Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vinay Desai
M.Sc Radiation Physics
KIDWAI MEMORIAL INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY
ATOM:
Example:
235U X-Uranium
92
A-235
Z-92
Theories of Atomic models:
John Dalton
• Matter is made of indivisible atoms,
they are indestructible.
• All atoms of a given (same)
• Limitations: It could not explain
are
element
identical in their physical and
chemical properties. •Why and how do atoms combine together to
• Atoms of different elements differ in form compound atoms (molecules)
their physical and chemical properties.
• Atoms of different elements combine •The nature of forces which hold
in simple whole-numbers ratios to form atoms together in compound atoms
Molecules •Why atoms cannot exist in free state and why
• Chemical reactions consist of the
compound atoms can exist freely.
combination separation or
rearrangement of atoms
Theories of Atomic models:
J.J.THOMPSON
Plum pudding model(1904)
• Negative particles are evenly scattered
throughout an atom with a positively
charged mass of matter.
• Similar to that of chocolate chip icecream
• Later proved to be incorrect.
Limitations:
• It could not explain the result of scattering experiment explained by rhe
Rutherford experiment.
• It did not have any experimental evidence in its support .
RUTHERFORD
• If a thin foil metal is placed in the path of the beam, the image becomes diffuse.
• This due to the scattering of α- particles by the atoms of the foil.
• The particles scattered in various directions were counted by scintillation
counter
• It was found that although most of the particles scattered through angles of
the order of 10 or less
• But a small number say about 1 in every 10,000 scattered through 900 or even
1800
• The experiment is known as Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment.
Results of the Rutherford experiment
Since α- particles are positively charged, the part of the atom deflecting
them must also be positive
In this model, the mass of the atom (leaving the mass of its electrons) and
its whole positive charge are concentrated at the centre of the atom in a
nucleus of radius 10-15 m
5.Principle of quantization of angular momentum of the moving electron an electron can move
only in that orbit in which the angular momentum of the electron around the nucleus is an
integral multiple of h/2π.
L imitations of Bohr’s
I.Postulates
No explanation for the spectra of multi electron systems:
Eg: He, Li
I. No explanation of fine spectrum of atoms:
III. No explanation for Zeeman and Stark effect : effect of
electric and magnetic fields on the spectral atoms.
• When a magnetic field is applied on an atom, its usually
observed spectral lines split. This effect is known as Zeeman’s
effect
• Spectral lines also get split in the presence of electric field. This
effect is known as Stark effect.
Classification of atoms:
Isotopes - Elements having same atomic number (protons) , but different
mass numbers (nucleons).
are three isotopes of the element carbon with mass numbers 12, 13 and 14
respectively. The atomic number of all carbon isotopes is 6.
The mass of a nucleus will be less than the mass of all of the protons and
neutrons making it up. The difference is called the mass defect, which is
converted into energy if the nucleus is broken up.
The amount of energy that keeps a nucleons together is called the Binding
Energy. This amount of energy is higher for nuclei that are stable than it
would be for unstable nuclei. (Joules)
Binding energy can be calculated by the formula E=mc2
(Einstein,s principle of equivalence of mass & energy relation)
Where,
Also,
Mass of electron at rest in terms of energy equivalent is given by,
m=9.1x10-31kg and speed of light is 3x108 m/s
E = 9.1x10-31 x (3x108)2
E=8.19x10-14 J
E=0.511 MeV
Atomic mass and Energy Units
1 amu= 1.66x10-27 kg
Mass expressed in terms of amu is known as
atomic mass or atomic weight.
Charge and Mass of sub-atomic particles
Bohr’s Atomic
Postulates of Bohrs theory : model
a) Electrons can exist in only those orbits for which angular
momentum of electron is an integral multiple of h/2Π
(h= plancks constant 6.62x10-34 )
b) No energy is gained or lost while an electron remains in any
one of the permissible orbits.
Arrangement of electrons in orbitals
60Co 60 Ni28
+ e- + ν
27
Thank
you…
Vinay Desai
M.Sc Radiation Physics
Radiation Physics Department
KIDWAI MEMORIAL
INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY
Bengaluru