Chem reviewer (1st quarter)

Importance of Chemistry Physical States of Matter

to Daily Life (p. 3-7) (p. 11 – 14)

Role of Chemistry in Society Gas vs Vapor

• Chemistry has helped human • Gas - Gaseous in its natural state /

civilization
o Crop-enhancing chemicals
o Water-treatment processes
o Life-saving pharmaceuticals
o Synthetic plastics & fibers
room temperature (Ex: Oxygen)
• Vapor – Gaseous state of a
substance, but solid / liquid at
room temperature (Ex: Water
vapor)

Tasks of a Chemist

• Laboratory work, analyses, & Solid – definite shape, definite volume

experiments
Liquid – indefinite shape, definite
o Results have given mankind
volume
better quality of life
Gas – indefinite shape, indefinite
Careers Using Chemistry
volume
• Agriculturalist, chemistry teacher,
Solid Liquid Gas
pharmacist, etc. (word search, p. Arrangement Tightly Slightly Total
5) of Particles packed disordered disorder
Spacing of Close to Close to Far apart
What is Chemistry? (p. 7-9) Particles each each other
other
Chemistry – study of matter,
Motion of Fixed Free to Freedom
composition, structure, properties, and Particles positions move of motion
energy changes.
Intermolecular High Medium Low
Force
Branches of Chemistry
(attraction of
• Organic – study of carbon-based particles)
Kinetic Energy Low Medium High
compounds, excluding carbon
monoxide (CO) and carbon
dioxide (CO2)
• Inorganic – study of compounds
Plasma
not containing carbon
• Biochemistry – study of chemistry of • Most common state of matter in
living systems the universe, highly charged
• Analytical – study of quality & particles
quantity of components of
substances
• Physical – study of mechanism, Bose-Einstein Condensate
rates, and energetics of chemical
reactions • Almost no kinetic energy
Chem reviewer (1st quarter)
Processes of Matter (c. dane)
Properties of Matter
Physical Properties
• Can be observed & measured
without changing identity of
substance
• Ex: Color, Boiling point, Melting
point
Chemical Properties
• Ability of a substance to undergo
change to a different substance
• When a substance undergoes
changes in its compositions, it is
called chemical change /
chemical reaction
Intensive Properties
• Does not depend on amount of
matter
o Ex: Density, melting point,
conductibility
Extensive Properties
• Depends on amount of matter
o Ex: Mass, volume
Classifications of Matter
Mixture
• Physical blend of 2 or more
components
• 2 types:
o Heterogenous – particles are not
evenly distributed (Ex: Halo-halo)
o Homogeneous – particles are
evenly distributed (Ex: Air)
Separating Mixtures
• Filtration – insoluble solid & liquid
• Evaporation – soluble solid & liquid
• Chromatography – dissolved
substances w/ different colors
• Simple distillation – volatile liquid &
non-volatile liquid
Elements & Compounds
Elements
• Simplest form of matter (Ex:
Oxygen, Helium)
Compounds
• Contains two or more elements (Ex:
H2O, CO2)
Accuracy & Precision
Accuracy
• How close an average value is to
true value
Precision
• How close measurements are to
one another
Chem reviewer (1st quarter)

Significant Figures & Laws of Matter (p. 42 -48)

Measurements (p. 33 – 39) Law of Conservation of Mass
Rule Examples • Matter cannot be created nor
Nonzero digits – 124 – 3 S.F. destroyed by chemical means
significant
o Ex: 42 grams of water will be
Captive zeroes – 8.09 – 3 S.F.
converted into 42 grams of
zeroes between 1.003 – 4 S.F.
digits are significant
water vapor
Leading zeroes - 0.04 – 1 S.F.
insignificant 0.00259 – 3 S.F.
Trailing zeroes – 0.12300 – 5 S.F. Law of Definite Compositions
zeroes at the end of 0.0200 – 3 S.F.
a number (w/ • Any sample of a compound will
decimal point) are invariably have the same
significant proportions by mass of its
Final zeroes – zeroes 5 000 – 1 S.F. constituent elements
after number (w/o 35 800 – 3 S.F.
o Ex: H2O, whether 1 gram or 1000
decimal point) are
insignificant
grams, will always have a mass
of 88.81% oxygen and 11.19%
helium
Rounding

• Addition and Subtraction Law of Multiple Proportions

o Follow the least number of
• If 2 elements can combine to form
decimal places
more than one compound, the
Ex: masses of one of the elements that
combine with a mass of the other
120.0 element are in fixed ratios of whole
13.15 numbers
+ 34.506 o Ex: CO has 1.333 g of oxygen,
167.7
CO2 has 2.666 g of oxygen.
1.333/2.666 is ½
• Multiplication & Division
o
o Follow the least number of
significant figures
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (p.
Ex: 49 - 51)

3.250/9.37 1. Elements are composed of small

= 0.347 particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of an element are identical,
having the same properties such as
size, mass, and etc. Atoms of
different elements are different.
3. Compounds are composed of at
least 2 elements, and the ratio of
Chem reviewer (1st quarter)
each element is an integer or a
fraction.
4. A chemical reaction results from
the rearrangement of atoms of
reacting substances, giving new
combinations of atoms, but has not
changes.
Types of Chemical
Reactions (notebook)
Combination
• A + B → AB
Decomposition
• AB → A + B
Single Replacement
• A + BC → AB + C
Double Replacement
• AB + CD → AC + BD
Atomic Structure Timeline
(lecture)
Democritus
• Proposed that matter is composed
of tiny indivisible particles
• Not based on experimental data
• Greek: atomos
Alchemy (next 2000 years)
• Was in the time of Empiricus
o Alchemy – mixture of science
and mysticism
▪ Lab procedures were
developed, but did not
perform controlled
experiments
John Dalton (1807)
• British Schoolteacher
o Based theory on other’s
experimental data
• Billiard Ball Model
o Atom is a uniform, solid sphere
Henri Becquerel (1896)
Discovered radioactivity
o Spontaneous emission of
radiation from nucleus
o Three types:
▪ Alpha - positive
▪ Beta - negative
▪ Gamma – neutral
J.J. Thompson (1903)
• Cathode Ray Tube experiments
o Beam of negative particles
• Discovered Electrons
o Negative particles within atom
• Discovered Plum-Pudding Model
o Positive sphere (pudding) with
negative electrons (plums)
dispersed throughout
Ernest Rutherford (1911)
• Gold Foil Experiment
• Discovered the nucleus
o Dense, positive charge in the
center of the atom
• Nuclear model
o Dense, positive nucleus
surrounded by negative
electrons
Niels Bohr (1913)
• Bright-Line Spectrum
o Tried to explain presence of
scientific colors in hydrogen’s
spectrum
• Energy Levels
Chem reviewer (1st quarter)
oElectrons can only exist in
specific energy states
• Planetary Model
o Electrons move in circular orbits
within specific energy levels

Erwin Schrodinger (1926)

• Quantum mechanics
o Electrons can only exist in
specified energy states
• Electron Cloud Model
o Orbital: region around the
nucleus where e- are likely to be
found
o Dots represent probability of
finding an e- not actual eletrons

James Chadwick (1932)

• Discovered neutrons
o Neutron particles in the nucle1us
of an atom
• Joliot curie experiment
o Based his theory on their
experimental evidence
• Neutron Model
o Revision of Rutherford’s Nuclear
Model