Pre-Calculus Reviewer

Binomial Theorem
Formula:
n
( a+ b ) =∑ n ak b n−k
n
()
k =0 k

Example: Expand (a + b)4:

Using the formula:

(a + b)4 = ( 40)a + ( 41)a b + ( 42)a b + ( 43)ab + ( 44)b

4 3 2 2 3 4

For the ( 40), ( 41), ( 42) ,etc., press “Shift” + “÷” on your calculator, then put the upper
number on left of “C”, lower number on right.

(Lesson for this is factorial: Combinations and Permutations)

(a + b)4 = 1a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + 1b4

Pascal Triangle

Just do this on your

calculator so no
memorizing:

Notes:

Again, press “Shift” + “÷” on your calculator, then put the upper number on left of “C”,
lower number on right.

The numbers of the pascal triangle are based off of the coefficients of the expansion of
( a+ b )n, so we regard the uppermost row as the 0th row. (0 muna yung bilang mo ng
uppermost row, hindi 1 agad.)

Mathematical Induction (Definition of Terms Only)

 Pre-Calculus Reviewer

Made by Blaise Pascal

Originally called as “Method of finite descent”

First recorded use was on the 16th century, by Francesco Maurolico, which he used it to
prove properties of integers on his book “Arithmeticum Libri Duo”

The first proof was that the sum of the first n numbers is n2.

Basis step: First evidence of truth, (this is the part where we try n = 1)

Inductive step: Cause of the domino effect, (In this part, we assume n = k is true, so now
we prove n = k+1)

(The assumption that n = k is true is called “Hypothesis of Induction/ Inductive

Hypothesis)

Arithmetic and Geometric Series

Formula for Arithmetic Sequence: 

an = a1 + (n - 1)d

Where:

d = common difference (to solve, an – an-1)

n = position of the term

a1 = first number of pattern

Example: Find the 13th number of the pattern 1,3,5,7,9

Using the formula:

a13 = 1 + (13 - 1)2

a13 = 25

Formula for Geometric Sequence:

an = a1 (rn - 1)

r = common ratio (to solve, an ÷ an-1)

n = position of the term

a1 = first number of pattern

Example: Find the 13th number of 2, 4, 8, 16…..

Using the formula:

a13 = 2 (213 - 1)
 Pre-Calculus Reviewer

a13 = 8192

Formula for Arithmetic Series:

Formula for Geometric Series:

Trigonometric Identities and Functions:

Identities relating to a triangle:

opposite hypotenuse
Sin = Csc x =
hypotenuse opposite
 Pre-Calculus Reviewer

adjacent hypotenuse
Cos = Sec x =
hypote nuse adjacent

opposite adjacent
Tan = Cot x =
adjacent opposite

To simplify trigonometric expressions, try to convert it into identities of itself until no longer
possible to simplify.

Example: ( add picture )

Conversion of Units & Unit Circle

π
To convert degrees into radians, multiply it by
180

180
To convert radians into degrees, multiply it by
π

1rev
To convert degrees into rev, multiply it by
360

Unit circle: a circle with a radius of 1

 Pre-Calculus Reviewer

Sum and Difference Identities

Example in use :
Evaluate cos(75°)
cos(75°) = cos(30° + 45°)
We can use the cosine sum identity. Use calculator
cos(α + β) = cos(α)cos(β) – sin(α)sin(β)
cos(30° + 45°) = cos(30°)cos(45°) – sin(30°)sin(45°)

Final answer

Periodic Functions
Formula:
 Pre-Calculus Reviewer

Y = A sin(Bx+C) + D

Where:

A = Amplitude

2π
Period =
B

D = vertical shift

C = horizontal shift

(di ata kasama yung shifts tho)

Example: find amplitude and period of 4 sin (1/2) ϴ

Amplitude = 4

2π
Period = = 4π
1/2