CHEMISTRY 1

QUARTER 1- Lesson
1&2
Lesson 1:
The Properties
of Matter
 Basic Concepts
• All objects are made up of matter
• Matter is anything that takes up space and has
mass
• Properties are the specific characteristics that
describe matter
– Matter can be identified using its specific properties
• All matter has the general properties of mass,
weight, volume, and density
• Matter is made up of tiny particles called
atoms and can be represented or explained
as something that takes up space. It must
display both the mass and volume properties.
• A property describes how an object
looks, feels, or acts.
• The objects shown here have different kinds
of properties:
 Physical vs. Chemical
• Physical properties: observe without
changing the identity of the
substance
• Chemical properties: observe only
when the identity changes
• How do you know if it is chemical or
physical?
– If it CHanges, it’s CHemical
 Physical properties
• Physical properties can be observed or
measured without changing the
identity of the matter.
• Basically, properties you notice when
using one of your five senses:
– Feel - mass, volume, texture
– Sight - color
– Hear
– Smell
– Taste
 Some Physical Properties
• Conductivity – How easily electrical current and
heat pass through an object
• Density – Relative mass to volume
• Ductility – How easily something bends
• Hardness
• Luster – How shiny something is
• Malleability – How easily something can be
flattened into a sheet
• Mass – Measure of how much matter there is
• Volume – Measure of how much space
something takes up
• Melting point, boiling point and freezing point
• Physical state
Properties are constantly changing...

• Matter is constantly
changing.
• Ice in your soda melts,
glass breaks, paper is
ripped,
• Metal rusts, Paper
Burns
 Chemical properties

• A common chemical property is

reactivity.
– Reactive to oxygen
– Reactive to air
– Reactive to water…
• Notice that chemical properties
aren’t EASY to observe, unlike
physical properties.
 Some characteristics of chemical properties
1. Ability to change in odor
2. Ability to change in
color
3. Ability to form
gases(often appearing
as bubbles)
4. Ability to give off light
and heat
5. Ability to form
precipitate
6. Ability to change in
temperature or energy
7. Ability to change in form
 Other processes that involve
changes in the chemical
composition of substances are the
ripening and rotting of fruits,
decomposition of wastes, souring
of milk, and explosion of fireworks,
among others.
• Intensive properties of matter – An
intensive property is a bulk property,
which means it is a system’s local
physical property that is independent
of the system’s size or volume of
material.
• These are those that are
independent of the amount of
matter present. Pressure and
temperature, for example, are
intensive properties.
• Extensive property of matter – A property
that is dependent on the amount of
matter in a sample is known as an
extensive property. These include mass
and volume. The scale of the system or
the volume of matter in it determines the
extensive property of the system. These
are those in which the value of a
system’s property is equal to the sum of
the values for the parts of the system.
• Extensive properties including mass and
volume are proportional to the amount
of matter being weighed.
Lesson 2:
Classification of
Matter and Ways
to Separate
them
Pure substance
• is a classification of matter
characterized a pure by an
unchanging or specific
composition.
The Two Types of Pure Substances
1. Element is the simplest type of matter that
is composed of only one kind of
atom.
2. Compound is composed of two or more
elements combined chemically in
definite proportions.
 Important Elements in the Human Body

Percent (by
Element Symbol Functions
mass)in the Body

Oxygen O 65.0 Used for cellular respiration

Basic building block of most cells in the body; helps with

Carbon C 18.0
cellular respiration by which comprise body fluids

Mainly found in the body releases energy stored in

Hydrogen H 10.0
glucose

Nitrogen N 3.0 Makes up the proteins and amino acids of DNA

Calcium Ca 1.5 Found in compounds in bones, teeth, and body fluids

Phosphorus P 1.2 Present in the ATP molecule

Found in compounds contained in bones and muscles;

Magnesium Mg 0.05
and also in body fluids

Mainly found as dissolved salt contained in extracellular

Sodium Na 0.15 fluids; also found in cellular fluids and involved in
transmission of nerve impulses and water regulation

Mainly found as dissolved contained in extracellular fluids;

Chlorine Cl 0.15
also found in gastric juices in the stomach

A major element found in compounds contained in

Potassium K 0.25 cellular fluids; also involved in transmission of nerve
impulses

Sulfur S 0.25 Found in amino acids that make up the protein

An important component of oxygen carriers in the body

Iron Fe 0.006
such as blood.
Examples Common Compounds
Examples of Consumer
Products
Separation Compounds
Mixtures
• are made up of two or more substances that
are only physically combined and can thus be
separated into their components by simple
physical means.
2 Classification of Mixture
1. Homogeneous mixtures, like saltwater and rubbing
alcohol, exists in a single phase; that is, with uniform
appearance and same properties and substances
composition throughout a sample.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
different combinations. An example of which is a solution of
water and sugar, which may be prepared in different
proportions. Solutions are made up of two parts—the
solute, that which gets dissolved, and the solvent, which is
the dispersing medium that does the dissolving. In the case
of saltwater, salt is the solute and water is in the solvent.
2. Heterogeneous mixture is a kind of mixture
whose components can be physically
identified or distinguished are not evenly
distributed in the sample

Heterogeneous mixtures sometimes form

layers such as the oil-water mixture or the
sand-water mixture. When water is mixed
with sand, the mixture has two parts- the
lower layer is sand and the upper layer is
water. Another example of a heterogeneous
mixture is fruit salad, halo-halo, pinakbet etc.
 Physical Methods of Separating
Mixtures
1. Magnets may be used to separate solids with
magnetic property such as iron filings from the
non-magnetic components of a mixture like sand.
2. Distillation separates miscible liquids of different
boiling points such as ethyl alcohol and water.
3. Extraction can separate solids with different
solubility in a given solvent; for example table salt
from a powdered chalk (CaCO3)-saltwater
mixture.
4. Filtration is another method used to separate fine,
light, and insoluble solids from a heterogeneous
mixture such as powdered chalk in water.
 Physical Methods of Separating
Mixtures
5. Decantation is employed for mixtures of liquid with heavy
insoluble solids, just like in the case of sand in water. Volatile
solids may be separated from the non-volatile components
of a mixture through sublimation. An example of this is
separating naphthalene from table salt.
6. Chromatography is a method of separating solids of
different degrees of solubility in a given solvent-solvent
mixture. One of the applications of chromatography is the
separation of colored pigments in the ink of permanent
marking pens.
7. Evaporation- Some homogeneous mixtures, like saltwater,
may be separated into their components through
evaporation.