CLASSIFICATION OF

MATTER
 Matter

Matter is anything that

occupies space and has mass
 Classifying Matter

• Presence of characteristic of life (Living or Nonliving)

• According to state (Solid, Liquid, Gas, etc)

• According to composition (Substance or Mixture )(Organic

or Inorganic)

• According to properties
 3 Basic Phases of Matter

• Solid

• De nite shape

• particles are intact

• particles vibrate in place

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3 Basic Phases of Matter

• Liquid

• No de nite shape

• particles are loose

• particles vibrate and have

restricted ow
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3 Basic Phases of Matter

• Gas

• No de nite shape

• particles are loose

• particles vibrate and are free to ow

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Phase and Energy Change
Matter based on
Composition
Matter

Substance Mixture

Element Compound
 Substance
• Form of matter that have
definite properties and
unchanging chemical
composition.
• It is the same no matter
where it is found
 Atom
• The basic building blocks of matter that make
up everyday objects
 Element
• is a chemical substance consisting of atoms
having the same number of protons in their
atomic nuclei.
• 118 elements have been identified, of which
94 occur naturally on Earth.
Categories of Elements
 Properties of Metals
good conductors of heat and electricity
malleable and ductile
Distinguishing luster (shine)
Most of the metals are solids at room
temperature (except for mercury, francium,
caesium, and gallium which are liquid @300 C).

Metallic oxides are basic, ionic

Form cations in aqueous solution
Properties of Nonmetals
Nonmetals are (usually) poor conductors of heat
and electricity
Not malleable or ductile
Non-lustrous, various colors
Brittle, hard or soft
many of The elemental nonmetals are gases at
room temperature, while others are liquids and
others are solids.

Nonmetallic oxides are acidic, covalent

Form anions, oxyanions in aqueous solution
Properties of Metalloids
The physical properties of metalloids tend to be metallic,
but their chemical properties tend to be non-metallic.
Metalloids are all solid at room temperature. They can
form alloys with other metals.
Some metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, can
act as electrical conductors under the right conditions,
thus they are called semiconductors.
Silicon for example appears lustrous, but is not
malleable nor ductile (it is brittle - a characteristic of
some nonmetals).
It is a much poorer conductor of heat and electricity
than the metals.
 Molecule
• an aggregate of at least two atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by
chemical forces (also called chemical bonds )
• Is the smallest particle of a substance that
retains the chemical and physical properties of
the substance and is composed of two or
more atoms
 Types of Bonds
1. Ionic Bond - attraction between (+) and (-) ions

cation = (+) ion

anion = (-) ion

2. Covalent Bond - sharing of electrons between

nonmetal atoms

3. Metallic Bond - free ow of electrons (sea of

electrons) outside the metal nuclei
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 Other relevant terms

1. Binary substances. 2 bonded atoms only forming

electrically neutral substance.

2. Molecular substances. covalently bonded atoms that

have xed ratios forming electrically neutral substance.

3. Network substances. a large molecule (macromolecule)

composed of many repeated subunits
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 Ions
electrically charged chemical species that is either
monoatomic or polyatomic

the particle either has lesser electrons as

compared to the number of protons (cation,
positively charged)

the particle either has more electrons as

compared to the number of protons (anion,
negatively charged)
 Compound
• is a chemical substance consisting of two or
more different chemically bonded chemical
elements, with a fixed ratio determining the
composition. The ratio of each element is
usually expressed by chemical formula.
 Types of Compounds

1. Ionic Compounds (Salts) - The atoms in salts

are held together with "ionic" bonds. Unlike
molecules, salts always form solids in a
regular array called a "crystalline solid".

2. Covalent compounds - These compounds

are made up of molecules whose atoms bind
to one another through "covalent" bonds.
 Ionic Compounds

• Simple Salts- comprised of pair of

monatomic ions (binary in nature)

• Complex Salts - one or both ions are

polyatomic
Molecular Compounds

• Binary compounds - made up of two

atoms of di erent elements

• Polyatomic compounds - made up of

more than two atoms of di erent
elements
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Molecular Compounds
• Minerals- any naturally occurring inorganic solid that
has a de nite chemical composition (that can vary
only within speci ed limits) and possesses a
crystalline structure.

• Polymers - any of a class of natural or synthetic

organic substances composed of very large
molecules, called macromolecules, that are multiples
of simpler chemical units called monomers. Polymers
make up many of the materials in living organisms,
including, for example, proteins, cellulose, and
nucleic acids.
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 on e
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Classification of Mixture Bas peara e n
ap
Homogeneous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture
• Has only one phase • Has more than one
(uniform appearance) phase and the parts can
be separated physically
• Examples: • Examples:
– Air – Halo-halo
– Tap water – Pizza
– Alcohol and water – Salt and pepper
– Mayonnaise – Sago at gulaman
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ed siz
Classification of Mixture as
B rtic le
pa
Solution Colloid Suspension
• Homogeneous • Small particles do • Heterogeneous
mixture not form obvious mixture
separate phase
• Particle size is • Particle size is • Particle size is
less than 10 cm
-7 between 10-7
cm to greater than 10 -4

10 cm
-4
cm
• Solute
• Dispersed particles
• Solvent
• Dispersion medium
• https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/periodic/
physical_metals.htm

• https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/
General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-
_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/
07._Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/
7.6%3A_Metals%2C_Nonmetals%2C_and_Metalloids

• http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/matter-and-
energy/compounds.html