more physical properties
of a material change, it is said to have
undergone a physical change.
PHYSICAL CHANGE
TAKES PLACE WITHOUT ANY CHANGES IN
MOLECULAR COMPOSITION. THE SAME ELEMENT
OR COMPOUND IS PRESENT THROUGHOUT THE
CHANGES.

SOME OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A

MATERIAL MAY CHANGE BUT ITS COMPOSITION
REMAINS THE SAME.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
•Can be observed only when the material
undergoes change in composition.
•Chemist observe their behavior in the
presence of another, usually accompanied
by a chemical reaction.
•Change in the composition of a material is
known as chemical change.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
•Some physical and chemical changes
are accompanied by the release or
absorption of heat energy.

•This is manifested by a change in the

energy of the material. When energy is
absorbed,
•When energy is released in a reaction,
the temperature of the changing system
decreases, and change is said to be
Exothermic.

•The temperature of the changing

system increases. Such a change is
described as Endothermic.
4

EXTENSIVE AND
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
Extensive Property of Matter

Are Physical property that

depend on the amount or
quantity of the substance being
considered. These properties
change as the amount of the
substance changes.
Some common on extensive
properties include:
Mass
Volume
Length
Total Energy
Intensive Property of Matter

Are Physical property that do not

depend on the quantity or amount
of the substance being considered.
These properties remain constant
regardless of the size or amount of
the material
Some common on Intensive
properties include:
Density
Temperature
Color
Melting Point and Boiling Point
Refractive Index
Magnetic Susceptibility
5

WAYS OF CLASSIFYING
MATTER
 Matter

Pure substance Mixture

Homogeneous Heterogenous
Element Compound
Mixture Mixture
Pure substances and mixtures

• By observing the properties of materials,

chemists can classify them either as a pure
substance or a mixture.
 Pure Substances

• Pure substance are those which contain only one type of matter and have a
definite or constant composition and consistent behavior in chemical
reaction.

Its composition is the same throughout and is easy to identify in terms of

appearance, taste, and other properties.

An example of pure substance is water.

 Mixture
• A mixture, on the other hand, contains two or more substances
combined in such a way that the properties of the
components are retained and are distinguishable.
• Mixtures can also be separated through physical
means, but separating a pure
substance requires a chemical reactions.

• The different gases separate when as they boil off at

their own individual boiling points.
• The properties of the individual gases that make up
air are related to the property of the air mixture.
• When water is separated chemically, its becomes
oxygen and hydrogen, two gases which do not resemble
water in any way.

• The process of separating water into its constituents is

know as electrolysis.

• It requires a chemical change and is done with the

use of energy.
Pure substances can be further
subdivided into two: elements
and compounds.
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
• An element is any substance that can • Two or more element that have
no longer be separated into its chemically combined to form a
components by chemical means. different substance.

• They contain only one atom. • You cannot separate the particles

• Chemical elements are listed in • These are are held by chemical

rows and columns of the periodic bonds.
table of elements. • Ex: carbon dioxide molecules have
• The symbol for an element is a one carbon atom and two oxygen
chemist’s shorthand which helps atoms.
in writing chemical equation.
Some elements and their Latin
origins
Element Latin Name Symbols
• Copper Cuprum • Cu
• Lead Plumbum • Pb
• Tin Stannum • Sn
• Antimon Stibium • Sb
y Aurum
• Gold • Au
Hydragyr • Hg
• Mercury
um
Elements are grouped into three: metals,
nonmetals, and semi-metals or metalloids.
• Almost 80% of the elements are metals.

• Metals have the following characteristics:

• 1. Luster
• 2. Conductivity
• 3.Ductility
• 4.Malleability
Different kinds of compounds
exists in nature
• They are found in rocks, in the air, in oceans,
and all living matter such as plants and animals .

• Chemist further classify compound into two:

organic and inorganic.
• Organic compounds are those which are formed by
carbon and hydrogen or carbon and hydrogen with oxygen,
nitrogen and a few other elements.
• It can be obtained from natural resources, such as plants and
animals.

• Chemists have found different ways of preparing important

organic compounds in the laboratory.

• Producing fertilizers, medicine, pesticides, polymers for

human use.
• Compounds that are not organic are classified as inorganic
compounds.

• These include metals, rocks like marble, and granite,

gemstones like diamonds and ruby, among others.
Mixtures can be classified as
Homogenous and Heterogenous
• In a homogenous mixture or solution, the composition
and properties are the same throughout the sample.
• Liquid solutions being very common and easier to identify
• Liquids that are capable of forming a solution are said to be
miscible
• Water and oil cannot form a solution because they are
immiscible.
• Solids and gases that dissolve in a liquid are describe as solutes
• The liquid in which they dissolve is called solvent.
• A heterogeneous mixture is composed of substances
that are not well mixed.
• The components are still visibly separate, despite thorough
mixing.
• However, visual inspection will not always reveal that a
mixture is heterogeneous.
• For instance, milk is an example of a heterogeneous mixture,
but you need to look through a microscope to see that no
matter how smooth milk looks, it still made up of very small
fat globules scattered in a watery medium.
6

METHODS OF SEPARATING
MIXTURES INTO THEIR
COMPONENT SUBSTANCES
Distillation (still) is the process
of through separating the components of a
mixture through vaporization.
Consists of a boiler, a condenser, and a
receiver. As the mixture is heated, the
substance with lower boiling point boils
off and evaporates. It condense in the tube
and is collected in the receiver flask. The
material collected is called the distillate.
• Distillation is also used in separating crude oil into its more
useful forms, a process called fractional distillation.
• Crude oil is made up of different carbon-based compounds or
fractions that have different sizes, boiling points, and densities.
• Fractions of different boiling points condense at different parts
of the column, with the lighter ones, such as kerosene and
gasoline, condensing at the middle and upper parts, and the
heavier ones, remaining at the botton of the column.
• Distillaton is
• Natural • Another method of
also used to desalination by separating mixtures which
obtain distillation has a potential for purifying
potable water takes place dringking water is
from the sea. every day in crystallization.
This process the formation • This works on the principle
is called of rain.
that substaces crystallizes,
desalination
at different temperatures
which means
and at different rates. Water
removing the
in its frozen state is a
salt.
crystal.
• Centrifugation is a widely used
method of separating mixtures
according to a different densities of
the components

• The mixture is placed in a chamber called the

centrifuge, which turns at high speed, causing the
heavier components to collect farther from the center of rotation.
• Chromatography separates liquid or gas mixtures. The mixture is
passed through a solid matter, which collects the mixture on its surface,
through a process called adsorption.
• The process adsorption is different from absorption.
• Adsorption involves the collection of matter into the interior .
• A common kind of chromatography involves the use of paper as
adsorbed material. Ink contains a mixture of different pigments, which
are adsorbed by paper at different rates.
• Sublimation the change from solid to gas without passing the liquid
state.
• Some materials like moth balls and dry ice. They are said to be
sublime.
• If you have a mixture of crush moth balls and salt, an effective way to
separate them is by heating until the moth balls sublime, leaving the
salt
• If some matter with known magnetic properties is mixed with those
which don’t, they can be separated by magnetization.