Matter and Its

Properties
✘ Chemistry is the branch of science
concerned with the substances of which
matter is composed, the investigation of
their properties and reactions, and the use
of such reactions to form new substances.
✘ Chemistry is the science and study of
matter, including its properties,
composition as well as reactivity.

✘ Chemistry relates to everything that can be

sense from the minute elements to complex
structures
✘ The atom and molecules are the basic unit or
components of Chemistry.

✘ Atom - are the basic units of matter and the

defining structure of elements.

✘ Molecules - a group of two or more atoms

that form the smallest identifiable unit.
✘ Matter is made of particles that give its
mass and volume. The arrangement and
attraction between these particles result in
different phases of matter.

✘ Matter can exist as solid, liquid or gas.

How can you differentiate one
from another?
 Three Phases of Matter
Solid Liquid Gas
• retains a fixed volume and • assumes the shape of the part • assumes the shape and
shape of the container which it volume of its container
• rigid - particles locked into occupies • particles can move past one
place • particles can move/slide past another
one another

• not easily compressible • not easily compressible • compressible

• little free space between • little free space between • lots of free space between
particles particles particles

• does not flow easily • flows easily • flows easily

• rigid - particles cannot • particles can move/slide past • particles can move past one
move/slide past one another one another another
 Physical Properties
✘ • Physical Properties is a characteristic of matter that
is not associated with a change in its chemical
composition. Familiar examples of physical properties
include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling
points, and electrical conductivity.
Chemical Properties
✘ describe a material’s possibility to undergo
chemical change in its chemical composition.
Examples of chemical properties include
flammability, toxicity, oxidation states,
chemical stability, salt formation, and types of
chemical bonds a material forms.
Intensive and Extensive Properties

✘ Physical properties of matter can further be

classified as intensive and extensive.
Intensive Property
✘ are substance-specific properties that do
not depend on the amount of the substance.
✘ Other intensive properties include color,
luster, malleability, conductivity, hardness,
melting point, freezing point, and boiling
point of the material.
Examples of Intensive Properties include:
✘ Density ✘ Boiling Point
✘ Specific Gravity ✘ Concentration
✘ Specific Heat ✘ Pressure
✘ Temperature ✘ Specific Volume
✘ Hardness ✘ Chemical Potential
✘ Refractive Index ✘ Color
✘ Molality
Extensive Property
✘ are properties that do not depend on the
amount of substance or material. Whenever
the amount of the substance changes, the
substance’s extensive properties also
change.
Extensive and Intensive properties

Extensive Weight, volume, length, mass

Properties

Intensive Density, color, luster, malleability, conductivity,

Properties hardness, melting point, freezing point, boiling
point
Classification of Matter
Classification of Matter

✘ Matter takes any forms. But isn’t it

confusing if you label everything as
matter? Classification according
composition will make a clear
distinction among materials.
Pure Substances and Mixtures
✘ Matter, whether it is solid, liquid or gas, is
classified as a pure substance or a mixture.
If the components of matter can be
separated by physical means, then that is a
mixture.
✘ Anything that cannot be broken down
through physical means is a pure
substance. A pure substance can be
classified as an element or a compound.
Pure Substances and Mixtures
✘ If a pure substance can be broken down
into simpler forms using chemical means,
you are dealing with a compound.

✘ If it cannot be simplified, then it is an

element.
 Comparison between Substances and Mixtures
Criteria Substances Mixtures

1. Melting temperature range Sharp Wide

2. Boiling temperature range Constant Varying

3. Physical Appearance Homogeneous Heterogeneous

4. Distilling property Cannot be distilled Can be distilled

5. Separation into By chemical means By mechanical means

components or constituents (physical)
 Mixtures
✘ Mixtures are forms of matter with no
definite properties and are not combined
chemically. This means that the materials
in a mixture retain their characteristics, or
they have no uniform composition.
 Mixtures
✘ Homogeneous Mixture is a mixture that
has uniform composition. (i.e dextrose or
glucose solution)
 Mixtures
✘ Heterogeneous Mixture has at least two
different phases of matter or visible
components.
 Elements and Compounds
✘ An element, the simplest pure substance
that make up matter, is made up only one
kind of atom. An element cannot be broken
down into a simpler type of matter by
either physical or chemical means.

✘ An atom, which means indivisible particle,

is the basic unit of an element
 Elements and Compounds
✘ A compound, on the other hand, is made up
of two or three more different kinds of
atoms chemically combined.
✘ Elements can be classified into three
according to their properties: metals, non-
metals, and metalloids. Each type has its
own characteristics and uses.
 Differences in the properties of metals, non-metals,
metalloids

Metals Nonmetals Metalloids

 Good electrical conductors
and heat conductors.
 Malleable- can be shaped
into thin sheets.
 Ductile- can be stretched
into a wire
 Possess metallic luster
 Opaque as thin sheets
 Solid at room temperature
(except Hg)
 Poor conductors of heat and  Intermediate between metal
electricity and non-metal
 Brittles (in solids only)  Can be shiny or dull
 Nonductile  Excellent semiconductors
 Do not possess metallic
luster
 Transparent as a thin sheet
 Solids, liquids, or gases at
room temperature
 Elements and Compounds
✘ When elements chemically combine in a
fixed proportion, you call the product a
compound. An example of compound is
water. Water is made up of the chemical
combination of hydrogen and oxygen,
resulting H2O.
H2 + O2 = 2H2O
 Common compounds at home

Common Name Chemical Name Chemical Formula

Table salt Sodium chloride NaCl
Sugar Sucrose C12H22O11
Vinegar Acetic acid CH3COOH
Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3
Ethyl alcohol Ethanol C2H6O
Separation of Mixtures
1. Chromatography
✘ is the separation of a mixture by passing it in
solution or suspension or as a vapor (as in gas
chromatography) through a medium in which
the components move at different rates.
✘ Thin-layer chromatography is a special type of
chromatography used for separating and
identifying mixtures that are or can be
colored, especially pigments.
2. Distillation
✘ is an effective method to separate mixtures
comprised of two or more pure liquids.
✘ Distillation is a purification process where the
components of a liquid mixture are vaporized
and then condensed and isolated. In simple
distillation, a mixture is heated and the most
volatile component vaporizes at the lowest
temperature.
Distillation
✘ The vapor passes
through a cooled tube
(a condenser), where it
condenses back into
its liquid state. The
condensate that is
collected is called
distillate.
 3. Evaporation
✘ is a technique used to separate out homogenous
mixtures where there is one or more dissolved solids.
✘ This method drives off the liquid components from the
solid components.
✘ The process typically involves heating the mixture
until no more liquid remains, Prior to using this
method, the mixture should only contain one liquid
component, unless it is not important to isolate the
liquid components.
Evaporation
✘ This method is suitable to separate a
soluble solid from a liquid.
✘ In many parts of the world, table salt is
obtained from the evaporation of sea water.
The heat for the process comes from the
sun.
4. Filtration
✘ is a separation method used to separate out
pure substances in mixtures comprised of
particles some of which are large enough in
size to be captured with a porous material.
✘ Particle size can vary considerably, given
the type of mixture.
Filtration
✘ For instance, stream water is a mixture that
contains naturally occurring biological organisms
like bacteria, viruses, and protozoans.
✘ Some water filters can filter out bacteria, the
length of which is on the order of 1 micron. Other
mixtures, like soil, have relatively large particle
sizes, which can be filtered through something
like a coffee filter.
5. Decantation
✘ is defined as the separation process in which
two immiscible liquids are separated.
✘ This is done by pouring out the clear upper
layer of liquid.
✘ Separation of a mixture of oil from water is
an example of decantation.
6. Sedimentation
✘ is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle
out of the fluid in which they are entrained and
come to rest against a barrier.
ARIGATOUU 