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(XRD)
Oleh:
Victor Kayadoe, S.Pd., M.Si
422 331
420
422
440
511
600 333
442
620 440
Sample 531
622
600
444 442
640 620
533
642 622
444
Incident X-rays 711
551
640
2 = 0o
KCl
Different
polymorphs will
have different
powder patterns
e.g. Zn S
Uses: polymorphs
K3SO4F: tetragonal &
cubic forms
M
M = Monoclinic
M T = Tetragonal
M
T
M
SZ700
Int
en
sit
y/
SZ600
a.
u.
SZ500
1/3 X
SZ100
XRD pattern of the
Zr(SO4)2 calcined at the
20 25 30 35 40 various temperature for 6
2, degree
h.
Peak Broadening
In an X-ray diffraction pattern, peak width
depends on
• the instrument
– radiation not pure monochromatic
– Heisenberg uncertainty principle
– focussing geometry
• the sample…
- a crystalline substance gives rise to sharp
lines, whereas a truly amorphous material
gives a broad “hump”.
Peak Broadening
If crystal size < 0.2 m, then peak broadening occurs
At <50nm, becomes significant.
Why?
Bragg’s law gives the condition for constructive
interference.
At slightly higher than the Bragg angle, each plane gives
a “lag” in the diffracted beam.
For many planes, these end up cancelling out and thus the
net diffraction is zero.
150
1050oC
100
50
30oC
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
20 / o
Amorphous / micro-crystalline?
It can be difficult to distinguish between an amorphous
material and a crystalline sample with very small particle
size.
BUT the idea of such a small size “crystal” being
crystalline doesn’t make sense!
5nm = 50Å = e.g. 10 unit cells
Is this sufficient for long range order??
Uses: more advanced
Structure refinement – the Rietveld method
800
into account relative 600
400
scattering from each 200
crystalline phase 0
-200
-400
10 20 30 40 50 60
2Th Degrees
Summary
Many different uses for powder X-ray diffraction!
Fingerprinting: identifying phases, distinguishing
similar materials, identifying polymorphs, (following
chemical reactions)
Indication of particle size from peak broadening
Unit cell refinement
Variable temperature/pressure measurements
Crystal structure refinement
Quantitative analysis
Kinetic study
X-Ray Diffraction Patterns
WO3/SiO2-W
wt% WO3
100
37
WO3/SiO2 20
WO3
12
6 (1.5 -100 wt%)
3
1.5
60 50 40 30 20 10
2 (degrees)
WO3/Al2O3-D
wt% WO3
29
13
WO3
WO3/Al2O3 7.4
3.6
1.8
0.9
(0 -29 wt%)
0
70 60 50 40 30 20 10
2 (degrees)
Solid-State Diffusion of Co into Al2O3
9.1 wt% CoO/Al2O3
* bulk CoAl2O4
o
Calcination T: 1290 K
n
1025 k
h
875 g
675 d
a
380
80 70 60 50 40 30 20
2 (degrees)
2-line position of “Al2O3 and CoAl2O4”
diffraction line at about 80 degrees
Above 900 K the intensity of spinel lines increases,
Al2O3 lines shift:
79.6
79.4
2 (degrees)
79.2
79.0
78.8
791.0
NiO(4.1)/Al2O3
792.7
a
794.4 NiO(5.1)WO3/Al2O3
796.0
calculated
797.7