Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION V
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF MASBATE PROVINCE

INDIVIDUAL LEARNING
ACTIVITY PACKAGE (ILAP) No. 1

Learner's Information:

Name of Learner:
Grade Level: Grade 11

Name of Teacher: Jazer B. Leuterio

Practical Research in Daily Life 1

Learning Area:

Address: Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No.: (056) 578-3469
 Individual Learning Activity Package

Learner’s Information

Name of Learners: ______________________________ Gender: ________ Grade Level: _____

Name of Teacher: _____________________________ Learning Area: ____________________

Learning Activity Package Number: 1

 Nature of Inquiry and Research

 Qualitative Research and Its Importance in Daily Life

Learning Competencies

At the end of this week, you will be enable to:

 shares research experiences and knowledge
 explains the importance of research in daily life
 describes characteristics, processes, and ethics of research
 differentiates quantitative from qualitative research
 provide examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities, sports, science,
business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication technology, and
social inquiry)
 describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research
 illustrates the importance of qualitative research across fields

Learning Objectives

In this package, you will learn how to share research experience and knowledge and apply it
in your daily life, describe the characteristics, processes, and ethics in research and the
differences of qualitative and quantitative research. They will also describe the
characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research and illustrates the
importance of qualitative research across fields.

Pre- Test
 True or False: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is wrong.

1. ___________ Inquiry is an act of asking questions.

2. ___________ Investigation is a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon.
3. ___________Immersion is a process whereby a reader immerses (deeply involves) himself
in the data gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or examined by
him in detail.
4. ___________Research gives us a light or direction to inquire about the right information.
5. __________ Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research.
6. __________Qualitative Research is a scientific method of observation to gather non-
numerical data.
7. __________Quantitative research is concerned with measurement and numbers.
8. __________ Open- ended questions are defined as the check list survey questions that allow
a participant to answer.
9. __________Closed- ended questions are the foundation of all statistical analysis techniques
applied on questionnaires and surveys for quantitative research.
10. __________Ethnography is the most familiar and applicable type of qualitative research.

NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

 What is Inquiry?
INQUIRY is an act of asking questions. It is a process that has the aim of augmenting
knowledge, resolving doubt or solving problem. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary, it is
synonymous with the word “investigation”.

Investigation and Immersion

INVESTIGATION has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”. It is a systematic
examination of a certain event or phenomenon.
IMMERSION is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in the
data gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or examined by him
in detail. Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of
“research” comes in.

What is Research?
Research is a systematic, rigorous investigation of a situation or problem in order to
generate new knowledge or validate existing principle or theory.

Purposes of Research
The main purpose of research are 1. To inform action 2. To prove or generate a theory, and
3. To augment knowledge in a field of study.

Importance of Research in Daily Life

Research gives us a light or direction to inquire about the right information.

Research develops our attitudes to not believe automatically without further investigation
of the real situation.
Research sharpens our mind to give a judicious vision to look.
Research leads us to the ultimate philosophy of life and it builds a graphic vision to
improve the community where we live.
Research empowers us with knowledge and efficient learning of new things.
Research helps us in understanding various issues of life and in giving solutions to our
problems.
Research allows us to mark out the thin line between truths (fact) and lie (fallacy).
Research opens vistas news (new-age digital media platforms) of opportunity before we
pick and choose.
Research makes good habits of reading, analyzing, thinking and learning.
Research is a tool for building knowledge and for facilitating learning.
Research is a means to understand various issues and to increase public awareness.
Research is an aid to business awareness.
Research is a way to prove lies and support truths.
Research is a means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities.
Research is a seed of sharing valuable information.
Research is the heart and soul of good writing.

Note: All of the essay questions throughout the semester should be answered in paragraph
forms. This will let you to prepare for your Research Paper. Writing a Research Paper is
done in comprehensive paragraph forms with proper citation and referencing.

Characteristics of Research

1. Empirical- research is a based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. The

collection of a data relies on practical experience.
2. Logical- research is based on valid procedures and principles. Scientific investigation is
done in an orderly manner, so that researcher has confidence in the results.
3. Cyclical- research is a cyclical process. It starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
Hence, research is repeated.
4. Analytical- research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental or any alternative research methods.
5. Replicable- the research design and procedures are replicated to enable the researcher to
arrive at valid and conclusive results. The more replicated the researches are, the more valid
and conclusive the result would.
6. Critical- research exhibits careful and precise judgement. A higher level of confidence
must be established, i.e., at 99% or 95% level of confidence.

The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related
Literature).
Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).
Step 4. Gather necessary data using open-ended questions (for qualitative research) and
closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative research)
(Data Gathering Activities).
Step 5. Process and analyze data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and
statistical tools (for quantitative research).
Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for
quantitative research) and recommendations.
Step 7. Define new problem.

Research Ethics
Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. In addition, it
educates and monitors researchers to ensure a high ethical standard. It promotes the aim of
research, such as expanding knowledge. It supports the values required for collaborative
work, such as mutual respect and fairness.

INFORMED CONSENT. In order to safeguard the rights of the participants in your study,
secure informed consent. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them
as informants and the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient time they are
available. Participation to the study will be completely voluntary.

HONESTY. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status.
Do not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.

OBJECTIVITY. Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data

interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other
aspects of research.

INTEGRITY. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.

CAREFULNESS. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine
your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.

OPENNESS. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new
ideas.

RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. Honor patents, copyrights, trademarks,

trade secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished
data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never
plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.

CONFIDENTIALITY. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants

submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
RESPONSIBLE MENTORING. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote
their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship,

not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES. Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly. Don’t
outsmart others. Respect their opinions.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate

social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

NON-DISCRIMINATION. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the

basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific
competence and integrity.

COMPETENCE. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.

LEGALITY. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.

ANIMAL CARE. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research.
Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION. When conducting a research on human subjects,

minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and
anonymity.

Social Responsibility
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY is an ethical framework or a duty that every researcher has
to perform so as to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms through
research, public education and advocacy.

Human Rights
HUMAN RIGHTS are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human
behavior and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a set of
rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all human
beings.

Intellectual Property
Intellectual Property refers to the protection of creations of the mind, which have both a
moral and a commercial value. It is the umbrella term encompassing both copyright and
industrial property such as trademarks, patents and trade secrets.

Voluntary Participation
The principle of voluntary participation requires that people must not be coerced into
participating in research process. Essentially, this means that prospective research
participants must be informed about the procedures and risks involved in research and must
give their consent to participate.

Anonymity
 Anonymity refers to the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name
or not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which
informant’s name is not given nor known.

Privacy
Privacy refers to someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It is
the ability of an individual to seclude himself from disturbance of any research activity.

Research Misconduct
Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include
honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and funding
agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive
grants.

Types of Intellectual Property

1. PATENT is a form of intellectual property that gives the owner the legal right to exclude
others from making, using, selling and importing an invention for a limited period of years.

Types Patents
There are three common types of PATENTS: utility patents, design patents and plant
patents. Utility patents protect the utility or function of a product. Design patents protect
the aesthetic appearance of the product. Plant patents protect the discovery or invention of
plants that are asexually reproduced.

2. COPYRIGHT is an exclusive legal right given to an originator or an assignee to print,

publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize
others to do the same.

Copyrightable Works
Copyrightable works include the following categories: (1) literary works, (2) musical
works, (3) dramatic works, (4) choreographic works, (5) pictorial, graphic and sculptural
(PGS) works, (6) audio-visual works, (7) sound recordings and (8) architectural works.

3. TRADEMARK is a recognizable name, insignia, phrase, word, or symbol that denotes a

specific product and legally differentiates it from all other products of its kind.

Types of Trademarks
Types of trademarks for products include five main categories: (1) generic trademark, (2)
descriptive trademark, (3) suggestive trademark, (4) fanciful trademark, and (5) arbitrary
trademark.

a. Generic Trademarks
Generic trademarks include phrases/taglines like “We find ways” of BDO, “Making
things possible” of Globe, “Bida and Saya” of Jollibee, and “Astig Tayo Dito” of TM. They
are the weakest forms of trademarks.

b. Descriptive Marks
Descriptive Trademarks immediately identify the characteristics of the products or services
to which the marks pertain. Marks that are merely descriptive are not protected or accorded
trademark rights.

Examples of Descriptive Trademarks/Marks

Descriptive trademarks include “McDonald’s”, “Wendy’s”, and “Ayala Malls”. Descriptive
marks include “Tubeless” for computer monitor, “Holiday Inn” for hotels and “Cold and
Creamy” for ice cream.
 Suggestive Trademarks
Suggestive Trademarks are usually suggestions of the quality or nature of the products or
services, but don’t straightforwardly describe themselves because they require the
consumers to use their imagination or perception to understand what the product is.

Fanciful Trademarks
Fanciful trademarks are terms, names or logos that are different from anything else that
exists. They are the strongest type of trademarks. They include Kodak, Adidas, Merrell,
Caltex, Pepsi, Petron, etc. These words are not found in the dictionary and had no meaning
before they were adopted and used as trademarks.

Arbitrary Trademarks
Arbitrary trademarks might include a term or phrase with a well-known meaning, but the
meaning in its case is different. The best example an arbitrary trademark is Apple. Other
examples are Shell Gas Station and Camel cigarettes.

4. TRADE SECRET is type of intellectual property in the form of a formula, practice, process,
design, instrument, pattern, commercial method, or compilation of information that is not
generally known or reasonably ascertainable by others, and by which a person or company
can obtain an economic advantage over competitors.

Copyright Infringement
Copyright Infringement is the use or production of copyright-protected material without
permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights accorded
to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are
breached by a third party.

Examples of Copyright Infringement

1. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use
2. Recording movies in a theatre
3. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
4. Copying software code without giving proper credit
5. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips

Kinds of Research Across Fields

1. Arts-Based Research is defined as the use of personal expression in various art forms as a
primary mode of inquiry. It includes studies that may accompany or include the artistic
expressions of others. It is making and doing of art as a means of understanding life.

Examples of Arts-Based Research

The examples of art-based research are “How the Arts Benefit Student Achievement”, “The
Arts and the Transfer of Learning”, “The Role of Color in Beautification and Urban
Aesthetics” and “Positive Classroom Environment Through Classroom Design” .
2. Research in Humanities is designed to explore human culture such as philosophy, religion,
literature, linguistics and history. It also includes ancient and modern languages, human
geography, laws, politics and other social sciences.

Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture.

Examples of Research in Humanities

The examples of research in humanities are “Religious Education in the Private Schools:
Practices and Challenges” and “Political System and Government in the Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM)”.

3. Sports Research is designed to help athletes reach and sustain their ideal body and wellness
goals through proven high quality products. It is conducted to explain the underlying
mechanisms how athletes maintain their good physical appearance and healthy lifestyle. It
gives the coaches and athletes a way to gain solid information and apply it to sports
performance. It helps the coaches form beliefs to develop programs and coaching
techniques.

Examples of Sports Research

The examples of sports research are “Participation of Students in Athletics and their
Academic Performance”, “The Role and Experiences of the Sports Team Captains”, “The
Impact of Sports Activities on the Self-Efficacy of Students” and “The Untold Stories of
Sports Enthusiasts”.

4. Science Research is designed to discover laws, postulates theories that can explain natural
or social phenomena. In other words, Science research builds scientific knowledge.

Science Research
Science Research is performed by applying systematic and constructed scientific method to
obtain, analyze and interpret data. A strong and testable hypothesis is the fundamental part
of the scientific research.

Examples of Science Research

The examples of science research are “The Role of Sugar in Food Preservation”, “Making
Soup Out of Guava”, “Electrical Resources Out of Fruits and Vegetables”, and “Use of
Reciprocal Peer Tutoring (RPT) in Improving the Problem Solving Skills of Students in
Chemistry and Physics”.

5. Mathematics Research is a study that looks at the myriad problems to enhance critical and
logical thinking abilities. It gives the opportunity to master mathematics topics and it
provides an understanding of mathematics as an exact science. Mathematics Research
helps us to develop confidence and increase enthusiasm to do more mathematical problems.
It may lead to find new formulas and it can help finding ways to simplify calculations or
problems.

Examples of Mathematics Research

The examples of mathematics research are “Practical Work Approach (PWA) and Problem
Solving Skills of Students in Algebra”, “Students’ Misconceptions and Errors in
Trigonometry”, “Common Errors of Students in General Mathematics: Analysis and
Remediation”, and “Mathematics Experiences of Women and Girls: A Narrative Inquiry”.

6. Agriculture Research is aimed at improving productivity and quality of crops by their

generic improvement, better plant protection, irrigation, storage methods, farm
mechanization, efficient marketing, and better management of agricultural resources.
Agriculture plays a crucial role in the life of an economy. It is the backbone of the economic
system. It does not only provide food and raw material but also employment opportunities.
 Examples of Agriculture Research
The examples of agriculture research are “Effect of Different Rates of Nitrogen Fertilizers
on Growth and Quality of Rice and Corn”, “Shaping the Modern Farming Through AgTech
Fusion”, “Growth and Development of Eggplant (Solanum Melongena) as Influenced by
Various Organic Fertilizers” and “Modern Farming Methods: Changing the Face of
Agriculture”.

7.Fisheries Research is conducted to increase the production of fishery resources for the
purpose of providing human food. It helps the fisheries management authority such as
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) to protect different bodies of water so
that sustainable supply of aquatic resources is maintained.

Examples of Fisheries Research

The examples of fisheries research are “Vulnerability of Inland and Coastal Aquaculture to
Climate Change”, “Effect of Commercial Fishing Technologies on Marine Ecosystem”,
“Dredging: Habitant Destruction of Clams and other Aquatic Resources” and “Why Do
Fish Stocks Collapse? An Exploratory Study”.

8. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Research is designed to ease

knowledge-gathering process and to enhance resource-development. It is conducted to
make us ready to adapt with the changing times and to understand today’s fast changing
knowledge and its peculiarities.

Examples of ICT Research

The examples of ICT research are “The Role of ICT within Small and Medium Enterprises
in the Municipality of Esperanza, Sultan Kudarat”, “Implementation of DepEd
Computerization Program (DCP) in the Public High Schools in Sultan Kudarat”, “Art and
Mathematics Modelling in Computers” and “Role of Computers in Digital Forensics”.

9. Business Research is a process of acquiring detailed information of all the areas of business
and using such information in maximizing the sales and profit of the business. It helps
business firms determine which product or service is most profitable or in demand.

Examples of Business Research

The examples of business research are “Financial Literacy, Spending Practices and
Performance of Teachers“ and “Budgeting Practices and Business Efficiency of Large
Enterprises at Sultan Kudarat”.

10. Social Science Research is a study that focuses on finding reasons for human behavior. It
is conducted to gather information about people and societies. It can change the already
accepted principles through its new research methodologies and findings.

Examples of Social Science Research

The examples of social science research are “The Impact of Deforestation on Wildlife”,
“Emotional Intelligence and Social Competence: Antecedents of School Administrators’
Transformational Leadership Qualities”, “Implementation of Ecological Solid Waste
Management (RA 9003) in the Municipality of Esperanza, Sultan Kudarat”
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN DAILY LIFE

What is Qualitative Research?

Qualitative Research is a scientific method of observation to gather non-numerical data.
It refers to the meanings, concepts, characteristics, metaphors, symbols and description
of phenomena, and not to their counts or measures.

Nature of Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth understanding of
social phenomena within their natural setting. It relies on the direct experiences of human
beings as meaning making agents in their everyday lives.

Qualitative Research seeks to answer the “Why”, “In what ways”, “What”, and “How”
of phenomena as opposed to the “To what extent”, “Is there a significant
difference/relationship” and “How many” of phenomena. Qualitative analysis calculates
“meaning” while quantitative analysis calculates “mean”.

Rather than by logical and statistical procedures, Qualitative Research uses multiple systems
of inquiry for the study of human phenomena such as biography, case study, historical
analysis,
discourse analysis, ethnography, grounded theory and phenomenology.

Purpose of Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research promotes a deep, holistic understanding of a particular phenomenon.

How Qualitative Research Came into Existence

Human beings have always attempted to understand the world where they live. Before the
19th century, questions about human existence were answered from the Bible, the Church,
and from Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle who believed that the process of
“knowing” was absolute, systematic and logical. It was during the late 18th century when the
pursuit of knowledge experienced a scientific crisis. Other philosophers such as Immanuel
Kant, William Dilthey, Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty believed that life
consists of what we experience in our activities and reflections as we live out our personal
histories and that we live in a matrix of complex relationships with others. Therefore, humans
cannot be studied as isolated units but must be understood in the context of their “lived
world” or “cultural and social connections”. The seminal work of these philosophers paved
the way for the birth of naturalistic or qualitative research. In short, Qualitative Research has
a long history in sociology and has been used within it for as long as the field has existed.
This type of research has long appealed to social scientists to investigate the meanings people
attribute to their behavior, actions, and interactions with others.

Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research

Qualitative research is concerned with indepth understanding which is purely described in
words, phrases or sentences. Quantitative research is concerned with measurement and
numbers. It is dependent on statistical tools and numerical scales. Qualitative research is
primary exploratory research. It is used to gain understanding of underlying reasons,
opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or it helps to develop ideas or
hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Quantitative research is used to quantify the
problem using rating scale and other research parameters. It is used to quantify reasons,
opinions and motivations. Qualitative research uses interviews, participant observation,
focus group discussions (FGD), participatory rapid appraisal (PRA), document analysis and
content analysis in gathering data. Quantitative research employs survey questionnaire,
checklist, paper-pencil test and experimentation in gathering data. In terms of data gathering
activities, Qualitative research is inductive while quantitative research is deductive. In
terms of discussing the gathered data, both Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research
employ inductive and deductive methods. In other words, inductive and deductive methods
are not mutually exclusive with each other in research. In discussing the Qualitative
Research data, arguments based on experience or observation are best expressed inductively.
While arguments based on laws, rules, or other widely accepted principles are best expressed
deductively. Inductive method of discussing the data is also known as “bottom-up” method.
Deductive method of discussing the data is also called “top-down” method. In discussing the
Quantitative Research data, inductive method is used if the researcher discusses first the
indicators that receive the lowest and highest means before he explains the overall mean. If
the researcher starts his discussion from the overall mean before going to the lowest and
highest means, deductive method is employed. Qualitative research is making “kwento” out
of a certain phenomenon. Open-ended questions are used. Pictures, words, sentences,
paragraphs, compositions, narrations and short stories are used in qualitative research.
Quantitative research is doing “kwenta” out of a certain phenomenon. Closed-ended
questions are employed. Numbers, scales, hypotheses, calculations, computations and
statistics are applied in quantitative research.

In what way is qualitative research inductive?

Qualitative Research is inductive since the researcher starts with the observations and the
new theory or insight is generated towards the end of the research process. The researcher
starts from a scratch, a completely open mind without any preconceived ideas of what will be
found. In Qualitative Research, the researcher begins from gathering all the small or specific
details of the subject before he will give his generalization towards the end of the research
process. This means that NO CONCLUSION will be formulated. NEW INSIGHTS OR
THEORIES GAINED will be used instead of conclusions.

Why is Qualitative Research Subjective?

Qualitative Research is primarily subjective as it seeks to understand human behavior and
reasons that govern such behavior using the personal views of the researcher. Data analysis is
influenced by the personal experiences and opinions of the researcher. The researcher uses
openended questions in gathering data. There is no CRITERIA used by the researcher in
discussing the data. The aim of qualitative research is to generate a new theory based on the
gathered data.

Why is Quantitative Research Deductive?

Quantitative Research is deductive as it starts from an already constructed theory or
principle. The researcher begins with a hypothesis or already constructed theory. He focuses
on exploring the previously researched phenomenon from different perspectives. The aim
of quantitative research is to test hypothesis or theory. In Quantitative Research, the
researcher begins with an expected pattern “that is tested against observations”. In other
words, the researcher explores a known theory or phenomenon and tests if that theory is valid
in a given circumstances. The reasoning starts with a theory and leads to a new hypothesis.
This hypothesis is put into the test by confronting it with observations that either lead to a
confirmation or a rejection of the hypothesis.

Why is Quantitative Research Objective?

Quantitative Research is objective as it only seeks precise measurements and analysis of
target concepts to answer inquiries. The researcher employs a standard criteria in analyzing
data. He doesn’t go beyond what is found in the set research parameters. He employs closed-
ended research instrument in gathering data. Conclusion is formulated towards the end of the
research process.

Open-Ended Questions
OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS are defined as the freeform survey questions that allow a
participant to answer in open-text format. In other words, responses to these questions are not
limited to a set of options. Guide questions for the interviews and focus group discussions
are examples of open-ended questions. These questions elicit data needed by a qualitative
research.

Examples of Open-Ended Questions

1. How do modern youth practice classic Filipino values?
2. What settlement methods do Maguindanaon apply to resolve clan war (rido)?
3. How are Filipino cultures invaded by the K-Pop mania?
4. In what ways does Philippine government prevent the increase of COVID 19 cases?

Closed-Ended Questions
CLOSED-ENDED QUESTIONS are questions that can only be answered by selecting from a
limited number of options, usually “multiple-choice”, “yes or no”, or a rating scale (e.g. from
strongly agree to strongly disagree). CLOSED-ENDED QUESTIONS are the foundation of
all statistical analysis techniques applied on questionnaires and surveys for quantitative
research.

Examples of Closed-Ended Questions

1. Are you in favor of the revival of Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) program in
senior high school curriculum?
5 Very Much Favor 2 Not Favor
4 Very Favor 1 Very Much Not Favor
3 Moderately Favor

Characteristics of Qualitative Research

NATURALISTIC INQUIRY. Qualitative research is naturalistic because it studies a person
or group in his/its natural setting. Qualitative researcher often collects data in the field
where participants experience the issues or problems under study.

INDUCTIVE ANALYSIS. Qualitative research allows the researcher to immerse in a

subject. The researcher starts with guide questions which continuously change depending on
what he wants to know. After gathering all the needed data, he generalizes the new insights
gained from the investigation.

HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE. Qualitative research applies holistic approach which states

that “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”. Qualitative researcher tries to develop
a complex picture of the problems or issues under study.

RESEARCHER AS THE KEY INSTRUMENT. Qualitative researcher collects data

himself through examining documents, observing behavior, and interviewing participants.
Researcher uses guide questions personally designed by him. He does not tend to use or rely
on questionnaires or instruments developed by other researchers.

DYNAMIC SYSTEM. Qualitative research is not concerned with having straightforward,

right or wrong answers. In addition, change in the study is common because the researcher
is not concerned with finding one answer only. In other words, qualitative researcher is
open to change his research process as the research process succeeds.

UNIQUE CASE ORIENTATION. Qualitative researcher must remember that every study
is special and he must observe in-depth attention to the subject matter.

CONTEXT SENSITIVITY. Qualitative researcher is sensitive to the cultures, traditions

and beliefs of his subjects.

EMPATHIC NEUTRALITY. Ideally, qualitative researcher is non-judgmental when

compiling findings.

DESIGN FLEXIBILITY. Qualitative researcher can continue to do research on other

topics or questions that emerge from initial research. He is flexible to the research design
applicable to the subject.

MULTIPLE METHODS. Qualitative researcher typically gathers multiple forms of data,

such as interviews, observations, and documents, rather than relying on a single data source.
Then he reviews all the data and make sense of them, organizing them into categories or
themes that cut across all of the data sources.
THEMATIC ANALYSIS. Qualitative researcher develops themes in reporting his findings.
His reports reflect multiple perspectives of the participants in the study. These multiples
perspectives are categorized into themes for comprehensible analysis.

Strengths of Qualitative Research

 Captures perception of local people
Details why people do certain things
Is interactive
Makes it easier for the people to understand the research findings
Allows the researchers to make use of different senses and look at non-verbal dimensions
Is responsive to field conditions; hence flexibility of research design
 Develops partnership with communities
Effective in exploring sensitive issues
Gives voice to the participants
Captures diversity of experiences and perceptions that are segmented according to
different lines of social differentiation
Conveys the complexity, ambiguity and dynamic nature of experiences of participants
 Elucidates complex processes (e.g. how men and women make decisions, negotiate
resources, manage risk differently)
Identifies contextual influences, causalities and drivers of vulnerability
Allows participants to freely exchange information or ideas
Is best for intimate and sensitive issues

Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

 Is not easily replicable
Entails long periods in the field
Ethnographers experience difficult social pressures in the field and it requires them to
exercise considerable social skills.
Generates vast amount of qualitative data that can be very difficult to analyze
Is influenced by the researcher’s perceptions hence it is subjective
 Is less effective and efficient for solving specific decision problems
Lack of review of related literature or in-depth information
Cannot guarantee that a wrong decision will not be made
Cannot compensate due to the lack of factual knowledge
Requires multiple sessions, that’s why, aside from time consuming, it is more expensive.
Gathered data are valuable but difficult to present
Data created through qualitative research are not always accepted

When to Use Qualitative Research

Little or no research has already been conducted on the topic.
 Objective of research is somewhat exploratory and naturalistic.

There is a need to explore some ideas in depth to understand thoughts, feelings or

percentions.
There are some uncertainties about the issues that may be influencing behavior.
There is a need for a fresh approach in studying the problem.
To establish new theories or principles
To have in-depth assessment on behavioral issues and emotional, attitudinal and
personality factors
To make sense of complex situations or social processes
To interpret the finding of quantitative research
To preserve cultural heritage
To explore new problem

Importance of Qualitative Research in Daily Life

Qualitative Research unveils individual’s perception, feelings and attitudes about a certain
topic or issue

Information is precise and reliable since it promotes collaboration of the researcher and the
members of the community.

Qualitative Research stimulates people’s interdependence or interpersonal relationship.

Qualitative Research puts premium or high value on people’s thinking or point of view
conditioned by their personal views.

Qualitative Research gains an in-depth understanding of underlying reasons, opinions and

motivations.

Qualitative Research allows the researcher to immerse in the community where the
participants live.
 Activities

Activity No. 1

Qualitative Research
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Similarities
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Quantitative Research
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Activity No.2

Qualitative Research
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Quantitative Research
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Activity No. 3
Answer the following in paragraph forms (At least 100 words each).
1. Why is research empirical?
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2. Research starts with a problem and ends with a new problem. Explain it comprehensively.
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Activity No. 4
Answer the following in paragraph forms (At least 100 words each).
1. Research can be replicated but its finding cannot be duplicated. Elaborate.
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2. Why is there a need to consider the Research Ethics before doing any research work?
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Post- Test

I. Fill in the Blanks. Write the correct answer in the space provided.

1. _____________________Research is based on direct experience and observation by the

researcher?
2. _____________________Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data?
3. _____________________The collection of data relies on practical experience?
4. _____________________Research is based on valid procedures and principles?
5. _____________________Research is repeated?
6. _____________________Research establishes the level of significance, i.e., at 1% or 5%
level of significance. ?
7. _____________________How good you are in research concepts, yet, you don’t experience
conducting research by yourself, you cannot be expert in research. ?
8. _____________________Scientific investigation is done in an orderly manner, so that
researcher has the confidence in the results?
9. _____________________The research design and procedures are replicated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results?
10. _____________________Results of the research are based on correct and valid information
taken from the participants?
11. _____________________Research is learning by doing?
12. _____________________Research doesn’t automatically believe on the available data. It
exhibits judicious evaluation of the information?
13. _____________________Research exhibits careful and precise judgement?
14. _____________________Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem?
15. _____________________The more the research topic is conducted, the more valid and
conclusive the results would be?

II. Identify what characteristic of Qualitative Research is described by each of the

following statements. Write your answer in the space provided.

1. A researcher does not tend to use or rely on questionnaires or instruments developed by

other researchers.
2. Qualitative research studies a person or group in his/its natural setting.
3. A researcher tries to develop a complex picture of the problems or issues under study.
4. A researcher often collects data in the field where participants experience the issues or
problems under study.
 5. A researcher gathers specific information about a certain phenomenon before he generalizes
the new insights gained from the investigation.
6. Qualitative research applies the adage “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”.
7. Qualitative research is personally engaged.
8. Change in the research design is common because the researcher is not concerned with
finding one answer only.
9. Every study is special and a researcher must observe in-depth investigation to the subject
matter.
10. Qualitative research process changes as the research progresses.
11. A researcher collects data himself through examining documents, observing behavior and
interviewing participants.
12. Every participant’s answer is unique and a researcher should not stop gathering data unless
the information becomes “saturated” already.
13. A researcher is sensitive to the cultures, traditions and beliefs of his participants.
14. A researcher is ideally non-judgemental and neutral when compiling findings.
15. A researcher is flexible to the research design applicable to the subject.

Answer:
1. _________________________________

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8. _________________________________

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10. _________________________________

11. _________________________________

12. _________________________________

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15. _________________________________