Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Learning Goals:
• Describe the research of
various scientists and explain
how they reached their
conclusions
• Define isotopes and solve
problems using atomic # and
mass #
Summary of Atomic Theories
• The first mention of what makes up matter was from the
Greeks in 600BC.
• The word “atom” comes from the Greek word meaning
uncuttable or indivisible. They believed that matter could be
cut into smaller and smaller units until eventually you would
get the smallest unit of matter.
• In the early 1800s, an English scientist named Dalton
investigated these ideas further.
History of the Atom
• Dalton (1808) – suggested that atoms are solid spheres, like
pool balls. He proposed that;
• All matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms
• Atoms cannot be sub-divided or changed into other particles.
• All atoms of an element are identical (size, shape, mass, etc.)
• Atoms of different elements are different
• Atoms are rearranged to form new substances in chemical
reactions, but they are never created or destroyed
• Atoms combine with each other in a ratio of small whole
numbers (1:1, 1:2, 2:2, 2:3)
History of the Atom
• Thomson (1897) – used a cathode ray tube to discover a new
particle inside the atom. He suggested that these particles are
small and negatively charged. He called them ‘electrons.’
The history of the atom
Puddin
g
POSITIVE
charge
ELECTR
ONS
Negative charge
History of the Atom
• Rutherford (1909) – conducted gold foil experiments and
found that some positively charged particles were deflected.
He hypothesized that the particles must have come into
contact with a small, dense, positively charged nucleus.
Dalto Wave
Thomson Rutherford Bohr
n Mechanical
Atoms and Atomic
Structure
The Nucleus
• The nucleus was found to contain 2 types of particles:
• Protons (p+): actual mass of 1.67x10-24g, +1 charge
• Neutrons (n0): actual mass of 1.67x10-24g, neutral charge
• In order to simplify calculations, protons and neutrons were given
a relative atomic mass of 1 amu (atomic mass unit.)
• The number of protons an element has is unique to that element
and is represented by the atomic number on the Periodic Table.
Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams
• Bohr-Rutherford diagrams combine the work of all
these scientists to show the arrangement of subatomic
particles (protons, neutrons and electrons) in an atom.
• When there are two dots beside each other, they are called
lone pairs of e-.
• When there is only 1 dot, it is called an unpaired e-. These are
more likely to be involved in bonding.
Atomic Number & Mass Number
• Atomic Number – the number of protons in one atom of an element.
In a neutral element, this will be the same as the number of
electrons.
• Mass Number (a.k.a. Atomic Mass) – the sum of the protons and
neutrons in one atom of an element.
• # of neutrons = Mass number – Atomic number
Practice
1. How many electrons are in 1 atom of F? Ans: 9
2. How many protons are in 1 atom of Na? Ans: 11
3. How many protons & neutrons are in 1 atom of N? Ans: 14
4. How many neutrons are in 1 atom of Al? Ans: 14
5. How many neutrons are in 2 atoms of C? Ans: 12
6. Draw a Bohr-Rutherford diagram for Neon.
Neutrons in the atom
+++
+++ &6 6protons
Neutrons
24 6
18 12
Neutrons in the atom
ANSWER:
AAM = 0.518(106.9) + 0.482(108.9) = 107.8638u
Answer:
Solve: 0.787(24) + 0.101(25) + 0.112(26) = 24.325
Therefore the isotopic abundance of B10 is 20% and the isotopic abundance of B11 is
80%.
Atomic Structure &
Chemical Bonding
The Octet Rule
• When atoms combine, they achieve a stable
arrangement with a full valence shell or 8 outer electrons
(2 for hydrogen.) This is called the ‘octet rule.’
• When atoms loose or gain electrons, they become ions.
• ION – A charged particle
The Formation of Ions
Cations Anions
• Formed when an atom • Formed when an atom
looses an electron gains an electron (non-
(metals) metals)
• They have the same • They are named by
name as their element replacing the end of the
• A sodium atom becomes a elements name with –ide.
sodium ion. • A chlorine atom becomes a
• An aluminum atom chloride ion.
becomes an aluminum ion. • A sulfur atom becomes a
sulfide ion.
Example: Indicate the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons in each atom or ion
N 7 14
Ca2+ 20 40
Br1- 35 80
Example: Indicate the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons in each atom or ion
N 7 14 7 14 – 7 = 7
7
Ca2+ 20 40
Br1- 35 80
Example: Indicate the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons in each atom or ion
N 7 14 7 14 – 7 = 7
7
Ca2+ 20 40 20 40 – 20 20 – 2 =
= 20 18
Br1- 35 80
Example: Indicate the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons in each atom or ion
N 7 14 7 14 – 7 = 7
7
Ca2+ 20 40 20 40 – 20 20 – 2 =
= 20 18
Br1- 35 80 35 80 – 35 35 + 1 =
= 45 36
Game Time:
• “Build an Atom”
Practice Questions
• Check Unit Outline:
• Page 14, Q’s 1, 2, 5, 6
• Page 19, Q’s 1, 2, 8-10
• Page 21, Q’s 3-6, 9-11
• WS: Isotopes Practice
• WS: Average Atomic Mass