PRACTICAL RESEARCH Classification:

Research – scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking;  True experimental – random selection
searching for knowledge  Quasi-experimental – comparative technique

Quantitative research - researcher gathers quantitative or numerical Based on where:

data and subjects them to statistical methods.
 Field
Data Analysis Methods:  Laboratory

 Pearson’s r - Which measures the relationship between two Methods:

variables
 Treatment evaluation – ex post facto, evaluation after
 T-test – Presence or statistical differences between two
treatment
means
 Pre-test and post-test – varied or multiple treatment
 Anova – means of two or more groups
 Multiple Regression – several independent and one Quasi-experimental:
dependent
 Matched comparison – choosing a treatment group and
Types: another group with similarities
 Times-series quasi-experimental – series of pre-test and
 Ex post facto – infer causes of phenomenon occurred
post-test
 Quasi-experimental – establish cause and effect
 Single subject quasi-experimental – controls treatment and
 Experimental – establish cause and effect
condition applied to one individual or group
 Descriptive – observe and report
 Correlational – nature of relationship between 2 variables Non Experimental
 Causal Comparative – find similarities and differences
between two or more groups - Way of finding out truths about a subject by describing data

Experimental Research Characteristics:

 Experimental group – treatment is applied  Incapable of cause-and-effect relationships

 Control – no treatment applied  Data analysis methods:
o Primary – researcher himself
 o Secondary – collected by other people  Classifying
o Meta-analysis – expressed numerically  Explaining
 Both quantitative and qualitative  Assessing relationships
 Measuring
Survey Research – knowing what a big number of people think and
feel about sociologic issues Quantitative Research Problem

Variables - Empirical or researchable

- Changing qualities or characteristics that are involved in Interrogative – in sentence form

your research
Types of Operational:
 Independent – cause
 Dependent – effect
 Intervening – used to explain causal links
 Antecedent – happens before independent and dependent
Types of measuring:
 Categorical – ranks or orders
o Nominal - based on common property (gender,
religion), descriptive and cannot be ranked
o Ordinal – ranked in certain order (social class,
educational experience)
 Numerical – have numerical values and measures
o Interval – intervals are equally spaced between
adjacent attributes (IQ scores, age)
o Ratio – have the characteristics of nominal, ordinal
and interval (height, weight), starts in 0
Uses of variable:
Declarative – in statement form
 Not in the form of yes-or-no questions
Elements of Experiments:
 Subjects or objects
 Subject’s condition before experiment
 Treatment applied
 Subject’s condition after experiment
Types:
 Descriptive – about kind, qualifications, categories of
subjects
 Relation – about nature and manner of connection
 Causal – about the reasons behind effects of independent
and dependent
Approaches:
 Deductive – questions from theory, operational definition
 Inductive – data is collected to form a theory
Hypotheses Meta-analysis – re-examine and combine results of two or more
statistical studies
- Tentative explanation or an answer
 Homogeneous – similar in many ways
Categories:  Heterogeneous – a number of differences
 Null – absence of relationship between independent and Referencing
dependent (Ho)
 Alternative – the first affects the second one (Hi)  Citations or In-text Citation
 Bibliography or References
Types: o MLA (Modern Language Association)
 Theory-driven vs Data-driven – based on existing theory vs o APA (American Psychological Association)
based on previous researches
Conceptual Framework
 Directional (one-tailed) vs Non-directional (two-tailed) –
state the relationship vs relationship without direction - Graphical representation of concepts or ideas
 Descriptive vs Causal – relationship due to influence of
something vs cause-and-effect; experimental vs non- Concept Map – made up of varied figures
experimental
Systematic Functional Grammar (SFG) – modern language theory
Review of Related Literature which states that man’s critical thinking increases whenever he uses
language for three reasons: ideational function, textual function,
Methods interpersonal function

 Traditional – qualitative Theoretical Framework

 Systematic – quantitative
Systematic – begin by asking questions, the main problem of the
research and a set of sub-questions; a scientific way of conducting a
re-examination of reading materials that have close connection with
your research
- Gives and explains the theories, principles, generalizations
and research findings which have some connection to your
research study
The Language of Research
Jargons – terms considered as technical because these are b. Quantitative – numerically and objectively
commonly used only by people belonging to the same field of 7. Unit of analysis – subject or object makes up one major
specialization entity and may be either:
a. Individual, group, artefact (painting, book,
Research Language Formation: factors (Trochim 2006) travelogue)
1. Multisyllable words b. Geographical unit (province, country)
2. Types and forms of questions c. Social interaction (husband-wife, teacher-learner)
a. Qualitative – elicit views, emotions or opinions Operational Definition – specifying the way your research should
b. Quantitative – exact number, percentages or measure such concept
frequency
3. Span of time Qualitative vs Quantitative – (Mujis 2011; Sharp 2012) see page 9-
a. Cross-sectional – one-time collection of data 10 table
b. Longitudinal – repeated collection of data
4. Variable relationships
a. Independent – cause
b. Dependent – effect
c. Extraneous – extra or unexpected variable cropping
outside the research design, controlled by
researcher
i. Situational
ii. Participant
iii. Experimenter
d. Confounding – unstable variable, not controlled by
researcher
i. Extra variables
5. Formulation of hypotheses
a. Null – negative
b. Alternative – positive
6. Data
a. Qualitative – verbally and subjectively