CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY
• Science that deals with
the composition,
structure and properties
of substances and with
transformations that they
undergo
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
• Chemistry of compounds that contains both
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY carbon and hydrogen

INORGANIC • Study of materials that do not contain hydrogen

bonds
CHEMISTRY

ANALYTICAL • Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the

chemical composition of materials
CHEMISTRY
• Application of theories and concepts in physics
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (e.g. thermodynamics) in the study of chemical
systems
MATTER
• a material substance that
occupies space, has mass,
and is composed
predominantly of atoms
(protons, neutrons and
electrons) and that is
interconvertible with
energy
Elements, mixtures and compounds
Elements are substances that are made from one type of atom. An element cannot be
broken down into any other substance.

Compounds are substances made from atoms of different elements joined by chemical
bonds. They can only be separated by a chemical reaction.

A mixture is made by simply mixing together elements and compounds. No new chemical
bonds are formed. Mixtures can be separated using techniques such as filtration,
chromatography, evaporation, magnetisation, flotation and distillation.

Atoms are the basic building blocks. In the activities in this unit, we represent the atoms by
circles. By shading the circles differently and drawing them different sizes, we can
represent different types of atom.

A molecule is a group of atoms that are chemically joined together. It is possible for a
molecule to be an element (e.g. oxygen, O2) or a compound (e.g. water, H2O). You can tell
the difference because in an element there is only one type of atom
States of Matter

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States of Matter

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States of Matter
⬩ Plasma –hot ionized gas consisting of
approximately equal numbers of
positively charged ions and negatively
charged electrons
⬩ Bose-Einstein Condensate – state of
matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to
temperatures very close to absolute zero
kelvin.

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CHANGES IN MATTER
• Physical Change
- some physical properties of the
substance is modified which leads to
change in phase or state of the
substance. (Note: chemical composition
of the substance remains unchanged)
• Chemical Change
- Change in the composition of matter that
produces a new substance with new
properties
SESSION 2 | JUNE 30, 2019 | CHEMISTRY

PHASE CHANGES
SESSION 2 | JUNE 30, 2019 | CHEMISTRY

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
• Pure Substances
- are substances that contain only one kind of molecule
- can’t be separated into simpler substances by physical
or mechanical means such as sifting, filtering, crystallization,
distillation, etc.
• Elements - cannot be decomposed into simpler
substances
• Compounds – are made up of two or more elements
(e.g. Water, NaCl, CaCl2, Ca3(PO4)2)
SESSION 2 | JUNE 30, 2019 | CHEMISTRY

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
• Mixtures
- Can be separated into 2 or more substances by
physical or mechanical means

Homogeneous Mixture – all the substances are

evenly distributed throughout the mixture
Ex. Blood, Air, Juice, Paint
Alloys – mixture of metals
Ex. Steel (mixture of iron and carbon), Bronze
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
• Mixtures

Heterogeneous Mixture – the composition

is not uniform
Ex. Oil and Water, Rocks, Pizza
Suspensions – solids immersed in liquid
Ex. Juice, sand and water
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
• Mixtures
Colloids - a mixture where very small
particles of one substance are evenly
distributed throughout another substance.
Unlike in a suspension, particles will not
settle to the bottom over a period of time;
they will stay suspended or float.
Ex. Milk, foam, fog
Tyndall effect – light scattering by
particles in a colloid or particles in a
fine suspension
COMPONENTS OF MATTER
• Discovery of Electrons
• Cathode Ray Tubes – J.J. Thomson
• Consists of two electrodes sealed in
a glass tube containing a gas at a
very low pressure
• When a voltage is applied to the
cathodes a glow discharge is
emitted.
• Thomson named the cathode ray
“electrons”.
COMPONENTS OF MATTER
• Discovery of Electrons
• Robert Milikan
• Oil drop
experiment
• Determined the
charge and mass
of an electron
 COMPONENTS OF MATTER
• Structure of Matter
Ernest Rutherford gave
the basic picture of the
atomic structure and
did the “Gold Foil
Experiment”. He also
discovered the nucleus
and protons
COMPONENTS OF MATTER
• James Chadwick – discovered “neutrons” (neutrally-
charged particles)
• Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. All matter consists of tiny, indivisible particles called
“atoms”.
2. Atoms of an element cannot be created, destroyed
nor be transformed into another element
3. Atoms of the same element are identical in mass
and other properties, and are different from atoms
of any other element.
4. Compounds result from the chemical combination
of a specific ratio of atoms of different elements
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION
• Chemical combination occurs in
definite proportion by weight or by
volume. Based on various experiments
performed by different scientists, the
laws of chemical combinations were
formulated. These laws laid the
foundation of stoichiometry.
1. Law of Conservation of Mass –
mass is neither created nor
destroyed in chemical reactions.
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION
• Chemical combination occurs in definite
proportion by weight or by volume. Based on
various experiments performed by different
scientists, the laws of chemical combinations were
formulated. These laws laid the foundation of
stoichiometry.
2. Law of Definite Proportions – in a given
compound, the constituent elements are
always combined in the same proportions
by mass, regardless of the origin or mode of
preparation of the compound.
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION
• Chemical combination occurs in definite
proportion by weight or by volume.
Based on various experiments
performed by different scientists, the
laws of chemical combinations were
formulated. These laws aid the
foundation of stoichiometry.
3. Law of Multiple Proportions – the
masses of one element which
combine with a fixed mass of the
second element
 Accuracy Precision
-nearness to the true value -nearness of the values to
each other
𝑒
𝑢|−
𝑙𝑎
𝑣
𝑙𝑎
𝑢𝑒
𝑡𝑢
𝑐
𝑎
𝑢
𝑣𝑙𝑡|
𝑟𝑎
𝑒
𝑟%
=
𝑜𝑟𝑟𝐸 𝑥100
𝑢
𝑟𝑒
𝑡𝑣𝑢
𝑎
𝑒
𝑙 𝑋 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
is a measurement of how close a is a measurement of how close a
measurement is to correct or seires of measurements are higly
accepted value of the quantity being reproducible, even if the measurents
meaured are not near the correct value.
P hysical Characteristics T y p i c a l Un i t s

K, Kelvin
Standard:
273K

2
SI Units Prefixes:

conversion notes:
a= big unit
b= small unit
big unit - small unit
b (ratio)
a  a  b(ratio)
a (ratio)
small unit- big units
a (ratio) b  a ( ratio )
b 
b (ratio) b ( ratio )
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
• Conversion
of one unit
to another
Example:
1hm
1. A)44m x 
1 x[10^ (9)]m
[10^(2)] 1.A) 0.44
1000L
2. A)23kL x  2.A) 23000
1kL
other examples: 1.) 53km - nanometers=µL2.) 34.67 microliter- hectoliters=
1000m 1nm
53km    53000000000000
1km 1x[10^ (9)]m
1  [10^ (-6)]L 1hL
34.67 µL    0.0000003467
1 µL 1 [10^ (2)]L
Challenge: how many weeks
are there in 77,212,128 hours?
THE PERIODIC TABLE

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 THE PERIODIC TABLE
⬩ Dobreiner discovered the Law of Triad, the
relationships between the properties of
elements and their atomic weight
⬩ John Newland arranged the elements according
to the Law of Octaves, in which the elements are
ordered in increasing atomic weight.

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 THE PERIODIC TABLE
⬩ Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the periodic table and
discovered a repeating pattern or periodic trends but
believed that properties are more accurate than masses
of the elements.
⬩ Henry Mosely discovered that each element in
Mendeleev’s arrangement of The Periodic Table was
arranged in order such that their atomic number is
increase numerically from left to right and from top to
bottom. 3
THE PERIODIC TABLE
⬩ a chart that shows the elements that
are grouped together according to its
properties
⬩ Rows – Periods
⬩ Columns – Group

3
 Elements
• Metals –hard (except for Hg), shiny,
ductile, malleable and good conductor of
heat and electricity
• Non-metals -brittle solids that doesn’t
conduct heat and electricity
• Metalloids –borderline between metals
and non metals
• Noble Gases –nonreactive gases
The Groups of the Periodic Table
⬩ Alkali Metals –soft and most active metals
⬩ Transition Metals –harder and less reactive than alkali
metals
⬩ Lanthanides –shiny and reactive metals
⬩ Actinides –radioactive metals
⬩ Halogens –most reactive non-metals
⬩ Chalcogens –needs 2 electrons to be stable
⬩ Noble Gases –not willing to gain, lose or share electrons
⬩ Hydrogen –can act as metal or non-metal
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PERIODIC TABLE:
• Atomic Number = number of protrons

• Number of Electrons:
= number of protons ± charge

• Mass Number
= protons + neutrons

• Number of Neutrons
= mass number - atomic number
ACTIVITY:
Symbol Element Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Mass Charge
Number Number
Na1+ Sodium 11 11 23
Ion
Silver 47 61 0

Cr 24 24 28 0

N3- 7 7 14
ACTIVITY:
Symbol Element Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Mass Charge
Number Number
Na1+ Sodium 11 11 12 10 23 +1
Ion
Ag Silver 47 47 61 47 108 0

Cr Chromi 24 24 28 24 52 0
um
N3- Nitrite 7 7 7 10 14 -3
Ion
Solving (Fomulas)
6.022x10^23 atoms
moles   atoms
1 mole
atomic mass
moles   grams
1 mole
6.022x10^23 molecules
moles   molecules
1 mole
1 mole 6.022x10^23 atoms
grams    atoms
atomic mass 1 mole
Practice Problems:
How many grams are there in 7.40 moles of
AgNO3?

How many grams are there in 2.30 x 10^24

atoms of silver?

How many moles are there in 24.0 grams of

FeF3?

How many moles are there in 2.00 x 10^19

molecules of CCl4?
Significant Figures:
• Number of significant figures is the number of digits reported, not including zeroes
to the left of the first non-zero digit [0.063 cm has 2 sig figs].

• Trailing zeroes are usually insignificant [80 km has 1 or 2 sig figs depending on
uncertainty].

• All non-zero digits to the right of the decimal point are significant [80.1 kg has 3
sig figs].

• All digits between the first non-zero digit and a decimal point or a non-zero digit
are significant [100.2 °C has 4 sig figs].

• Zeroes after a decimal are significant [1.00 s has 3 sig figs].

 FI
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if u have questions abt the ppt,
u can contact me @ren.ldrngn

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