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Common Subject Description: This course develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills
through quantitative research.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
COMPILATION
IN
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
PERFORMANCE LEARNING
CONTENT CONTENT STANDARD
STANDARD COMPETENCIES
Human history abounds with problems. Problems are everywhere in different variety in
different perspective which affect mankind. Problems are observed along political, social, environmental
and many aspects of life. This may between individuals, groups or in an organization. In that,
mankind wants solution to these problems. These solutions should not be only effective but also
be acquired and used for improvement. To be able to achieve that, solutions must be based in
knowledge, not on mere beliefs, guesses, or theories. To acquire this knowledge it requires a well-
planned and systematic procedure and should be continuously evaluated on its accuracy and
usefulness. In that, RESEARCH has been devised to meet this need.
Quantitative research designs use numbers in stating generalizations about a given problem
or inquiry in contrast to qualitative research that hardly uses statistical treatment in stating
generalizations. The numbers in quantitative research are the results of objective scales of
measurements of the units of analysis called variables.
In this unit, you will be encountering also the characteristics of quantitative research, its
strength and weaknesses, its kinds and importance across disciplines. In here also, we will be
tackling kinds of variables and its uses.
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Good luck, enjoy reading and doing the activity. God bless.
LESSON 1: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH – CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTH,
WEAKNESSES and KINDS
PRE-TEST QUESTIONS:
I. TRUE or FALSE. Write QUANTITATIVE after the item when the sentence is true while
QUALITATIVE if the statement is false.
1. In quantitative research, researchers know in advance what they are looking for.
Research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose in order to
integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby
ensuring you will effectively address the research problem. Furthermore, a research
design constitutes the blueprint for the selection, measurement and analysis of data.
The research problem determines the research you should.
Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical,
mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires,
and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational
techniques.
The kind of research is dependent on the researcher’s aim in conducting the
study and the extent to which the findings will be used. Quantitative research
designs are generally classified into experimental and non-experimental as the following
matrix below.
EXPERIMENTAL NON-EXPERIMENTAL
1. Non-equivalent Control
Group Design
2. Time Series Design
The following are the various kinds of quantitative research design that a researcher may employ:
What are the types of quantitative research designs? Give example each type.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
– use numbers in stating generalization
about a given problem or inquiry
STRENGHT WEAKNESSES
Objectivity CHARACTERISTICS Requires large number
Real & 1. OBJECTIVE of Respondents
Unbiased 2. CLEARLY DEFINED Costly
Facilitates RESEARCH QUESTIONS Contextual Factors
Sophisticated Analysis 3. STRUCTURED are ignored
Analyzed in quick RESEARCH Difficult to gather
& easy way INSTRUMENTS data
Replicable 4. NUMERICAL DATA Little glitch in
Useful in Testing 5. LARGE SAMPLE SIZES the procedure
Qualitative Research 6. REPLICATION leads to
7. FUTURE OUTCOMES incomplete and
inaccurate data
EXPERIMENTAL NON-EXPERIMENTAL/
DESCRIPTIVE
SURVEY
CORRELATIONAL
EX POST FACTO
COMPARATIVE
NORMATIVE
EVALUATIVE
METHODOLOGICAL
PR QUA TRU
E- SI- E-
EX EXPE EXPE
UNIT 1: NATURE
PE OF INQUIRY
RIMEand RESEARCH
RIME JAY-AR MARIO V. MARIANO
RIM NTA NTA
EN L L
TA
L
MIND CHALLENGE. Answer the following questions, follow directions given.
I. NON-STOP WRITING. In 10 mins., write your concise learning about the following.
1. What is quantitative research?
.
2. What are the characteristics of quantitative research?
.
3. Discuss the strengths of quantitative research.
.
4. Discuss the weaknesses of quantitative research.
.
5. Describe each type of quantitative research design. Give example each.
Example: Survey - used to gather information from groups of people by
selecting and studying samples chosen from a population.
Example: Preference T.V network of viewers in Upper Tumapoc, Burgos, La
Union.
I. Identification. Identify what is being asked in each number. Write your answer after the
statement.
1. It highlights numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers yield unbiased results that
can be generalized to some larger population and explain a
particular observation.
3. This kind of research derives conclusion from observations and manifestations that
already occurred in the past and now compared to
some dependent variables.
7. It refers to the overall strategy that you choose in order to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby ensuring you will effectively
address the research problem.
8. It controls for both time-related and group-related threats. Two features mark true
experiments: two or more differently treated groups; and random assignment to these
groups.
9. All variables in the study can contribute to the over-all prediction in an equation that
adds together the predictive power of each identified variable.
10. Its main purpose is to observe, describe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally
occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation or theory
development.
II. Multiple Choice. Choose the correct letter that best describe the question or complete
the statement. Write your answer before the number.
6. It is assumed that the larger the sample is, the more statistically accurate the findings are.
7. Researchers must be on the look-out on respondents who are just guessing in answering
the instrument.
8. It does not consider the distinct capacity of the respondents to share and elaborate
further information unlike the qualitative research.
9. It is real and unbiased.
10. It is costly.
IV. MATCHING TYPE. Match item in COLUMN A with those of COLUMN B by placing the
letter of the correct answers in the space provided in column A from among the choices I
column B.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. the posttest of the treated groups is
compared with that of an untreated group A. Normative
2. a test of children in school is used to
assess the effectiveness of teaching or B. Survey
the deployment of a curriculum
3. useful when the objective of the study is C. Census
to see general picture of the
population under investigation in terms D. Evaluative
of their social and economic
characteristics, opinions, and their E. Comparative
knowledge about the behavior towards
a certain phenomenon F. Ex-post facto
4. conducting a research on the study
habits G. Descriptive
of the high school students you are to
use the range of score to describe the H. Correlational
level of their study habits
5. discusses why and how a phenomenon I. Bivariate Correlational
occurs
6. selecting groups, upon which a variable is J. Prediction
tested, without any random pre-selection
processes K. Multiple Regression
7. uses correlation coefficient to show
how L. Pre-Experimental
one variable (the predictor variable)
predicts another (the criterion variable) M. Quasi Experimental
8. employs both treated and control
groups N. True Experimental
to deal with time-related rival explanations
9. it obtains score from two variables for
each subject, and then uses them
to calculate a correlation
coefficient
10. term that seems synonymous to survey
research
PRE-TEST QUESTIONS:
Answer the questions below. Follow instructions properly.
I. MATCHING TYPE. Match item in COLUMN A with those of COLUMN B by placing the
letter of the correct answers in the space provided in column A from among the choices I
column
B. Identify what discipline the given research title is related.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. What Effect do Punitive Behavioral
Control
Statements have on Classroom? A. QUANTI & ANTHROPOLOGY
2. The Relationship between the Mushrooming
of Fast Food Chains and Obesity of B. QUANTI & COMMUNICATION
Children in Kuopo, Eastern England.
3. Effect of Tourism to the Cultural System C. QUANTI & SPORTS MED.
of
Villagers in Southern Cordillera. D. QUANTI & MEDICAL ED.
4. Factors Affecting Quality of Medical
Education in Saint Louis University. E. QUANTI & BEHAVIORAL SCI.
5. Relationship of Verbally Aggressive
Behavior F. QUANTI & EDUCATION
to the Physical Aggression of a Person.
6. Factors Affecting Crime Rates in Burgos, G. QUANTI & PSYCHOLOGY
La
Union.
H. QUANTI & ABM
7. Video Integration in Teaching Science in
Grade 12 of Upper Tumapoc National
I. QUANTI & STEM
High School.
8. Communicative Behaviors Associated in
Different Stages of a Romantic
Relationship.
9. Ethnographic Study: Changes of Aeta
Behaviors in past 5 years.
10. Relationship of Physical Activity to the
Amount of Adipose Tissue and
Endurance Fitness of Children Aged 15
– 22 in Burgos, La Union.
.
2. Choose two disciplines enumerated above (column B) and explain how
quantitative research was used on it.
.
POST_TEST. This serves as your summative test. Answer the questions below following the
instruction given in each test.
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
LESSON 3: KINDS OF VARIABLES and THEIR USES
PRE-TEST QUESTIONS:
Answer the questions below. Follow instructions properly.
IV. IDENTIFICATION. Identify what is being asked in each number. Write your answer after
the statement. Choose your answer from the box below.
1. It refers to the characteristics that have two or more mutually exclusive values or
properties.
2. Variables that represent categories that cannot be ordered in any particular way.
3. Special kind of independent variables that are measured in a study because they
potentially influence the dependent variable.
4. Variables that have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers when there is
an absolute zero, as opposed to net worth, which can have a negative debt-to-income ratio-
level variable.
5. Kind of variable that are not actually measured or observed in a study. They exist but
their influence cannot be directly detected in a study.
6. It “stands between” the independent and dependent variables, and they show the effects of
the independent variable on the dependent variable.
7. Variables that represent categories that can be ordered from greatest to smallest.
8. Kind of variable that probably cause, influence, or effect outcomes. They are variably called
treatment, manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables.
9. Variables that depend on independent variables; they are the outcomes or results of the
influence of the independent variable.
10. Variables that have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers.
II. DETERMINATION. Determine if what type of variable are the following. Write I if the
variable is Interval, N if Nominal, R if Ratio and O if Ordinal.
1. Military Title
2. Temperature in degree Celsius
3. Birthplace
4. Year Level
5. Favorite Type of Music
6. Clothing such as hat, shirt, shoes
7. A score in 5- item quiz in Math
8. Feeling for today
9. Means of Transportation
10. How internet is used at home
11. Freshman, Sophomore
12. Person’s net worth
13. Male or female
14. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
15. Political Affiliation
THE VARIABLES IN RESEARCH
The term ‘variable’ has been mentioned several times so that it is necessary to define it
here. In research, a variable refers to a “characteristics that has two or more mutually
exclusive values or properties” (Sevilla and Other, 1988). Sex, for instance, has two properties
which are maleness and femaleness. The ages of different persons have different values; so with
their size, height, weight and income. The phenomenon of variety is what makes life interesting; it
is one of the motivating factors of the research undertaking.
The root word of the word variable is “vary” or simply “can change”. These variables are
among the fundamental concepts of research, alongside with measurement, validity, reliability, cause
and effect; and theory. Bernard (1994) defines a variable as something that can take more than one
value, and values can be words or numbers.
A variable specifically refers to characteristics, or attribute of an individual or an
organization that can be measured or observed and that varies among the people or organization
being studied (Creswell, 2002).
KINDS OF VARIABLES
Several experts have lumped together the following as the major kinds of variables:
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES – those that depend on the independent variables; they are
the outcomes or results of the influence of the independent variable. That is why it is
also called outcome variable.
EXAMPLE: A study is on the relationship of study habits and academic performance of
UTNHS senior high school students. ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE is the dependent variable
because it is depending on the study habits of the students; if the students change their
study habit the academic performance also change.
DV IV DV
I. Identification. Identify the variables and the constant in each title of study presented below.
Determine the independent and dependent variable; then determine whether discrete or continuous
variable.
FOR EXAMPLE: A study on the relationship of study habits and academic performance of BSU
college students.
CONSTANT VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT DISCRETE/ DEPENDENT DISCRETE/
CONTINOUS CONTINOUS
BSU COLLEGE ACADEMIC
STUDY HABITS DISCRETE DISCRETE
STUDENTS PERFORMANCE
CONSTANT VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT DISCRETE/ DEPENDENT DISCRETE/
CONTINOUS CONTINOUS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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